1、111地形地貌 geographic and geomorphic工程地質條件 engineering geological conditions地形地貌條件 geographic and geomorphic conditions地形 land form地貌 geomorphology, relief微地貌 microrelief地貌單元 landform unit, geomorphic unit坡度 grade地形圖 relief map河谷 river valley河道 river course河床 river bed(channel)沖溝 gully, gulley, erosion

2、 gully, stream(brook)河漫灘 floodplain(valley flat)階地 terrace沖積平原 alluvial plain三角洲 delta古河道 fossil river course, fossil stream channel沖積扇 alluvial fan 洪積扇 diluvial fan坡積裙 talus apron分水嶺 divide盆地 basin巖溶地貌 karst land feature, karst landform溶洞 solution cave, karst cave落水洞 sinkhole土洞 Karstic earth cave2地

3、層巖性地層 geostrome (stratum, strata)巖性 lithologic character, rock property巖體 rock mass巖層 bed stratum巖層 layer, rock stratum母巖 matrix, parent rock相變 facies change硬質巖 strong rock, film 軟質巖 weak rock硬質的 competent軟質的 incompetent基巖 bedrock巖組 petrofabric覆蓋層 overburden交錯層理 cross bedding層面 bedding plane片理 schis

4、tosity層理 bedding板理（葉理） foliation波痕 ripple-mark泥痕 mud crack雨痕 raindrop imprints造巖礦物 rock-forming minerals粘土礦物 clay mineral高嶺土 kaolinite蒙脫石 montmorillonite伊利石 illite云母 mica白云母 muscovite黑云母 biotite石英 quartz長石 feldspar正長石 orthoclase斜長石 plagioclase輝石 pyroxene, picrite角閃石 hornblende 方解石 calcite構造 structur

5、e結構 texture組構 fabric(tissue)礦物組成 mineral composition結晶質 crystalline非晶質 amorphous產狀 attitude火成巖 igneous巖漿巖 magmatic rock火山巖（熔巖）lava火山 volcano侵入巖 intrusive(invade) rock噴出巖 effusive rock深成巖 plutonic rock淺成巖 pypabysal rock酸性巖 acid rock中性巖 inter-mediate rock基性巖 basic rock超基性巖 ultrabasic rock巖基 rock base

6、(batholith)巖脈（墻） dike巖株 rock stock巖流 rock flow巖蓋 rock laccolith (laccolite)巖盆 rock lopolith巖墻 rock dike巖床 rock sill巖脈 vein dyke花崗巖 granite斑巖 porphyry玢巖 porphyrite流紋巖 rhyolite正長巖 syenite粗面巖 trachyte閃長巖 diorite安山巖 andesite輝長巖 gabbro玄武巖 basalt細晶巖 aplite偉晶巖 pegmatite煌斑巖 lamprophyre輝綠巖 diabase橄欖巖 dunite黑

7、曜巖 obsidian浮巖 pumice火山角礫巖 vulcanic breccia火山集塊巖 volcanic agglomerate凝灰巖 tuff沉積巖 sedimentary rock碎屑巖 clastic rock粘土巖 clay rock粉砂質粘土巖 silty claystone化學巖 chemical rock生物巖 biolith礫巖 conglomerate角礫巖 breccia砂巖 sandstone石英砂巖 quartz sandstone粉砂巖 siltstone鈣質粉砂巖 calcareous siltstone泥巖 mudstone頁巖 shale鹽巖 salin

8、e石灰巖 limestone白云巖 dolomite泥灰巖 marl泥鈣巖 argillo-calcareous泥砂巖 argillo-arenaceous砂質 arenaceous泥質 argillaceous硅質的 siliceous有機質 organic matter粗粒 coarse grain中粒 medium-grained沉積物 sediment (deposit)漂石、頑石 boulder卵石 cobble礫石 gravel砂 sand粉土 silt粘土 clay粘粒 clay grain砂質粘土 sandy clay粘質砂土 clayey sand壤土、亞粘土 loam砂壤土

9、、亞砂土輕亞粘土 sandy loam浮土、表土 regolith (topsoil)黃土 loess紅土 laterite泥灰 peat軟泥 ooze淤泥 mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay沖積物（層） alluvion沖積的 alluvial洪積物（層） proluvium, diluvium, diluvion洪積的 diluvial坡積物（層）deluvium殘積物（層）eluvium殘積的 eluvial風積物（層）eolian deposits湖積物（層）lake deposits海積物（層）marine deposits冰川沉積物（層）glaci

