1、全球化的缺點： 經濟上，開展中國家的勞動力被剝削，資源被取用，而產品卻不能夠進人興旺國家，國內產業受到外商和外企的沖擊； 社會上，外國的產品流人一個國家，會改變人們的生活習慣和購置習慣；年輕人比擬喜歡外同產品，比方說食品、衣服、電子產品和娛樂方式； 文化上，外鄉文化會被削弱，外鄉語言會受到威脅，文化多樣性會逐步損失； 環境上，工業化生產和交通量的加大會增加溫室氣體的排放；游人的增多會對自然環境構成威脅。練習5Topic 1: Increasing travels between countries enable people to learn different cultures or to

2、increase tension between people from different countries?外來人口的增加有利于文化的交流： 游客或者移民都具備經濟利益和價值commercial interest and economic value)； 而外同人的停留時間是和東道國的合作密切相關的The length of stay depends on the cooperation of the host society.);很多當地人因此表現得非常好客和友好，這有助于文化的交流Many local people are very friendly and hospitable,

3、which promote the cultural communications.)； 對其他的文化和人民更為了解a better understanding of other cultures and other peoples),改變人們對其他民族和文化的態度alter one's attitudes towards another people or culture);人們因此可以接受不同的文化和價值觀embrace different values and cultures),可以和平共處create motivation to coexist peacefully), 并促

4、進對"多元文化的理解 (promote multi-cultural understanding)； 促進文化的融合promote integration),消除文化障礙remove cultural barriers), 外來人口的增加導致沖突： 違反當地的習俗會激怒當地人breach of local customs can irritate the locals); 不同文化的人看待同一事物總有不同的角度harbour different perceptions),并給予不同的解釋(different interpretations)，比方對手勢、衣服、言行舉止有不同的理解；舉

5、止不當會引起當地人意想不到的反響(provoke unanticipated responses); 外國游客增多會對當地環境造成壓力，甚至破壞環境，而移民增多可能導致工作時機減少，致使競爭更加劇烈，這些都有可能引起當地人的反感cause resentment in local communities).范文Globalization is a catch-all term that refers to any activity that involves more than one country, for example, travel from one country to anothe

6、r. The dramatic increase in transnational travel in recent years has sparked controversy over the potential impacts of this trend on individual countriesf especially those new member states of globalization. Some people are concerned that the upsurge in new arrivals will prompt local hostility again

7、st visitors instead of promoting their understanding on mutual cultural background. This notion should be rejected as one can see many facts in favor of this development between countries.The first reason why international travels would never bring conflict is rooted in the fact that both visitors a

8、nd locals are economically motivated. International travel opens up opportunities for business development throughout the world. Entrepreneurs are interested not only in the domestic market but also in the oversea market. Foreigners should learn the culture of a country before winning over the local

9、 people. In turn, locals should show their hospitality to visitors in exchange for their trust. They share a view that acceptance of each other's cultural background is a necessary condition for cooperation.Understanding a culture has other implications. Differences in social background, cultura

10、l values and religious belief might make the discrepancy of foreigners and local inhabitants on some issues indelible; however, the higher interaction, the higher level of communication and understanding. Arabians, for example, used to consider westerners as their foes. Now they have concrete relati

11、ons with their western allies in many fields. In the initial stage, their divergence seemed inherent but over time, with better mutual understanding, they take the same position on many issues.Undeniably, it is likely that in some resorts, foreign visitors repel the local community with their scant

12、regard for the local environment and conventions when they first arrive. However, it should be noted that most offense is accidental, rather than intentional. Instead, visitors disobey rules and conventions simply because they have no knowledge of them. This situation is expected to be improved with

13、 the passing of time when visitors from different countries increase their knowledge of a local culture.According to the above analysis, we can observe that the increase in the international travel should not be taken as the cause of any conflict that arises between two countries. Alternatively, one

14、 should recognize its role in improving mutual understanding between two countries.近義詞表1. catch-all = all-embracing:包羅甚廣的 ；包括一切的2. hostility=enmity=resentment:敵意,怨'恨,憤怒3. rooted in=derived from=based on:基于4. entrepreneur=tycoon=mogul=industrialist:企業家，實業家5. discrepancy=disagreement=difference=di

15、vergence:分歧，矛盾6. foe=enemy=rival:敵人，竟爭對手7. concrete=tangible=solid:具體的，實際的8. overtime=in due course=sooner or later:最終，早9. resort:勝地；tourist resort:旅游勝地；holiday resort：度假勝地；beach resort:海邊度假勝地； scenic spot:景觀；place of interest: 旅游景點10. repel=revolt=repulse:使厭惡，憎惡 11. scant=limited=scarce:缺乏的，缺乏的練習5T

