1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上2002年 Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sym

2、pathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorgani

3、zed bosses.如果你想在談話中用幽默來使人發笑，你就必須知道如何發現與聽眾享有的共同經歷和共同問題。你的幽默一定要與聽眾有關，能夠向他們顯示你是他們的一員，或者你了解他們的情況且贊同他們的觀點。根據與你談話對象的不同，問題也應有所不同。如果你在和一群經理談話，你就可以評論他們秘書的工作方法雜亂無章；相反，如果你在和一群秘書談話，你就可以評論她們老板的工作方法如何雜亂。Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story, which works well because the audience all

4、 shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside

5、 by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”下面舉一個例子，是我在一個護士大會上聽到的故事。這個故事效果很好，因為所有的聽眾對醫生都有同樣的看法。一個人到了天堂，由圣彼得

6、帶領他四處參觀。他看到了豪華的住宅、美麗的花園、晴朗的天氣等等。大家在排隊用午餐的時候，都很安靜、禮貌和友善，直到這位新來天堂的人突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只見這人擠到了隊伍的前面，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若無人地走到一張餐桌旁吃起來。“這是誰啊？”新來的人問圣彼得。“哦，那是上帝，”他回答說，“但有時他也覺得自己是一名醫生。” If you are part of the group, which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which ar

7、e common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or

8、 their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.    如果你與聽眾們來自同一個群體，你就能夠了解你們所共有的經歷和問題，你就可以順帶評論一下餐廳里令人難以下咽的伙食或者老總在選擇領帶方面眾所周知的低級趣味。而對于其他聽眾，你就不能試圖貿然地講這種幽默，因為他們也許不喜歡外人對他們的餐廳或老總作如此微詞。如果你只拿郵局或電話局這樣的替罪羊去調侃的話，那你就會更穩妥些。注：上下文中的

9、說的是找穩妥的話題進行調侃以達到幽默的效果。stick to sth的意思是 not abandon or change sth; keep to sth 不放棄或不改變某事物; 堅持或維持某事物。故此處意譯為“只拿”。If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforce

10、d manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.如果你在使用幽默時感到很別扭，你應該進行練習以變得更加自然。你可以用輕松的、不做作的方式說一些很隨便的、看上去是即興的話。使聽眾發笑的往往是你的說話方式，因此要說慢一些，并且記住揚揚眉毛或者做出

11、一種不相信的表情，這些都會向人們顯示你正在說笑話。Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you ca

12、n turn about and inject with humor.平時要留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的時候出現。它可以是對一句常言的歪曲，比如“你要是一開始不成功，就放棄”，或者是戲謔語言和情景。留意夸大其詞和輕描淡寫的話。考慮一下你的談話，選出一些詞匯和句子來，將它們顛倒秩序反復揣摩，并注入一些幽默。2002年 Text 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome

13、, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics - the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.        自從人類有了創造力開始，人們就

14、發明了各種日益精巧的工具來處理那些危險、枯燥、繁重或者是十分令人討厭的工作。這種沖動導致了機器人學科的產生一門將人類的能力賦予機器的科學。即使科學家們目前尚未研制出科幻小說中的機械人版本，但他們也已經接近這個目標了。注：have yet to是固定短語，意思是“否定，還沒有，尚未”As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much hu

15、man labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics an

16、d micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy - far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.因此，現代世界日益充斥著各種智能裝置，雖然我們幾乎都注意不到它們，但它們的普遍存在已使人們擺脫了很多勞動。工廠里轟鳴著機器手臂生產線的節奏；自動柜員機處理

17、銀行業務，并且用機器語言有禮貌地感謝你的惠顧；地鐵由不知疲倦的機器人來駕駛。由于電子器件和微觀機械的結構不斷小型化，現在已有一些機器人系統能夠進行精確到亞毫米的腦部和骨髓手術，其精確性遠遠超過技術嫻熟的醫生僅僅用雙手所能達到的水平。But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves - go

18、als that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”但是如果機器人要進入幫助人們節省勞力的下一個階段，它們的運行就應該在更大程度上無需受人監控，并且至少能夠獨立地做一些

19、決定。這些目標給我們提出了真正的挑戰。“雖然我們知道如何讓機器人去處理一個特定的錯誤，”美國宇航局（NASA）的機器人項目經理Dave Lavery里說，“我們仍然不能賦予機器人以足夠的常識，使它們能夠與不斷變化的動態世界進行可靠的交流。”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circu

20、its and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.實際上對真正的人工智能的探索已經產生了諸多不同的效果。雖然在20世紀60年代和70年代人們有過一段樂觀的時期那時候人們認為晶體管電路和微處理器的發展似乎將使他們在2010年能夠模仿人類大腦的活動但是最近研究人員已經把這個預測延后數十年，甚至數百年。

21、What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented - and human perception far more complicated - than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a m

22、illimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advan

23、ced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.在試圖模擬人類思維模型的過程中，研究人員發現，人類大腦中的近1000億個神經細胞遠比以前想像的更聰明，人類的認知能力也比以前想像的更復雜。他們制造的機器人在嚴格控制的工廠環境里，能夠在儀表盤上識別毫米以下的誤差。但是人的大腦能夠掃描一個快速變化的場景，迅速排除98的不相干部分，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子、或者人群中的一張可疑的臉。地球上最先進的計

24、算機系統也達不到這種能力，而且神經學科學家至今仍然不知道我們是怎樣做到這一點的。2002年 Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near tripling of oil prices calls up scary

25、 memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?過去經濟衰落的日子會不會重來？自從石油輸出國組織在3月決定減少原油供應，原油的價格便從去年12月的不到