10、er (drift)deposits崩積物（層） colluvial deposits, colluvium 殘積粘土 residual clay變質巖 metamorphic rock板巖 slate千枚巖 phyllite片巖 schist片麻巖 gneiss石英巖 quartzite大理巖 marble糜棱巖 mylonite混合巖 migmatite碎裂巖 cataclasite3地質構造地質構造 geologic structure結構構造 structural texture大地構造 geotectonic構造運動 tectogenesis造山運動 orogeny升降運動 vert

11、ical movement水平運動 horizontal movement完整性 perfection(integrity)起伏度 waviness尺寸效應 size effect圍壓效應 confining pressure effect產狀要素 elements of attitude產狀 attitude, orientation走向 strike傾向 dip傾角 dip angle, angle of dip褶皺fold褶曲 fold單斜 monocline向斜 syncline背斜 anticline穹隆 dome擠壓 squeeze上盤 upper section 下盤 botto

12、m wall, footwall, lower wall斷距 separation相交 intersect斷層 fault正斷層 normal fault逆斷層 reversed fault平移斷層 parallel fault層理 bedding, stratification 微層理 light stratification地塹 graben地壘 horst, fault ridge斷層泥 gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge擦痕 stria, striation斷裂 fracture破碎帶 fracture zone節理 joint節理組joint set裂隙

13、 fissure, crack微裂隙 fine fissure, microscopic fissure劈理 cleavage原生裂隙 original joint次生裂隙 epigenetic joint張裂隙 tension joint剪裂隙 shear joint卸荷裂隙 relief crack裂隙率 fracture porosity結構類型 structural pattern巖體結構 rock mass structure巖塊 block mass結構體 structural element塊度 blockness結構面 structural plane軟弱結構面 weak pl

14、ane臨空面 free face碎裂結構 cataclastic texture板狀結構 platy structure薄板狀 lamellose塊狀的 lumpy, massive層狀的 laminated巨厚層 giant thick-laminated薄層狀的 finely laminated軟弱夾層 weak intercalated layer夾層 inter bedding, intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer夾泥層 clayey intercalation夾泥 inter-clay連通性 connectivity切層

15、insequent影響帶 affecting zone完整性 integrity n. Integrate v. & a. degree of integrality破碎 crumble膠結 cement泥化 argillization尖滅 taper-out錯動 diastrophism錯動層面 faulted bedding plane斷續的 intermittent破碎 crumble共軛節理 conjugated joint 散狀 loose透鏡狀的 lens-shaped a.巖石碎片 crag巖屑 cuttings, debris薄膜 membrane, film層理 st

16、ratification高角度 high dip angle緩傾角 low dip angle反傾 anti-dip互層 interbed v. Interbedding n.起伏的 unplanar波狀起伏的 undulate, undulating粒徑 particle size構造層 tectonosphere擠壓 compression均一的 homogeneous剪切錯動面 shear faulted, bedding zone切割 dissection切割的 dissected致密 close, compact構造巖 tectonite糜棱巖 mylonite斷層角礫巖 fault

17、 breccia方解石脈 calcite vein碎塊巖 clastic rock角礫 breccia巖粉 rock powder巖屑 debris, debry固結 consolidation定向排列 oriented spread構造應力 tectonic stress殘余應力 residual stress4水文地質條件 hydrogeological conditions水文循環 hydrologic cycle大氣圈 atmosphere水圈 hydrosphere巖石圈 geosphere地表徑流 surface runoff地下徑流 subsurface runoff流域 val

18、ley, drainage basin流域面積 drainage area, river basin area匯水面積 catchment area地下水 ground water, subsurface water地表水 surface water大氣水 atmospheric water氣態水 aqueous (vapour) water液態水 liquid water固態水 solid water上層滯水 perched water潛水 phreatic water承壓水 confined water吸著水 hygroscopic (adsorptive) water介質 medium空

19、隙 void孔隙水壓力 pore water pressure滲透壓力 osmotic pressure, seepage force揚壓力 uplift pressure靜水壓力 hydrostatic pressure外靜水壓力external hydrostatic pressure動水壓力 hydrodynamic pressure滲透力 seepage pressure外水壓力 external water pressure內水壓力 internal water pressure水力聯系 hydraulic interrelation水力折減系數 hydraulic reductio

20、n coefficient水頭損失 water head loss滲透途徑 filtration path, seepage path滲透系數 penetration coefficient潛水位 water table level水位 water level, stage level水頭 water head含水層 aquifer弱含水層（弱透水層） aquitard滯水層 aquiclude透水層 permeable layer, pervious layer不透水層（隔水層） aquifuge, impervious layer, impermeable layer, aquiclude

21、潛水含水層 phreatic aquifer承壓含水層 confined aquifer, artesian aquifer承壓面 bearing surface潛水面 phreatic surface, water table浸潤線 phreatic curve不透水邊界 impervious boundary 地下分水嶺 groundwater ridge粘滯性 viscosity富水性 abundance透水性（滲透性）permeability淋濾（溶濾作用）lixiviation, leaching反濾層 inverted gravel filter水銹 incrustation滲滴