16、opic2: When international media (including movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV programs) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of international media has negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion?媒體信息一致的缺點： 國際媒體global media

17、)般掌握在少數幾個有實力的機構手中in the hands of a few, large, powerful organizations)；有了媒體的宣傳(propaganda)后,西方文化成了主流(domineering force),大規模的、有吸引力的廣告(mass seductive advertising )喚起了落后地區人們對物質 新的向往create fresh desires),經濟聯系增強strong economic ties),西方產品取代了本地產 品，使人們更加向往西方的文化； 文化開始融合在一起(mingle),人們被新的價值觀所圍繞(bombarded with

18、new values)，對自 己的文化失去信心和自豪感confidence and pride),拒絕接受自己的文化傳統rejection of their cultural heritage)轉而接受西方的文化習慣adoption of Western cultural practices);西方 媒體削弱了民族的特征(ethnic identity)和社會的凝聚力social cohesion);因為擔憂失去觀眾 (a loss of viewers),當地的電視臺也開始播放西方的電視節目television shows), 國際媒體的普遍會降低世界文化的品質和多樣性degrade the

19、 quality and diversity of world culture);文化被商業化commercialized), 些文化產品cultural goods),如音樂、服裝，都 變成了商品commodities in the marketplace)。因此，即便一些文化在世界其他地方傳播，它原 來的性質authenticity)已經喪失。媒體信息一致的優點： 國家之間的頻繁交往會促進文化之間的交流。因此，相互了解和相互認同的可能性 (likelihood of mutual understanding and mutual acceptance )就會增加，這是順應全球化的趨勢； 未

20、必一定放棄傳統觀念not necessarily lead to the abolition of traditional values),事實上媒體 可以起到宣傳和穩固傳統文化的作用； 主流媒體一般都會反響文化多元性The dominant media reflect cultural diversity.); 些外國 節目其實促進了文化多元性(Most foreign programming is promoting cultural diversity.),適應 了當地的條件adapt to local conditions)，注意到了當地文化的敏感性aware of cultural

21、sensitivity).自我調節來適應市場(exercise self-censorship to suit the market :)。范文As international media companies expand across the world, the growing popularity and uniformity of some media programs (such as TV shows, movies, fashion shows) is causing worldwide concern. Many people have strong views toward

22、this trend. In my opinion, international media is closely linked to cultural globalization and cultural homogeneity.The dominance of international media is a sign of Western cultural imperialism and has the potential to thwart cultural diversity. It is not a secret that international media is owned

23、and operated by a handful of giant corporations, such as Time Warner. They control large sectors of the media market and place national media companies at risk. The contraction in the number of media owners will cause a proportional reduction, in the variety of programs broadcasted. For example, pai

24、nting, music and movies accessible in the media have a small number of genres, imposing restraints on one's knowledge of artworks of different cultural backgrounds.In addition to seizing control over those creative industries, global entertainment companies affect cultural diversity by reshaping

25、 the perceptions, beliefs and norms of ordinary citizens in different countries. Most of the cultural values and ideals promoted by the leading mainstream media are of American origin. American culture values individuality, maximization of one's benefits and material wealth, rather than communal

26、 life and family solidarity, the values and norms previously treasured in" many Asian countries. Unfortunately, many Asian people now imitate American people, causing the alteration of their perceptions of family. This radical change can be attributed to those movies and TV programs that portra

27、y the success of American individuals or corporations.The loss of media diversity is also responsible for people's narrow sense of ways of life. The ruling class of many countries speaks English, favors Western food, wears Western-style jackets and even prefers Western weddings. Young people are

28、 captivated by American basketball and some even daubing the names of NBA stars on their school sweatsuits. All these transformations in life are the result of the audience's exposure to Hollywood movies, TV shows and sports reports. The loss of media diversity will lead to degradation of cultur

29、e and to a minimization of cultural diversity. It is a worrying trend, as people need cultural diversity to preserve and pass on their valuable heritage to future generations, including lifestyle.As shown above, international media, controlled by a handful of transnational media corporations, is exp

30、orting Western culture worldwide and putting many indigenous cultures at the risk of extinction. The uniformity of media programs has led to that of artworks, norms and ways of life wherever international media goes.近義詞表1. dominance=domination=power:統治，力量2. sign=symbol=mark=signal=indication：標志，象征3.

