1、名師串講綜合英語（一）(珍藏版)一、時態（一）一般現在時1.基本用法（1）其表現在的事實或狀態。I know youre busy.(2)表經常或反復發生的動作。He smokes a lot.（3）自然現象或永恒真理。Gases expand when heated.（4）表現在時刻發生的動作。如運動解說、演示說明、動作描述、劇情介紹等等。（5）一般現在時表示將來情況。The plane takes off at 1130 and arrives in Shanghai at 1320.The show begins at seven and ends at ten.主句可用將來時或含有情態

2、動詞，從句用一般現在時或其它時態。Ill give her the telex when she comes.If we hurry, we may catch the bus.2.基本結構(1)主+be(am, is, are)+名（介詞短語，代詞）Tomorrow is Saturday.(2)主+實義動詞+賓I regret my ignorance on the subject.（3）注意其否定、疑問變化。Do, dont, does, doesnt.(4)動詞的復數即實義動詞的變化規則（略）。第三人稱單數形式。3.與一般現在時適用的狀語Now and then, every,so o

3、ften,currently,nowadays,these days.at present, rarely,as a rule etc.（二）現在進行時1.基本結構be(am, is, are)+doing(其為實義動詞）其否定、疑問變化形式。2.基本用法（1）表示此時此刻正在進行或發生的動作，其時間狀語一般用now, at the moment etc.(2)表現階段的一段時間正在進行或發生的動作，但說話的此刻動作不一定正在進行著，時間狀語通常為recently, these days etc.Hes making the plan these days.(3)現在進行時，表將來時，時間狀語

4、有tomorrow, next week等。如arrive, come, go, get, leave, spend, start, stay, work etc.Im seeing my friend this afternoon.(4)Be doing其動詞的變化規則（略）。3.現在進行時中對動詞的要求和限制（1）如like, want, know等不是動作動詞，禁止用進行時態。Were liking.Be動詞可用于進行時態，即表示一時的表現。Im being serious.我是說正經的。Im not being hard on anybody.Im being reasonable.只

5、是理智行事。（2）現在進行時可表一個經常性的動作，常表某種情緒。Youre always interrupting me!Hes always interfering in my affairs.Shes constantly changing her mind.區別：It rains a lot here.(說明事實)Its always raining here.（抱怨）She does fine work at school.Shes doing fine work in school.甚至某些靜態動詞也可用于現在進行時。Im forgetting that I promised to

6、visit him tonight.（三）一般過去時1.基本用法（1）常用來表示過去某一時間所發生的動作。（2）表示在過去一段時間內經常發生的動作或存在的狀態。2.基本結構(1)主+be動詞(was/were)+名（代/介詞短語）（2）主+動詞的過去式+賓(3)動詞的過去時變化（略）和含過去時句子的肯定、否定、疑問變化。did, didnt, Did.?e.g.Where were you at that time?I was sorry to hear that.Who left the door open?What did you major in?Did you go home yest

7、erday? Yes, I did. No, I didnt.I didnt go home yesterday.3.過去時的句子常帶有標志性的時間狀語.yesterday, at that time.ago, last year, week, just now etc.4.Ago(1)多用于過去時。（2）它所指時間是從現在算起。It was 20 years ago when Jack was a boy of fifteen.5.Before(1)多用于過去完成時（2）它所指時間是從過去某一時刻算起（可與previously換用）。Last summer, I finally left t

8、he firm that I had joined 18 years before.(四)過去進行時1.基本用法表在過去某個時間某事正在進行，過去時間可由一時間狀語表示，時間狀語并非總是跟著。2.基本結構Be(was/were)+doing.What were you doing when I called you?3.過去進行時/一般過去時(1)過去進行時表示一個正在進行尚未完成的動作。They were building a bridge there.(未必建成）過去時表示一個業已完成的動作。They built a bridge there.(2)但有些動詞本身并不表示動作完成，如rai

9、n,snow,wear,feel等，這時兩種時態都可以，在意思上差別不大。It rained all day yesterday.Its raining all day yesterday.4.過去進行時與現在進行時一樣，與forever、frequently連用時表厭惡等情緒。He was always making mistakes.I was wondering if you could give me a lift.5.主從句中過去進行時的體現(1)While后跟從句時，從句中須是延續性動詞，但when之后的動詞則短暫性動詞或延續性動詞都可以。(2)過去時中的兩個動作，習慣上一個用一般