22、seep飽和 saturation, saturated潛水位變化帶 zone of variable phreatic level氣象因素 meteorological factor飽水帶 zone of saturation包氣帶aeration zone, zone of aeration 包氣帶水 aeration zone water上層滯水 perched water孔隙水 pore water裂隙水 fissure water巖溶水 karstic water結合水 bound water, combined water吸著水 hydroscopic water薄膜水 pelli

23、cular water毛細水 capillary water重力水 gravitational water凝結水 condensation water地下水埋藏條件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度 depth of groundwater occurrence壓水試驗 packer permeability test抽水試驗 pumping test5物理力學性質物理力學physical mechanics n.Physico-mechanical a.屈服準則 yield criteria米賽斯屈服準則 Von Mises yield cr

24、iteria朗肯土壓力理論 Rankings earth pressure theory劍橋模型 Cambridge model, Cam-model鄧肯-張模型Duncan-chang model本構方程constitutive equation局部剪切破壞local shear failure整體剪切破壞general shear failure巖體完整性指數intactness index of rock mass安全系數factor of safety埋深embedment depth試件coupons撓度deflection里氏震級Richter scale設計烈度design in

25、tensity基本烈度basic intensity場地烈度site intensity地震烈度seismic intensity, intensity scale卓越周期predominant period 持力層sustained yield超載surcharge圍巖壓力surrounding rock stress附加壓力superimposed stress應力松弛stress relaxation應力路逕stress path卸荷 unload滲透率specific permeability飽和度degree of saturation含水量moisture content平均粒徑m

26、ean diameter顆粒grain, granule, particle顆粒級配 distribution of grain-size, grain composition, size distribution級配 graduation, grain-size distribution, gradation, grading粒度coarseness grain size, granularity, lump不均勻系數 coefficient of non-uniformity, variation coefficient, variation factor顆粒分級gradation, si

27、ze grading孔隙水 pore water孔隙比void ratio (ration)空隙率air voids孔隙率 porosity裂隙率crackity溶隙率karstity密度 density重度 unit weight, bulk weight浮重度buoyant unit weight折減系數 reduction factor壓力消散 dissipation of pressure抗力系數 coefficient of resistance軟化系數 softening coefficient含水量 water content稠度 consistency塑限plastic lim

28、it液限liquid limit塑性指數plasticity index液性指數liquidity index流變 rheological蠕變 creep塑性plastic脆性brittleness(fragility)粘性stickness剛性rigidity彈性的 elastic粘彈性 viso-elasticity彈塑性 elasto-plasticity壓縮性 compressibility均質性homogeneity非均質性nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)各向同性isotropy各向異性anisotropy總應力 total stress有效應力 effe

29、ctive stress超孔隙水壓力 excess pore pressure孔隙水壓力 pore water pressure抗壓強度compressive strength抗拉強度tensile strength抗剪強度 shear strength不排水抗剪強度undrained shear strenght峰值抗剪強度peak share strength長期抗剪強度long-term shear strength殘余抗剪強度residual shear strength負摩擦力negative skin friction, dragdown摩擦角 angle of friction內

30、摩擦角angle of internal friction外摩擦角angle of external friction內聚力cohesion粘聚力 cohesion假凝聚力pseudo-cohesion粘著力 adhesion摩爾圓 Mohrs circle包絡線 envelope休止角 angle of repose, angle of friction(repose, rest), repose angle峰值 peak模量 modulus彈性模量 modulus of elasticity， Youngs modulus, elastic modulus壓縮模量 modulus of c

31、ompressibility變形模量 modulus of deformation卸荷模量unloading modulus切線模量tangent modulus剪切模量shear modulus割線模量secant modulus旁壓模量pressurmeter modulus泊松比 poissons ration固結 consolidation固結系數 coefficient of consolidation固結度degree of consolidation超固結比 over consolidation ration應變 strain壓縮比 compressibility ratio壓縮

32、系數 coefficient of compressibility壓縮指數 compression index初始曲線 virgin curve正常固結土normally consolidated soil欠固結土under-consolidated soil超固結土over-consolidated soil被動土壓力passive earth pressure主動土壓力active earth pressure靜止土壓力earth pressure at rest覆蓋壓力overburden pressure初始應力initial stress地應力場ground(geostatic) s

33、tress field有效應力effective stress動應力dynamic stress動荷載dynamic load偏心荷載eccentric loads循環荷載inclined loads地應力 ground stress, geostatic stress初始應力 initial stress應力場 stress field縱波longitudinal wave液化勢liquefaction potential液化指數liquefaction index交角angular巖石抗力系數coefficient of rock resistance容許承載力allowable bear

