1、Advanced English IUnit 13 FriendshipSelf-access LearningContents pageContents Learning Objectives Pre-reading Activities Global Reading Detailed Reading Consolidation Activities Further EnhancementLearning ObjectivesRhetorical skill: rhetorical questions, inverted sentence order and exclamatory form

2、Key language & grammar pointsWriting strategies: ways to achieve emphatic effectsTheme: friendshipLearning ObjectivesPre-R: picture activation-1 What do you mean when you say “we are friends”? Picture Activation | Pre-questionsPre-R: Pre-questions-11. Friendship provides positive emotional suppo

3、rt. Friends care for one another and look out for each other. Friendship shades life with colours and saves people from loneliness. But friendship is sometimes fragile and may not be able to stand the destruction caused by, say, separation, misunderstanding and so on. So how do you think friendship

4、can be kept steady and lasting?Picture Activation | Pre-questionsOpen for discussion.Pre-R: Pre-questions-22. A friend is someone you care for and also you think you can trust. But sometimes you may find your trust misplaced, in which case you will be greatly frustrated and your belief in friendship

5、 badly shaken. Would you like to share one such unpleasant experience you have had with your classmates?Picture Activation | Pre-questionsOpen for discussion.G-R: text introductionThis text is an excerpt from Emersons essay “Friendship” which was written in 1841.In the essay we can find that the aut

6、hors discussion on friendship is not confined to the relationship between friends, but rather extends to the emotions of benevolence and complacency which are felt towards others. Given this proposition, the author discusses the nature of human affection in general and provides his own perception ab

7、out the importance of such affection in human life. Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R: CN-transcendentalismTranscendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson and Thorea

8、u sought this relation in solitude amidst nature, and in their writing. By the 1840s they, along with other transcendentalists, were engaged in the social experiments of Brook Farm, Fruitlands, and Walden; and, by the 1850s in an increasingly urgent critique of American slavery. Text Introduction |

9、Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R: author bioRalph Waldo Emerson (18031882), US philosopher and poet. Associated with German idealism, he evolved the concept of transcendentalism, which found expression in his essay “Nature” (1836).Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R: struc

10、tureText Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructurePart 1(Para 1-2) the author gives a broad definition to “friendship” and defines the scope of his discussionPart 2(Para 3-5) authors discussion on “friendship”Part 3(Para 6) the author summarizes his attitude towards friendship and affectionD

11、R-p1-text FRIENDSHIP Ralph Waldo Emerson1. We have a great deal more kindness than is ever spoken. Maugre all the selfishness that chills like east winds the world, the whole human family is bathed with an element of love like a fine ether. How many persons we meet in houses, whom we scarcely speak

12、to, whom yet we honor, and who honor us! How many we see in the street, or sit with in church, whom, though silently, we warmly rejoice to be with! Read the language of these wandering eye-beams. The heart knoweth.Detailed ReadingDR-p2-text2. The effect of the indulgence of this human affection is a

13、 certain cordial exhilaration. In poetr y, and in common speech, the emotions of benevolence and complacency which are felt towards others are likened to the material effects of fire; so swift, or much more swift, more active, more cheering, are these fine inward irradiations. From the highest degre

14、e of passionate love, to the lowest degree of goodwill, they make the sweetness of life.Detailed ReadingDR-p3-text3. Our intellectual and active powers increase with our affection. The scholar sits down to write, and all his years of meditation do not furnish him with one good thought or happy expre

15、ssion; but it is necessary to write a letter to a friend and forthwith troops of gentle thoughts invest themselves, on every hand, with chosen words.Detailed ReadingDR-p4a-text4. See, in any house where virtue and self-respect abide, the palpitation which the approach of a stranger causes. A commend

16、ed stranger is expected and announced, and an uneasiness betwixt pleasure and pain invades all the hearts of a household. His arrival almost brings fear to the good hearts that would welcome him. The house is dusted, all things fly into their places, the old coat is exchanged for the new, and they m

17、ust get up a dinner if they can. Of a commended stranger, only the good report is told by others, only the good and new is heard by us. He stands to us for humanity.Detailed ReadingDR-p4b-textHe is what we wish. Having imagined and invested him, we ask how we should stand related in conversation and

18、 action with such a man, and are uneasy with fear. The same idea exalts conversation with him. We talk better than we are wont. We have the nimblest fancy, a richer memory, and our dumb devil has taken leave for the time. For long hours we can continue a series of sincere, graceful, rich communicati

19、ons, drawn from the oldest secretest experience, so that they who sit by, of our own kinsfolk and acquaintance, shall feel a lively surprise at our unusual powers.Detailed ReadingDR-p4c-textBut as soon as the stranger begins to intrude his partialities, his definitions, his defects, into the convers