10、過去時，另一個用過去進行時。動用較長用過去進行時，動作較短用一般過去時，兩個動作可能同時開始，但不同時結束。When someone knocked at the door, I was having supper.When I was attending the class, he upset the cup.(3)由于分工的不同，兩個動作的起始和結束時間幾乎相同時，均用過去進行時。When I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.My mother was cooking while I was doing my homewo

11、rk.(4)兩個動作在同時段進行，先發生的動作用過去進行時，后發生的動作用一般過去時。兩個動作在時間上一先一后。The telephone rang when I was opening the door.我正開門時電話鈴響了。When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door.電話正響時我開了門。6.切記瞬間動詞沒有進行時態兩個動作同時發生，延續性動詞用進行時態，瞬間動詞使用過去時。（五）現在完成時1.基本用法(1)在過去不確定時間里發生的并與現在有著某種聯系的動作，體現的是影響或結果。（2）動作開始于過去并持續到現在的動作。（現在完成進行時）

12、。2.基本結構主+have(has)+動詞的過分注意其肯定、否定、疑問變化，動詞的過去分詞變化規律（略）。3.現在完成時的時間狀語Already,yet,just,recently,so far,for,since,up to now,in the past 2 years.Ive worked in the company for 2 years.(1)如果完成時句子中后跟(for+一般時間）時，其謂語動詞須是持續性動詞;但如若后面未跟一段時間則可以用短暫性動詞；如果完成句是否定句且謂語是短暫性動詞，則后可跟一段時間。Theyve come to visit us from time to

13、time.(2)相關動詞的相應轉換borrowkeep(have)come backbe backHe died 5 years ago.He has been dead for 5 years.He left his hometown many years agoHe has been away for many years.4.相關難點（1）have gone(to)have been(to)(2)完成時與since(從句)一般since從句中用的都是短暫性動詞的過去時。He has been ill since I saw him last.(3)如若since從句中用的是持續性動詞（靜

14、態動詞）的過去時，則含義不同，其表示從句動作的完成或結束。The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.The house has been in bad repair since he moved out.I havent eaten snails since I was a student at Indiana University.I havent eaten snails since I left Indiana University.(4)如若since從句中的動作或狀態延續到說話時間，通常要用持續性動詞或表狀態動詞的現在

15、完成時。He has written to me frequenthy since I was ill.自從病愈以來He has written to me frequenthy since I have been ill.自從我生病以來I havent seen you since Ive been back.I havent seen you since I was back.(5)區別The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.The house has been in bad repair since he has liv

16、ed in it.He has stayed here for 3 hours.He stayed here (since) 3 hours ago.He has stayed here since 3 Oclock.(6)在表示“第次做某事”時常使用現在完成時。Its the 1st good meal Ive had for ages.Its the 3rd time this has happened.Itll be the 1st time Ive spoken in public.(7)如果It之后的be動詞用的是was,則that分句中通常用過去完成時。It was the 1st

17、 time he hadnt worked on Saturday.It was the 1st time shed been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.(六)現在完成進行時1.基本用法從過去某時起一直持續的動作，一般是為了強調動作正在進行或反復。I have been washing all morning.Hes been watching television all day.2.基本結構現在完成時S+have(has)+動詞過去分詞（現在完成進行時）+S+have(has)+been+動詞ing，其否定，疑問變化。

18、3.特點(1)其多與how long或long、all一起用。All night long this has been going on.How long have you been reading that book?(2)有時表示的是動作的反復而非一直在持續。Weve all along been making mistakes like this.Has it been causing problems?(3)現在完成時常常傾向動作業已完成。現在完成進行時大多都表示動作還在進行或反復。She has painted her room.She has been painting her r

19、oom.(可能還未漆完)Ive read a book.Ive been reading a book.(4)有些靜態動詞只能用于現在完成時，一般不用于現在完成進行時。Ive known him for many years.Theyve been married for 50 years.This has lasted for a long time.(5)在強調動作持續時間的長度時，特別是有long、how long這類狀語時，常用現在完成進行時。（七）過去完成時1.概念（1）表示過去某時之前業已發生的動作，發生在前面的用過去完成時，發生在后面的用一般過去時。（2）在過去某時之前，動作已經

20、完成或結束。（3）造成的是對過去的影響或結果，與現在沒有關系。（4）過去完成時一般都有過去時相襯托。2.基本結構S+had+動詞的過分（P.P.）When I got to the station the train had left.I had been at the bus stop for over one hour when a bus finally came.I had wanted to attend the meeting, but I fell ill.(未完成)3.難點（1）當幾個動作用and， then, but等連詞時，因為有動作先后順序，須用一般過去時。He stoo

