八年級英語下冊全冊教案人教版新目標(biāo)_第1頁
八年級英語下冊全冊教案人教版新目標(biāo)_第2頁
八年級英語下冊全冊教案人教版新目標(biāo)_第3頁
八年級英語下冊全冊教案人教版新目標(biāo)_第4頁
八年級英語下冊全冊教案人教版新目標(biāo)_第5頁
免費(fèi)預(yù)覽已結(jié)束,剩余45頁可下載查看

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

1、Unit 1 Will people have robots單元教學(xué)目標(biāo):1、 Words&phrases: robot, paper, less, fewer, simple, unpleasant, factory, seem, etc .2、 will 構(gòu)成的一般將來時(shí)態(tài)的陳述句、否定句、疑問句及回答.3、 There be 句型的一般將來時(shí).4、 more , less , fewer 的用法 .5、學(xué)習(xí)一般將來時(shí)態(tài)的相關(guān)知識,學(xué)會對未來進(jìn)行預(yù)測.單元重難點(diǎn):1、 will 構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)態(tài)的句式。2、 There be 句型的一般將來時(shí)態(tài)。3、 more , fewer ,

2、less 的用法。4、 How to make predictions .情感目標(biāo):1、 通過與學(xué)生談?wù)搶淼纳睿龑?dǎo)他們思考環(huán)境、污染這些問題,培養(yǎng)環(huán)保意識的意識,力踐環(huán)境保護(hù),愛護(hù)我們的地球母親。2、 由上進(jìn)一步討論現(xiàn)時(shí)我國國情地大人多人均資源少,號召大家減少浪費(fèi),減少污染,節(jié)省資源;再聯(lián)系目前我國的國際政治環(huán)境,讓學(xué)生了解在美帝的暗中撐腰下,我國周邊各個(gè)小國都對我國進(jìn)行蠶食侵占,激發(fā)起學(xué)生的愛國情緒,進(jìn)行愛國主義情操教育。第一課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備: 教師:錄音機(jī)、所學(xué)物品的圖片。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練、練習(xí)本及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具教學(xué)步驟:Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)(

3、導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1.Greetings: Welcome to school .What s the date today ? Who s on duty today ?Do you enjoy your winter holiday ? (你喜歡你的寒假嗎?)Do you finish your Homework (家庭作業(yè))?(你完成你的假期作業(yè)了嗎?)Do you want to live on the moon ? (你想去月球嗎?)Can you guess what will happen in ten years ? (你能猜出十年后將會發(fā)生什么嗎?)Collect th

4、e Ss answers and say something about their predictions .Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)SB Page 2 ,1a .1 .Look at the picture :How will the world be different in the future ,100 years from now ?We going to talk about sth in 100 years .2 .Read each predictions to the class .Explain the new vocabulary .3 .Read

5、 the instructions .Make sure Ss know what they should do .4 .Do it by themselves .5 .Talk about the answers with the class .Explain : 一般將來時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成:will / be going to + 動詞原形 =Step 3 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 2 ,1b .1 .Practise reading the six predictions .2 .Read the instructions to Ss .Circle the things

6、 you hear on the recording .3 .Play the tape twice .(放錄音,兩次)4 .Play the tape a third time .At the same time ,check the answers .SB Page 2 , 1c .1、Pay attention to the dialogues .2、Read the dialogues fluently .3、Pairwork .Work in pairs to make predictions according to the sample .4、Ask several pairs

7、to share their conversations to the class .SB Page 3,2a & 2b .1、Read the predictions .2、Read the instructions and point out the sample answer .3、Play the tape twice .Ss circle the word they hear in each sentences: more , less , fewer .4、Check the answers .學(xué)生探究:less , fewer的區(qū)別。Step 4 Post-task (任

8、務(wù)后活動)1、Point to the example in the sample dialogue .Practice reading .2、Look at activity 2b .Groupwork:Take turns to make conversations about the predictions . Grammar Focus:1 .、Review the grammar box .Ss say the statements and responses .2、Make summaries about "will " , "fewer "