26、10美元一桶上升到約26美元一桶。這次近3倍的漲價令人想起了1973年和19791980年兩次可怕的石油恐慌，當時的油價分別漲了4倍和近3倍。前兩次的油價暴漲都導致了兩位數的通貨膨脹和全球性的經濟衰退。那么這次警告人們厄運來臨的頭版新聞都到哪里去了呢？The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, co

27、uld push the price higher still in the short term.本周伊拉克暫停石油出口，這使油價又一次上揚。強勁的經濟增長勢頭，隨著北半球冬季的到來，有可能在短期內使石油價格漲得更高。Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price

28、of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.然而，我們有充分的理由預期這次油價暴漲給經濟帶來的影響不會像20世紀70年代那么嚴重。與70年代相比，現在多數國家的原油價格占汽油價格的份額要小很多。在歐洲，稅金在汽油零售價的比例高

29、達4/5，因此，即使原油價格發生很大的波動，汽油價格所受的影響也不會像過去那么顯著。Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. So

30、ftware, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, c

31、ompared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies - to which heavy industry has shifted - have become more energy-intensiv

32、e, and so could be more seriously squeezed.發達國家對石油的依賴性也不如從前，因此對油價的波動也就不會那么敏感。能源儲備、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工業的重要性的降低，都減少了石油消耗量。軟件、咨詢及移動通訊消耗的石油，比鋼鐵、汽車行業少得多。發達國家國民生產總值中每一個美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。國際經合組織在最近一期的經濟展望中估計，如果油價持續一年維持在22美元左右，與1998年的13美元一桶相比，這也只會使發達國家的石油進口在支出上增加GDP的0.250.5。這還不到1974年或1980年收入減少部分的1/4。另一方面，進口石油的新

33、興國家由于轉向了重工業，消耗能量更大，因此可能會受到石油危機的強烈影響。One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging fro

34、m economic decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.另外一個不應因油價上升而失眠的原因是，與20世紀70年代不同，這次油價上升不是發生在普遍的物價暴漲及全球需求過旺背景之下。世界上很多地區剛剛走出經濟衰落。經濟學家的商品價格指數與一年前相比總的來說也沒有什么變化。1973年的商品價格躍升了70，而1979年也上升了近30。20

35、02年 Text 4The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.最高法庭關于醫生協助病人結束生命問題的裁決，對于如何用藥物減輕病危者的痛苦這個問題來說，具有重要的意義。Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted s

36、uicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects - a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.盡管最高法院裁決早就認為，憲法至今仍沒有賦予

37、醫生幫助病人自殺的權利，然而最高法庭實際上卻認可了醫療界的“雙效”原則，這個存在了好幾個世紀的道德原則認為，如果某種行為具有雙重效果（好的效果是行為之目的  而壞的效果是可預見的），那么，只要行為實施只是想達到好的效果，這個行為就是可以允許的。Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventua

38、lly kill the patient.近年來，醫生們一直在利用這項原則，為自己替病危患者注射大劑量的嗎啡鎮痛的做法提供正當的理由，盡管他們知道，不斷增加的劑量最終會殺死病人。Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to co

39、ntrol their pain if that might hasten death.”Montefiore 醫療中心主任Nancy Dubler認為，這項原則將保護這樣的一些醫生，這些醫生在此之前一直強烈地認為，如果給病人充分的藥品來止痛會加速他們的死亡的話，那就不能這樣做。George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, t

40、he doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,” he says. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide

41、as long as you dont intend their suicide.”波士頓大學健康法律系主任George Annas堅持認為，只要醫生是出于合理的醫療目的開藥，那么即使服用此藥會加速病人的死亡，醫生的行為也沒有違法。“這就像做手術，”他說，“我們不能稱那些死亡為殺人是因為醫生并沒有想殺死病人，盡管他們敢冒病人死亡的危險。假定你是一名醫生，只要你并沒有想讓病人自殺，你就可以去冒你的病人自殺的風險去開藥方。”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide de

42、bate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.另一方面，許多醫療界人士承認，致使醫助自殺這場爭論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒，對這些病人來說，現代醫學延長了臨終前肉體的痛苦。Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS

43、) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.就在最高法庭對

44、醫助自殺進行裁決的前三周，全國科學學會公布了一份長達兩卷的報告臨近死亡：完善臨終護理。報告指出了醫院臨終關懷護理中存在的兩個問題：對病痛處理不力和大膽使用“無效而強制性的醫療程序，這些程序可能會延長死亡期，甚至會讓死亡期難堪”。The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-b

45、ased care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.“醫療行業采取步驟，讓年輕醫生去晚期病人休養所培訓，對各種大膽的鎮痛療法方面的知識進行評估，為醫院護理制定一份符合美國醫療保障方案的付款條例，以及為評估和治療臨終痛苦制定新的標準。Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better c

46、are. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompeten

47、tly managed and should result in license suspension.”Annas說，律師可以在要求把醫療界的這些善意的行為變成更好的護理行動方面發揮關鍵作用。“不少醫生對病人所遭受的毫無必要的，可預見的痛苦無動于衷”，乃至于已構成“蓄意虐待病人”。他說，行醫資格理事會“必須明確表明病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于醫生處理不力造成的，應該因此吊銷其從醫資格”。 56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that _.A doctors used to increase drug dosage

48、s to control their patients painB it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide（B）D patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide從前三段，我們了解到_.A 醫生過去常常通過增加劑量來減輕病人的痛苦B 醫生幫助那些垂死的病人結束生病現在仍然是非法的C 最高法院強烈反對醫生協助病人自殺D 病人沒有憲法賦予的自殺權力57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A Doctors will be held