20、ation, it is all over. He has heard the first, the last and best he will ever hear from us. He is no stranger now. Vulgarity, ignorance, misapprehension are old acquaintances. Now, when he comes, he may get the order, the dress, and the dinner, but the throbbing of the heart, and the communications

21、of the soul, no more.Detailed ReadingDR-p5-text5. What is so pleasant as these jets of affection which make a young world for me again? What so delicious as a just and firm encounter of two, in a thought, in a feeling? How beautiful, on their approach to this beating heart, the steps and forms of t

22、h e g i f te d a n d t h e t r u e ! T h e m o m e n t w e i n d u l g e o u r a f f e c t i o n s , t h e e a r t h i s metamorphosed; there is no winter, and no night; all tragedies, all ennuis, vanish, all duties even; nothing fills the proceeding eternity but the forms all radiant of beloved per

23、sons. Let the soul be assured that somewhere in the universe it should rejoin its friend, and it would be content and cheerful alone for a thousand years.Detailed ReadingDR-p6a-text6. I awoke this morning with devout thanksgiving for my friends, the old and the new. Shall I not call God the Beautifu

24、l, who daily showeth himself so to me in his gifts? I chide society, I embrace solitude, and yet I am not so ungrateful as not to see the wise, the lovely, and the noble-minded, as from time to time they pass my gate. Who hears me, who understands me, becomes mine, a possession for all time. Detaile

25、d ReadingDR-p6b-textNor is nature so poor but she gives me this joy several times, and thus we weave social threads of our own, a new web of relations; and, as many thoughts in succession substantiate themselves, we shall by and by stand in a new world of our own creation, and no longer strangers an

26、d pilgrims in a traditionary globe.Detailed ReadingDR:p1 AnalysisParagraph 1 AnalysisAt the very beginning the author makes it clear that his definition of friendship is much broader than is usually understood. It is “an element of love” such as “kindness.” To him this element of love is pervasive i

27、n human society (“. the whole human family is bathed with an element of love like a fine ether.”). Detailed ReadingDR:p2 AnalysisParagraph 2 AnalysisIn the second paragraph the author extends this “element of love” to “affection” and “emotions of benevolence.” Thus the author defines the scope of hi

28、s discussion “from the highest degree of passionate love, to the lowest degree of goodwill.”Detailed ReadingDR:p3 AnalysisParagraph 3 AnalysisIn this paragraph that author points out that our intellectual and active powers increase with our affection, but not vice versa. Detailed ReadingDR:p4 Analys

29、isParagraph 4 AnalysisThis long paragraph tells us what friendship should be like “sincere, graceful, rich communications” which enhance our intellectual powers and which are free from intrusions of personal “partialities,” “definitions,” and “defects.” Detailed ReadingDR:p5 AnalysisParagraph 5 Anal

30、ysisIn this paragraph the author describes the pleasant impact of affection on our perception of the world and life.Detailed ReadingDR:p6 AnalysisParagraph 6 AnalysisIn this paragraph the author summarizes his attitude towards friendship and affection. He is grateful to “the wise, the lovely, and th

31、e noble-minded” who pass his gate from time to time, as well as to his friends, for he regards the understanding of others as an eternal possession. He also expresses his belief that we can create a new world of our own by weaving a new web of relations in this way.Detailed ReadingDR-Question-p2Para

32、graph 2 QuestionW h a t d o e s t h e a u t h o r i n t e n d t o c o n v e y b y “ f i r e ” a n d “irradiations”?Detailed ReadingThe author intends to convey the image of the emotions of benevolence and complacency we express in poetry or common speech (“fire”) to others and that of the same emoti

33、ons we feel inwardly (“inward irradiations”).DR-Question-p3Paragraph 3 QuestionWhy does the author mention the case of a scholars writing a letter to a friend?Detailed ReadingThe author intends to show that years of hard work may result in nothing, but when it comes to human affection, you find it a

34、lways there in your heart.DR-Question-p4Paragraph 4 QuestionWhat are the changes that would happen to us when we are engaged in conversations with a commended stranger?Detailed ReadingWe would try to match ourselves with him/her, talk better than we usually do, “have the nimblest fancy, a richer mem

35、ory,” and become more expressive and capable in conversation.DR-Question-p5Paragraph 5 QuestionHow, according to the author, does human affection change our perception about the world and life?Detailed ReadingAffection makes the world young for us again and turns a friendly encounter into a deliciou

36、s experience in thought and feeling. The world is bright and warm, and all tragedies, all ennuis vanish. Our soul would be content and cheerful forever.DR-Question-p6Paragraph 6 QuestionWhat does the author mean by “social threads of our own” and “a new web of relations”?Detailed ReadingHere the aut