9、 and "less "Homework (家庭作業(yè))(家庭作業(yè)):1、 Make predictions about yourself in 10 years .Write down 5 sentences .2、Go over the new words .第二課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備:教師:錄音機(jī),所學(xué)物品的圖片。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟)Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)(導(dǎo)入)1 .Greetings and free talk .2 .Check their Homework (家庭作業(yè)

10、):Ask two or three Ss to speak out what they wrotedown .(教師作出適當(dāng)?shù)脑u價(jià))Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)1 .Go over what we learnt yesterday . (復(fù)習(xí)昨天所學(xué)的知識)2 .通過三種時(shí)間的對比簡略復(fù)習(xí)一般過去時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Step 3 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 4 , 3a .1 .Point to the three picture and say :This is Sally .The first picture is Sally five years

11、ago ,the second one is Sally now ,and the third one is Sally five years in the future .2 .Read the instructions .3 .Complete filling in the blanks individually .4 .Check the answers .5 .Practise reading .Then ask some Ss read them out .SB Page 4 , 3b .1. Look at activity 3a .Make predictions about S

12、ally .2. Point to the example in the sample dialogue .Ask two Ss to read the dialogue to the class .3. Practise reading .4. Pairwork .Make their predictions about Sally .Step 4 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動)1. Write about yourself .With the help of the sample of Sally .We can write sth about ourselves five years

13、 ago ,today and in five years .2. Complete the work individually .3. Review the task .Ask a few more Ss for answers .Homework (家庭作業(yè)):Draw a picture of the city in 20 years .Describe it to the class .第三課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備:教師:錄音機(jī),所學(xué)物品的圖片。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟):Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1.

14、 Greetings .2. Say yourselves :five years ago , today and in five years .3. Check the Homework (家庭作業(yè)).Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)SB Page 5 ,1a .1. Look at the form and read the headings to the class .Make sure the Ss know what they mean .2. Read the list of seven words .Explain the new words .3. Write e

15、ach word in the correct column .Check the answers.SB Page 5 ,1b.1. Read the words already written on the chart .2. Groupwork: Think about what we learned before .Write some words in the chart above .Divide the class into groups of four ,let them have a competition .Step 3 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 5

16、,2a .1. Look at the pictures carefully .Can you guess what we' ll listen ?Talk about them .2. Read the instructions .We ' ll listen to 3 conversations .Number the pictu res 13. Play the tape twice .Check the answers .SB Page 5,2b .This activity is easy ,I think .For we know the conversations

17、 are talking about Alexis 10 yearsago ,today and in 10 years .1 .Read the instructions .2 . Pay attention to the sentences and the verbs in the box .3 .Play the tape and correct the answers .Step 4 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動)1. Read the instructions .2. Pairwork. One is Alexis, one is Joe .3. Point out the ex

18、ample in the sample dialogue .Read it to the Ss .4. Talk about Joe ' s life now , ten years ago and in ten years .5. Ask some pairs of Ss to say their dialogues .Homework (家庭作業(yè)):寫一篇50個(gè)單詞左右短文,預(yù)測未來我們的學(xué)習(xí)和生活第四課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備:教師:錄音機(jī),所學(xué)物品的圖片。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟):Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激

19、活背景知識)1. Greetings .2. Ask two Ss to say sth about Joe .3. Check their Homework (家庭作業(yè))Step 2 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 6,3a .1. Read the instructions .2. Give Ss 3 minutes to read the passage , tick out the new words.3. Explain the new words and practice reading .4. Point out the chart .Read the col

20、umn headings to the class .5. Read the passage again .Write words from her answers in the correct columns below .6. Check the answers .7. Practise reading .SB Page 6 , 3b .Playing a game :Who write it ?1. Ss write about their life in ten years on a piece of paper but don t write names o2. Put all th

21、e Ss papers together .3. Take turns reading the paper .The other Ss guess who wrote it .Step 3 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動)SB Page 6 , Part 4 .1. Read the questions below .2. Ask two Ss to read the dialogue .3. Answer the questions .4. Pairwork. Get your partner s answers .5. Share a few Ss conversations .Home