31、 thwart=prevent=spoil=ruin:阻止，破壞4. a handful of=a small number of:少數的5. contraction-reduction ：減少6. proportional=relative：相對的，成比例的7. perception=view=opinion:看法8. ideal=value=belief=principle:觀點，觀念；標準9. solidarity=unity=harmony=cohesion:團結10. be captivated by=be obsessed with=be passionate about=be a

32、ddicted to=be keen on=be enthusiastic about:被所吸引11. pass on=give=impart=convey:傳遞，灌輸Topic 3: There is a disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country's identity. What is your opinion?商業和文化的接觸增多會導致一個國家特征的喪失： 影響文化：文化不是靜態的，而是動態的not static, but d

33、ynamic)；種文化的改變主要是由 于社會環境(social environment)發生了變化。比方說，人們的飲食習慣發生了改變，這是學習 夕卜界文化的結果(People's eating habits have been changed as the result of learned behaviour.)； 快餐文化源自美國，有些人將此作為財富的象征(symbols of wealth),從而喜歡快餐；另外， 本地的飲食文化會改變，以適應外國人的口味suit the tastes of visitors); 影響生活方式：進口商品的增多，對外國產品的喜好preference

34、for imports);人們更加熟悉 他國的文化，而忘記自身的特點sense of identity)，社會的團結也有所損害an erosion of social solidarity);服裝、飲食、娛樂等等都被兩化了 westernized),比方說，西裝現在是流行 的男性服裝(the suit is the most popular outfit for men)； 欠興旺國家在技術革新中起到的作用甚微(play a small role in the technological revolution),所 以需要"出賣"自己國家的主權或者利益來獲得國際的幫助con

35、cede sovereignty and interests to other countries for aid)；貧富差距加大(widening gap between the richest and poorest parts of the world)； 接受西方文化的人們成為一個國家新的統治階級new ruling class);人們摒棄傳統的觀念 (renounce traditionally-held beliefs),覺得傳統觀念是過時的和低人一等的outdated and inferior);主流文化會取代老式的和各種各樣的文化A dominant culture takes

36、 over diverse cultures.),人們不再尊重傳統文化lose respect older cultures),而傳統觀念最終成為歷史 consigned to history)。商業和文化的接觸增多會加強一個國家的特征： 外來文化讓人們意識到自己文化的特點，從而更加注意維持這種文化； 一種特殊文化會引起世界的關注，人們會更加注意保護。范文One of the most conspicuous trends in the 21st century is a closer connection between countries, in both economic and cul

37、tural aspects. There is a widespread worry that this will lead to the gradual demise of countries identities. This issue should be viewed and analyzed from multiple perspectives.When a country tends to develop a closer relationship with the rest of the world, it does not necessarily give up its cult

38、ure. Culture is not a disgrace to but an asset of a country. An indigenous culture can distinguish one country from others, attracting foreign visitors and yielding high income. As most tourists travel abroad for learning different cultures and sampling different ways of life, such as Beijing opera

39、in China, Japanese tea culture and Thai temples, many countries have responded with protecting and preserving their cultural identities, in an effort to keep themselves in the list of the most popular destinations. Increased tourism instills fresh life force into these countries, aiding the conserva

40、tion of their features.While tourism provides a driving force for cultural conversation, some components of a culture, such as traditions customs or taboos might die out over time. It seems that in some countries, the locals have become more accustomed to exotic cultures. It reflects the combined ef

41、fects of the invasion of foreign cultures, either through media or through direct business interaction. For example, two decades ago, sex was a taboo subject in China and most Chinese people felt embarrassed to talk openly about it. Over time the Western culture has permeated into the Chinese lifest

42、yle, and the Chinese people have broken many of their time-honoured traditions. It occurs in the rest of the world as well.As outlined above, increased interaction between countries in the domains of business and culture can either strengthen or undermine the identities of countries involved, To dat

43、e there is no definite answer to this question.近義詞表1. conspicuous-noticeable=prominent=striking:顯箸的，突出的2. connection=linkage= relation=relationship:關系，聯系3. demise=disappearance=vanishing=fading:消失，死亡4. multiple=manifold=numerous=various=many:不同的，很多的5. disgrace=dishonour=shame=humiliation:恥辱6. life f

44、orce=soul=essence：生命力7. conservation=protection=preservation:保存，保護8. exotic=bizarre=outlandish=from afar=mysteriously unusual: 外來的，奇異的9. taboo=offensive=embarrassing=unacceptable=disgraceful=dishonourable=humiliating:無禮的，侮辱性的；忌諱的10. permeate=seep into=pervade=leak into:滲透11. time-honoured=age-old=lo