34、ing capacity臨塑壓力critical pressure接觸壓力contact pressure6工程地質問題 工程地質問題 engineering geological problem 定性評價 qualitative estimate 定量評價 quantitative estimate極限平衡法 limit equilibrium method不良地質現象 unfavorable geological condition風化 weathering變形 deformation位移 displacement不均勻位移differential movement相對位移relative

35、 displacement沉陷 settlement山崩 avalanche, toppling崩塌 toppling, toppling collapse滑坡、地滑 creep, slide切層滑坡 insequent landslide 深層滑坡 deep slide 淺層滑坡 shallow slide順層滑坡 consequent landslide滑動面 sliding surface, sliding plane, slip surface滑動帶 sliding zone滑床 slide bed滑坡體 slide(sliding) mass古滑坡 fossil landslide推

36、移式滑坡 slumping slide 牽引式滑坡 retrogressive slide管涌 piping, internal erosion滲漏 leakage流砂 quicksand滲流 seepage液化 liquefaction7工程勘察 engineering investigation工程地質勘察engineering geology investigation巖土工程勘察geotechnical investigation工程地質條件engineering geological condition工程地質評價engineering geological evaluation勘測

37、survey巖芯采取率core recovery, core extraction巖芯獲得率RQD（巖石質量指標） rock quality designation程序（步驟）procedure勘察階段investigational stage選點踏勘 reconnaissance初步設計 primary design初步規劃 preliminary scheme初步勘探 preliminary prospecting初步踏勘 ground reconnaissance可行性研究階段 feasibility stage初步設計階段preliminary stage施工階段constructio

38、n sage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地質測繪geological survey工程地質測繪engineering geological mapping鉆探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical exploration洞探exploratory adits釬探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching天然建材調查 natural materials surveying (examination)巖土工程勘察報告 geotechnical investigation report鑒定id

39、entification, appraisal鑒定書expertise report鑒定人identifier, surveyor校核verification總監chief inspector比例proportion地形圖geographic map地貌圖geomorphological map地質圖geological map工程地質圖engineering geological map實測地質剖面圖 field-acquired geological profile(section)構造地質圖geological structure map第四紀地質圖 quarternary geolog

40、ical map地質詳圖detail map of geology地質柱狀圖geologic columnar section, geologic log鉆孔柱狀圖logs of bore hole縱剖面圖longitudinal section 橫剖面圖cross section展示圖reveal detail map節理玫瑰圖rose of joints基巖等高線bed rock contour層底等高線contour of stratum bottom巖層界線strata boundary巖面高程elevation of bed rock surface坐標coordinate分層bed

41、 separation地質點geological observation point勘探點exploratory point (spot)勘探線exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole平洞adit豎井riser, shaft, vertical shaft探槽exploratory trench探井exploratory pit鉆孔borehole, drill hole機鉆孔ordinary drill hole套鉆孔sleeve drill hole管鉆孔pipe drill hole巖芯core巖芯鉆探core drilling回轉鉆探（進）rotary d

42、rilling沖擊鉆探churn drilling, percussion drilling鋼砂鉆探shot drilling鐵砂鉆進iron shot drilling跟管鉆進follow-down drilling振動鉆進vibro-boring, vibro-drilling泥漿鉆探mud flush drilling金剛石鉆進diamond drilling單動式single acting雙層double layer空氣鉆探air flush drilling鉆機drilling rig鉆頭drill bit, drilling bit 螺旋鉆頭auger勺鉆spoon bit沖擊鉆頭

43、percussion bit, chopping bit桶式鉆頭bucket auger鉆桿drill rod套管casing巖芯管core barrel沖洗掖flush fluid正循環沖洗 direct circulation反循環沖洗reverse circulation泥漿mud, slurry泥皮mud cake護壁dado止水seal, water seal掃孔cleaning bottom of hole鉆進 drilling平硐 adit豎井 shaft鉆探 drilling boring8工程地質試驗擊實試驗 compaction test壓縮試驗compression te

44、st固結試驗consolidation test單軸試驗 uniaxial compression test現場剪切試驗 in-situ shear test單剪試驗 simple shear test直剪試驗 direct shear test慢剪試驗slow test單剪試驗simple shear test快剪試驗quick test三軸剪切試驗 triaxial shear test三軸壓縮試驗 triaxial compression test動三軸試驗 dynamic triaxial test不固結不排水剪試驗 unconsolidated undrained test(quick test) 固結不排水剪試驗 consolidated undrained test(consolidated quick test)固結排水試驗 consolidated drained test(slow test)原位測試in-situ