22、work (家庭作業(yè)):1. Finish selfcheck as their Homework2. Go over the words in this unit .第五課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備:教師:錄音機(jī),所學(xué)物品的圖片。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具Teaching contents:Reading :Do you think you will have your own robot ?Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟):Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1. Greetings and free talk .2. If possible,draw

23、 a robot on the Bb or put up a picture of a robot. Tell :What does it look like ? What can it do ?3. Tell your partner what you know about robots .Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)SB Page 8 , 1b .1. Read the title of the passage .2. Look at the picture together .Ask a few Ss to describe What they see .3. Read

24、 the words and phrases in the box .Practice reading the words .4. Circle the words you think you will read in the passage .Step 3 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 8 .1. First let Ss scan the passage for the main idea .2. Explain something .(1) help sb with sth /do sth(2) do the same as (3) make sb do sth(4

25、) It takes /took /will take . Ask a few comprehension questions around the class .4. Read the passage by the Ss .Step 4 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動)1 .Go through the reading again .How many words in 1b did you correctly predict ?2 . Go over the structures in SB Page 9 , 3b .Make their own sentences .Homework (

26、家庭作業(yè)):re c1. To make sure the Ss understand the passage .and I want to know whether they the class ,let Ss translate the passage into Chinese .2. Go over this unit .3. Make their own sentences .4. What ways do you think a robot will help you and your family in the future .Unit 2 What should I do ?教學(xué)

27、目標(biāo):1 .Words & phrases : keep out , loud , argue , What swrong ? football , either , except , themselves , include ,etc .2 .情態(tài)動詞could /should 的用法。3 .Why don' t you結(jié)構(gòu)表建議的運(yùn)用。4 .如何談?wù)搯栴}及提出建議。5 .在處理問題中學(xué)會自省與人際交往。教學(xué)重難點(diǎn):6 .should /could 情態(tài)動詞的用法。2.如何提出建議。情感目標(biāo):1, 通過聯(lián)系課文的句型“ My brother plays his CDs too

28、 loud ” 教育學(xué)生在與周圍的人相處時(shí)不光要以自己為中心,要尊重他人,與他人和諧共處,共建和諧型社會。2, 通過聯(lián)系課文的句型“My clothes are out of style ”,教育學(xué)生如何正確對待衣裝,不攀比, 衣裝做到整潔大方就可以了,也可以把自己不穿的衣服捐給有需要的人,減少資源的耗費(fèi)。第一課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備:教師:錄音機(jī),所學(xué)物品的圖片、教學(xué)掛圖。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟)(教學(xué)過程)Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1. Greetings and free talk .2. Check

29、the Homework (家庭作業(yè)).Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)T: I want to buy a n ew guitar but I don t have enough money .What should I do ?Ss think it over ,and try to give his/her advice .Write their advice on the Bb .1. Borrow one .2. Buy a second-hand guitar .3. Get a part-time job .4. Don t buy a guitar .5. Wai

30、t until next year .Practice reading the advice by the Ss .導(dǎo)入 : In this unit we are going to talk about problems people have and learn how to give thesepeople advice 十。tell people what we think they should do .Step 3 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 10 ,1a .1. Read the instructions to the Ss .2. Read the pr

31、oblems by the Ss .3 . Ask Ss to write the problems in the“ Serious ” or “ Not serious ” columns .4 .Explain .5. Talk about the answers with the class .Practice reading .SB Page 10 , 1b .Make sure the Ss understand what should they do .Play the tape twice .Ss circle the problemsthey hear .Play the ta

32、pe a third time .Check the answers .Step 4 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動)SB Page 10 ,1c .Look at the problems in activity 1a and make conversations .Step 5 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 11 , 2a .1. Read the instructions .Make sure the Ss understand what should they do .2. Point to the sentences below .3. Play the ta

33、pe the first time .Ss only listen .Pay attention to Peter s friend 4. Play the tape again .Ss circle“ could ” or “ should ” .5. Correct the answers .SB Page 11 , 2b .Read the instructions .Pay attention to Peter s answers .Play the tape again .Check the ansStep 7 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動)Make conversations