21、d up, took his coat and went out.(2)如果有after, before, as soon as等連用，且清楚有動作先后，從句一般用過去時或過去完成時。I told them the news after you (had) left.As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again.They had already sold it when I asked the price of that car.(3)注意固定搭配hardly.when., no sooner.than, scarcely.when e

22、tc.He had hardly arrived when it began to snow.Wed scarcely arrived when she started crying.(4)用于hope, intend, mean, think等詞的過去完成時，表示未實現的愿望。We had thought to return early but they wouldnt let us go.(5)用于expect, hope, want, think等詞的過去時，表示“比”。It was easier than I had thought.We arrived earlier than we

23、 had expected.The place wasnt as clean as we had wanted it to be.（八）過去完成進行時1.概念(1)表示到過去某個時刻此動作還在進行。（2）用在從句中，從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前而對其有影響。At last the bus came, I had been waiting for half an hour.Until then she had been loving her daughter.Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.I heard youd b

24、een looking for me.2.基本結構S+had+been+doing注意其否定、疑問形式。3.現在完成進行時/過去完成進行時Hes been smoking for 20 years.Hes still smoking.Hed been smoking for 20 years when he decided to give it up.至過去某個時刻還在進行某動作。4.過去完成時/過去完成進行時By last week she had collected 2000 stamps.(已完成)She had been collecting stamps all these year

25、s.(未必完成)She had been painting the door all afternoon.(未必完成)（九）一般將來時1.概念表示將要發生的事，一般與表將來意義的時間狀語連用。時間狀語tomorrow, (this) next year, in two days, in the future etc.2.基本結構第一人稱I（we）+will(shall)+v.注意其否定、疑問式。其他人稱S+will+v.注意其否定、疑問式。willwontshallshant3.其它表示將來時的結構（1）Be going to結構（2）現在進行時（3）一般現在時（一般為短暫性動詞leave s

26、tart etc)(4)Be to+動詞原形Be+不定式結構（之前的動詞時有講）(5)Be about to do sth表即將發生的動作（6）Be due to do sth(按時間表)將Its due to be completed in 2010.(7)Be on the point of doing sth正要做某事。(十)將來進行時1.基本用法在將來某個時間某動作將正在進行。This time next week Ill be lying on the beach.2.基本結構S+will(shall)+be+doing注意其否定、疑問變化形式。3.將來進行時/現在進行時有時可以互換

27、4.將來時/將來進行時Mary wont pay this bill.表示意愿。Mary wont be paying this bill.單純談未來情況。（十一）將來完成時1.基本用法表示到將來某動作業已完成或產生某種影響結果。2.基本結構S+will(shall)+have+動詞的過去分詞e.g By the end of the trip, shell have travelled more than 3,000 miles.Ill have retired by the year of 2010.二、從句(一)定語從句1.定語表示法(1)形容詞Shes a responsible gi

28、rl.(2)代詞This could change our lives.(3)數詞She bought 2 kilos of apples.(4)名詞或名詞所有格Whats your governments view about it?(5)不定式There are lots of things to be done.(6)分詞Theres a door leading to the garden.(7)介詞短詞That has no relation to the matter under discussion.(8)副詞The buildings around were badly dam

29、aged.(9)詞組或合成詞 They were mostly welltodo farmers.2.定語從句限定（制）性定語從句/非限定（制）性定語從句在主從復合句中，由一個句子充當定語，此從句為定語從句，起修飾限定作用。（1）先行詞被修飾限定的名詞或代詞（2）關系代詞其作用：連接主從句；在從句中擔當成分。有that, who, what, whose, which etc.關系副詞when, where, why etc.3.定語從句定語從句中關系代（副）詞與先行詞的正確搭配。（1）當先行詞是人時且關系代詞作主語時。人+who(that)+動詞who較正式,都不能省。The man who

30、 stole your car has been arrested.I have a sister who (that) lives in Mars.(2)當先行詞是人時且關系代詞作賓語時。人+who (whom/ that)+主+及物動詞人+who (whom/ that)+主+不及物動詞+介詞The man (whom) I saw told me to come here.The man with whom I travelled couldnt speak English.Hes the thief (whom) I caught yesterday.(3)當先行詞是人且關系代詞作定語