45、ng-established ：歷史悠久的12. interaction=interplay=communication=relationship:相互作用Topic 4: Some people believe that culture will be ruined if it is used to earn tourism revenue, but others consider that tourism is the only way of protecting a culture. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.旅游業有益文化

46、保護cultural preservation)的論點： 除了自然景觀landscape)之外，文化和歷史是吸引旅游者去一個國家或者一個旅游景點 (tourism site)觀光的最主要原因motivator);旅游業和文化遺產相結合integrate tourism and cultural heritage)為文化保護提供了經濟支持economic incentives； 在文化領域提供一些旅游選擇(introduce the tourism options available with the cultural sectors)， 如博物館、歷史景點、美食等including museu

47、ms, historical sites, events and cuisine), 游客會深人了解當地傳統和習俗get an insight into local customs and traditions),感受當地傳 統和藝術experience local traditions, arts and heritage),從而更加尊重當地社區和周圍的環境 (respect the host community and its environment),促進不同國家之間關于自然和文化資源保護的交流與對話(the dialogue over conservation of natural a

48、nd cultural resources )0 一旅游業導致文化破壞cultural destruction )的觀點： 保護的一般是食物、時尚、節日等preserve food, fashion, festivals and so forth些文化的表 面一，征superficial elements of a culture, ；|各文化定格成表演者freeze culture as performers, 導致了文化、宗教、傳統儀式、物質文化和語言的損失the loss of culture, religion, rituals, material culture and langua

49、ge；將文化商業化(commercialize the culture),破壞了文化神圣和 獨特的本質(erode the sacred and unique nature)；雖然很多活動是娛樂活動entertain, rather than educate tourists),但有些是對當地人的一種羞辱(humiliate the local people)； 垃圾、涂鴉、破壞和噪音不斷增加increasing litter, graffiti, vandalism and noise)，游客在沒有 被允許的情況下進人建筑物、神殿、神圣的土地enter buildings, shrines

50、or sacred lands without permission).這都與當地文化相沖突，是一種文化侮辱an insult to the local culture )范文There is little room for doubt that tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. However, its impact on culture remains a source of constant debate. This essay will elaborate on both positive an

51、d negative effects of tourism from a cultural perspective.Providing economic incentives for cultural preservation is unarguably one of the main contributions of tourism. To many tourists, culture and history are what they first consider when choosing a destination. Their mindset has been recognised

52、by many tourism sites and money has been subsequently directed toward cultural protection, including the maintenance of key historical sites. Tourism is therefore one of the primary forces contributing to the preservation of a culture.In addition to raising financing, tourism can make an indigenous

53、culture known to the world and rally support worldwide to protect it. When a historic site or a site that shows a country's cultural heritage is made accessible to the public, visitors from all over the world will soon flock there. They will share their experience in the local culture with their

54、 friends and families once they return home, assisting this site to gain international fame. Both financial and technological support will flood in for the conservation of natural and cultural resources.On the negative side, tourism develops sometimes at the expense of part of culture. Food, festiva

55、ls, costumes and other stimulating elements of a culture are highlighted to entertain tourists, constituting an insult to the locals and causing damage to the unique nature of a culture. Moreover, cultural commercialization has made the sacred elements of a culture commonplace and tourists are encou

56、raged to attach little importance to a unique tradition, which cannot be found elsewhere.In the light of these facts, one can conclude that tourism is neither a boon nor a bane to cultural preservation. While its endeavour lo protect an indigenous culture should be recognized, it has put the integri

57、ty of a culture at risk.近義詞表1. unarguably= unquestionably =indisputably=undeniably:無可置提地，無可否認地2. destination=site=place:地點3. maintenance=preservation=upholding=protection:保護，保存4. indigenous=original=aboriginal：外鄉的，原始的5. fame=reputation=recognition=eminence:名氣，名聲6. at the expense of=at the cost of:以犧

58、牲為前提7. entertain=amuse=keep somebody amused:使愉快8. insult=offence:侮辱9. commonplace=ordinary: 平凡的10. in the light of=in view of=considering=taking into account:考慮到11. endeavour=effort=attempt:努力，嘗試12. integrity=entirety=unity:完整性13. put at risk=endanger=jeopardise:危及，使危險政府投資政府的投資主要有以下用途： 國防defense):保護一個國家免受攻擊或者其他威脅Protect a country against attack or other threats.)； 保證法律和公共秩序的實施enforcement of law and public order)以及政府的運作operation of government)； 社會保障social security)和醫療保健health care systems)；