34、with peter and his friend with the help of 2a & 2b .Step 8 Grammar FocusReview the grammar box .Ss say the questions and the responses .Explain the differences between could/should .Homework (家庭作業(yè)):1. Go over the words .2. My clothes are out of style ,what should I do ? Please give the advice .第

35、二課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備:教師:錄音機(jī),所學(xué)物品的圖片。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟):Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1. Greeting and free talk .2. Check the Homework (家庭作業(yè)).Collect the students advice .Write it down on the Bb .Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)1 .Review the differences between“ could /should ” .2 . Learn the new

36、 words in Page 12 .Step 3 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 12,3a .1. Read the instructions .2. Read the conversations by Ss or listen to the tape .Then write“ good idea“ bad idea ” .3. Talk about the students answers .4. Make sure the students understand the dialogue.Practice readingStep 4 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動

37、)SB Page 12,3b .1. Read the instructions .Point out the example conversation and ask two students to read it to the class .2. Use your head .Find some other ways to get money that aren t in the book .3. Ask Ss to work with partner as they ask for and give advice .4. Pairwork .5. Act out the conversa

38、tions to the class .Step 5 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 12 , Part 4 .1. Read the instructions .Make sure the Ss understand what they should do .2. To students read the dialogue .3. Practice reading .4. Ask another pair to give their advice on another topic .5. Pairwork .(互助活動)Homework (家庭作業(yè)):將下列短語或句型譯為

39、漢語1. keep out 2. out of style 3. What ' s wrong ?4. call sb up 5. pay for 6. ask for something7. summer camp 8. stay at home第三課時(shí)Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟) :Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1. Greetings and free talk .2. Check the Homework .Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)SB Page 13 , 1a .1. Read the instru

40、ctions to the students .2. Read the sentences and ask a student to read the sentences to the class .3. Write NI , I , VI for each statement .4. What is important to you when y ou choose clothes ?” Write one or more of their statementsto the class .Talk about the answers with the class .Step 3 While-

41、task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 13,2a .1. Read the instructions .Make sure the Ss understand what they should do .2. Read the three sentences in the box .You will be listening to a radio advice program .They will be talking about one of these problems .3. Play the tape twice .Ss check the problem they hear .4.

42、Play the tape again ,Ss correct the answers .SB Page 13,2b .1 .Read the instructions .Make sure Ss understand what they should pay attention to .2. Look at the chart .There are three persons ,Kim , Nicole , Emilio .Who will give Erin someadvice ?What are they ? Read each name for the class .3. Play

43、the recording again .Ss write their answers .4. Play the recording again ,one sentence by one sentence .Check the answers .Step 4 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動)SB Page 13,2c .1. Point out the example in the sample dialogue .Ss practice reading .2. Pairwork: What do you think Erin should do ?3. Share their conver

44、sations with whole class .Homework (家庭作業(yè)):You left your Homework (家庭作業(yè))at home ,what should you do ? Please give your advice .第四課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備:教師:錄音機(jī),所學(xué)物品的圖片。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟):Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1. Greetings & free talk .2. Check the Homework (家庭彳業(yè)):I left my Homewo

45、rk (家庭作業(yè))at home ,what shouldI do ? Share some students advice .Step 2 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 14,3a .1. Scan this letter ,underline the problem .2. Read the letter again , tick out the new words .3. Explain something :1. ) except=but除之外(不包括在內(nèi))2. ) besides 除之外(包括在內(nèi))Eg.All the students went to the

46、park except him .Lucy and Lily will come to the party besides me .3. 3) find out = learned 了解到find 找到Eg.I just find out there is a dance tomorrow .4. Listen to the recording .Ss practice reading .SB Page 14 , 3b .5. Pairwork: Give some advice to the lonely kid in 3a .6. Suppose you re Mary .Write th

47、e letters on your own .7. Read the letters to the class .SB Page 14 , Part 4 .1. Read the problem in the box .2. Two students read the dialogue .3. Pairwork : Think them over and give your advice .4. Groupwork: See which classmate has the best advice .Step 3 Post-task (任務(wù)后活動)SB Page 15 , Selfcheck .