31、時，這種情況很特殊，whose不能省略。人+whose+名+動詞People whose rents have been raised can appeal.The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.(4)先行詞是物時且關系代詞作主語時物+which/that+動詞關系代詞都不能省This is the parrot which always sings at night.Thiss the film that created a great sensation.(5)先行詞是物時且關系代詞作賓語時。物+which(that)+主+及物動詞都

32、可以省略。Its the best hotel (that) I know.The book (which) they sent me is very good.(6)先行詞是物時且關系代詞作介詞賓語時。物+介詞+which+主+動詞此種情況相當特殊，介詞后只能用which.This is the pan on which I fried the eggs.The agency from which me bought our tickets is bankrupt.以上情況可以改作用that引導的定語從句，此時that都可省略。This is the pan (that) I fried t

33、he eggs on.The agency (that) we bought our tickets from is bankrupt.(7)關系副詞引起的定語從句。WhenTherere times when such things are necessary.WhereThis is the village where he was born.where可省。WhyGive me one reason why we should help them.4.非限定性定語從句中的正確搭配(1)它對所有修飾的先行詞沒有起修飾限定的作用，而只是補充說明，把它拿掉，主句照樣成立；其一般都與先行詞之間有

34、逗號隔開。whoIve invited Diana, who lives in the next flat.whomMr Green, for whom I was working, was very generous.whoseMrs Green, whose daughter is in college, is trying to get a job.whichShe gave me this sweater, which she had knitted herself.(2)which, whom等可以和of等介詞一起連用。The buses, most of which were al

35、ready full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.I picked up the peaches, some of which were badly bruised.Her sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning.I met the fruitpickers, several of whom were university students.Gieorge, with whom I played tennis on sunday, was thinner than me.This

36、 I did at 9 oclock, after which I sat reading the paper.Ashdown forest, through which well be driving, isnt a forest any longer.His house, for which he paid 10,000, is now worth 50,000.(3)which有時代表的是前面句子的全部或部分意思。Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.Rats ran about the attic all night, which kept

37、 me awake.He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him.有時which還可在從句中作定語。He adviced me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.(4)關系副詞也可以引起非限定性定語從句。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.She was working in Nokia, where she went daily in a bus.We we

38、nt up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.(5)As可用作關系代詞，引起定語從句，可以跟such連用。Hes not such a fool as he looks.He never remembered to have such weariness as he felt now.There was a look of fear in her eyes, such as people have when theyre suddenly awakened.We had hoped to give you

39、a chance such as nobody else ever had.還可以跟same連用My stand on this is just the same as it was 4 years ago.You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.As還可以引起非限定性定語從句。Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes.Jack, as night be expected, was attending the conference.(6)But作關

40、系代詞時可引起定語從句，表示who(that).not.誰不以上這種方法較陳舊。There are very few but admire his talents.Not a man but had tears in his eyes.無人眼中無淚。（7）Whereby, wherein, whereupon也可引起定語從句。This is a way whereby (by which) you can learn quickly.He got into a situation wherein (in which) its hard to decide whats right and wro

41、ng.三、動詞的非謂語形式（一）不定式1.不定式作主語時To help others is our duty.To speak good English is not easy.注：可將it形式主語放在主語的位置，把動詞不定式放在句尾。（形）Its necessary for us to meet again.(名)Its a good idea to draw the fish.2.作賓語時She decided to take the examination.注:It作形式賓語。I think it important to speak good English.介詞but和except的

42、賓語常用于do+anything/nothing/everything后面，通常可以省略to.When she is nervous,she does nothing but eat.He will do anything to help you except lend you money.3.作表語時To teach is to learn.4.作賓補時They told me to wait outside.注：在感官動詞或使役動詞后如see，make等之后to常常被省略，但在它的被動語態中to不能被省略。I heard the girl sing in the classroom.The

43、 girl is heard to sing in the classroom.5.作定語時The only way to arrest him is to watch the papers.6.作狀語時We come to school to study French.注：動詞不定式作目的狀語從句時，前面可以加上in order或so as.We left home (in order/so as) to catch the first train to London.7.不定式用在the only，the last，the first等以及the most，the best等形容詞最高級形

44、式后面。She was the only girl to survive the accident.8.在there be+名（代）結構后可用動詞不定式的主動形式或被動形式，其意思沒有多大區別。There are two sheets to wash (to be washed).There are a lot of things to do (to be done).9.后接how/what/when/where/which/why+不定式作賓語的常用動詞有ask，decide，discover，find out，forget，know，learn，remember，think等。She d

45、idnt know what to say at that moment.I have found out where to buy vegetables cheaply.10.不定式的時態與語態（1）進行時He pretended to be reading a book when I came into the room.完成時He seemed to have forgotten everything.（2）被動式The meeting has to be cancelled because the chairman is ill.（3）否定式He tried hard not to d

46、o anything that might hurt her pride.（二）動名詞1.動名詞作主語時Saying is easier than doing.注：It形式主語可放在主語的位置，把動名詞放在句尾。（形）It felt funny watching myself on TV.(名)Its no use crying over the spilt milk.(覆水難收)(There be句型) Theres no getting along with him.(簡直無法和他相處)2.作介詞賓語時He left without saying goodbye to us.Im look

47、ing forward to meeting you.3.作表語時My favorite sport is skiing.4.作賓語時I dont mind your(you) smoking here.5.動名詞的邏輯主語動名詞一般表示的是主語的行為或狀況，如果表示的不是主語的行為或狀況，由名詞所有格或物主代詞表示其邏輯主語。（Johns）His marrying a village girl surprised all his friends.Mother dislikes my(me) working late.注：口語中也可用名詞或人稱代詞的賓格。They cant imagine a

48、 banker hauling garbage.Would you mind me sitting here?6.作定語，此時更加體現了動名詞的形容詞的特征，相當于名詞修飾名詞。The university presidents opening speech is encouraging.7.動名詞的完成時態和被動形式（1）完成時態He was charged with having neglected his duty.（2）被動形式The problem is far from being solved.The food shows no sign of having been touch

49、ed.（三）現在分詞&過去分詞1.作定語時（1）前置定語Please throw that broken glass away.You can see growing crops everywhere.（2）后置定語The problem being discussed is very important.2.作表語時The dish looks inviting.Hes interested in science fiction.3.作狀語時（要求分詞短語的邏輯主語須與其主句主語一致）Not receiving her letter,I called her up.Asked if

50、she had any bad habit,she answered that she was a heavy smoker.The football fans home,greatly disappointed.(主補)4.作賓補時（現在分詞）I found my mother sitting beside me.(過去分詞)The earthquake left the city completely ruined.注：在感官動詞see，hear，watch等之后，可用不帶to的不定式作賓補，也可用現在分詞作賓補。不定式表示經常性的或已經過去了的動作，而現在分詞表示正在進行的動作。I sa

51、w him cross the street.We can hear her sing every morning.I can hear him talking to our teacher now.5.現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語作定語時The dog attacking my friend was pulled off by its owner.Computers produced by Lenovo sell very well in the home market.6.分詞的一般時態和完成時態（1）Entering the room,I saw Tom.Not having tried

52、his best, he failed in the exam.（2）The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.Having been warned of typhoon,the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.四、語法難點（一）真實條件句1.基本形式：主句動詞是將來時，if條件從句中的動詞用現在時If you want something really badly,youll probably get in.2.If條件從句為一般現在時，主句中含有情態動詞或用一般現在時表示狀態或必然的結果

53、If the weather gets worse,the planes might not be able to take off on time.If your computer breaks down,you can use mine.If the alarm rings,the door closes automatically.3.If條件從句的時態變化If youre looking for John,you can find him in the classroom.If you have lost your car,you should report it to the pol

54、ice.If youre going to the U.S. ,youll need a visa.（二）虛擬語氣1.與現在事實相反的虛擬(1)If+did(were)+.,.would(should,could,might)+動詞原形If I were you,I would go abroad at once.If he knew it now,he could help me.(2)從句中可用If it were not for.(若不是).e.g.(倒裝句)Were it not for your help,I wouldt be doing so well.If it werent

55、for Jack,you wouldnt be anywhere.2.與過去事實相反的虛擬(1)If+had done+.,.would(might,could等)+動詞原形If I had known your phone number yesterday,I would have phoned you.If you had come here a little earlier just now,you might have met her.(2)特殊句型：If it had not been for .(若不是)e.g.(倒裝句)Had I known your address,I would have written before.If it hadnt been for the rain,we would have had a good harvest.3.與將來事實相反的虛擬(1)If+should +v.,.wouldshould等+V.(可能性很小，“萬一”)，e.g. If I should fail,what should I do?(2)If+did(were)to+v.,would等+v.(完全不可能)e.g. If the sun were to rise in the west,I