48、1. Fill in the blanks with the words given .Try to make your own sentences with the words .2. Read the letter to Aunt Chen s advice column and then write some advice .Homework (家庭作業(yè)):What s your problem ? Please write your own letter to an advice column .第五課時(shí)課前準(zhǔn)備:教師:錄音機(jī),所學(xué)物品的圖片。學(xué)生:英語點(diǎn)金教練及相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)用具Teac

49、hing procedures (教學(xué)步驟):Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1. Greetings and free-talk .2. Check the Homework:Read the letter out in the class ,the other Ss give their advice .Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)1 .What after-school activities can you think of .Write what you do and what you don2 . SB Page 16 , 1b .Re

50、ad the words and guess the meaning .if there are some new words in the box , look up in the dictionary .Step 3 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 16 .1. Read the passage quickly and get the main idea .2. Listen to the recording .Circle the words in the box in 1b .3. Explain something :( 1) busy enough ( 2) I

51、t s time for sth . ( 3) the + 姓 s : 夫婦/一家SB Page 17 , 3a .1. Read these statements .2 .Pairwork: Number each pair 1-5 around the class .Ask each pair to discuss only the question with their number .3 .After a while .All pairs with the same number from a group and compare ideas .4 .After five minutes

52、 .Each group report their ideas to the class .Homework (家庭作業(yè)):1 .Write four sentences using one of the words from 1b in each sentence .2 .Are you or your friends under pressure ? Do a survey to find out .Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived 教學(xué)目標(biāo):1 .Words : barber shop , well , bathroom ,

53、accident , earth , silence , playground , around , strange , kitchen , modern , follow , shirt .2 .when , while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。3 .學(xué)習(xí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。4 .利用知識談?wù)撨^去發(fā)生的事情。5 .復(fù)習(xí)過去式,學(xué)會講故事。6 .了解一些自然科學(xué)知識和社會科學(xué)知識。教學(xué)重難點(diǎn):1 .when , while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。2.學(xué)習(xí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。情感目標(biāo):1,通過討論 UFO的問題,和學(xué)生談?wù)撐覈暮娇展I(yè),并將其與歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家的航空 工業(yè)相比較,指出我國的航空業(yè)是在一窮二白的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展

54、到現(xiàn)在能夠躋身于國際先進(jìn) 水平行列,這一切都離不開我們國家的日漸的強(qiáng)盛。只有我們國家強(qiáng)盛起來,我們這些 老百姓才能過上穩(wěn)定幸福的生活。這樣的發(fā)展也離不開專業(yè)人才的默默奉獻(xiàn),希望大家 現(xiàn)在學(xué)好文化知識,將來為國家奉獻(xiàn)自己的一份力。第一課時(shí)Teaching procedures (教學(xué)步驟):Step 1 Leading in (導(dǎo)入話題,激活背景知識)1 .Greetings and free-talk . 2.Check the Homework (家庭作業(yè))3.Dictate the words in Unit 2 .Step 2 Pre-task (任務(wù)前活動)SB Page 18 , 1

55、a .I.Point to the sentences .Read the sentences .Explain what each one means .2 .Look at the picture .Point out the six people .Match the statements with the people in the picture .3 .Check the answers .4 .Practice reading .Step 3 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 18 ,1b.1 .Read the instructions .Make sure

56、the Ss understand what they should do .2 .Look at the dialogue in the picture .語法:過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 :was / were + doing .用法:表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作,一般用時(shí)間狀語來表示。I was standing in front of the library when the UFO arrived .3 .Play the tape twice . Circle the correct responses . 4.Check the answers .Step 4 Post-t

57、ask (任務(wù)后活動)Talk about what people were doing when the UFO arrived .Step 5 While-task (任務(wù)中活動)SB Page 19,2a .1 .Read the sentences .Make sure the Ss understand what they mean .2 .Play the tape twice .Order these statements .3 .Play the tape again ,correct the answers .SB Page 19,2b .1.Read the instructions . 2.Play the recordi

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論