37、hor refers to the network of social relations between people.LPT- how manyDetailed Reading“How many we see in the street, or sit with in church, whom, though silently, we warmly rejoice to be with!” Paraphrase There are many people in the street or in the church whom we are glad to be with though th

38、ere is no verbal communication between us.LPT- rejoiceDetailed Readingrejoice vt.to do something that is in opposition to a law, agreement, principle, etc.e.g.1. Everyone rejoiced at the news of his safe return.2. She rejoiced in her good fortune.3. There was much rejoicing at/over the good news.LPT

39、- read the language of these wanderingDetailed Reading“Read the language of these wandering eye-beams.”Paraphrase We can see this kindness in casual but smiling eyes. LPT- the effect of the indulgence of this humanDetailed Reading“The effect of the indulgence of this human affection is a certain cor

40、dial exhilaration.” Paraphrase The fact that we allow ourselves to fully enjoy this human affection makes us truly happy.LPT- indulgeDetailed Readingindulge vt.to allow yourself to have or do something that you enjoye.g.1. The soccer fans indulged their patriotism, waving flags and singing songs.2.

41、I love champagne but I dont often indulge myself.3. Chocolate is my only indulgence.4. All the pleasures and indulgences of the weekend are over, and I must get down to some serious hard work.LPT- cordialDetailed Readingcordial adj.friendlye.g.1. Relations between the two leaders are said to be cord

42、ial.2. You are cordially invited to attend our annual wine-tasting evening.LPT- the scholar sites down to writeDetailed Reading“The scholar sits down to write, and all his years of meditation do not furnish him with one good thought or happy expression .”Paraphrase The scholar sits down to write, an

43、d he finds that for all his years of intellectual pursuit he still cannot come up with any good idea or good expression . LPT- furnishDetailed Readingfurnish vt.to provide furniture for a room or house; to provide someone with something that they need, especially informatione.g.1. His house is furni

44、shed with things hes collected on his travels around the world.2. The travel company has furnished us with all the details of our journey.3. We can furnish everything you need for a successful party.LPT- forthwith troops of gentle thoughts investDetailed Reading“. forthwith troops of gentle thoughts

45、 invest themselves, on every hand, with chosen words.”Paraphrase The scholar sits down to write, and he finds that for all his years of intellectual pursuit he still cannot come up with any good idea or good expression . LPT- A commended stranger is expected andDetailed Reading“A commended stranger

46、is expected and announced, and an uneasiness betwixt pleasure and pain invades all the hearts of a household.”Paraphrase A much-admired stranger is expected to pay the family a visit, and at his arrival everyone in the family has a mixed feeling of happiness and nervousness. LPT- commendDetailed Rea

47、dingcommend vt.to praise someone or something formally or publiclye.g.1. The judge commended her for/on her bravery.2. It says on the back cover of the book “highly commended.”3. Several of the firefighters received commendation for their bravery.4. commendable efforts/behaviorLPT- all things fly in

48、to their placesDetailed Reading“. all things fly into their places .”Paraphrase . all things are quickly set in their right places .LPT- they must get up a dinner if they canDetailed Reading“. they must get up a dinner if they can.”Paraphrase . they must arrange a dinner if they can.LPT- we ask how

49、we should stand relatedDetailed Reading“. we ask how we should stand related in conversation and action with such a man .”Paraphrase . we ask how we should communicate and act with such a man .NoteNotice that here “stand” is a link verb meaning “be in a particular condition or situation,” followed b

50、y an adjective.LPT- we talk better than we are wontDetailed Reading“We talk better than we are wont.”Paraphrase We talk better than we usually do.LPT- wontDetailed Readingbe wont to do somethingto have a habit of doing somethinge.g.1. The poor man is wont to complain that this is a cold world.2. The

51、 previous city council was wont to overspend. LPT- our dumb devil has taken leave for the timeDetailed Reading“. our dumb devil has taken leave for the time.”Paraphrase . for the moment we become more expressive and fluent in the communication. LPT- so that they who sit by of our own kinsfolkDetaile

52、d Reading“. so that they who sit by, of our own kinsfolk and acquaintance, shall feel a lively surprise at our unusual powers.” Paraphrase . so our relatives and friends who are present during our conversation shall be greatly surprised to find our unusual ability to talk.LPT- as soon as the strange

53、r begins to intrude hisDetailed Reading“. as soon as the stranger begins to intrude his partialities, his definitions, his defects, into the conversation, it is all over.”Paraphrase . as soon as the stranger begins to thrust his biases, his arbitrary assertions and his errors into the conversation,

54、the sincere, graceful, rich communications come to an end.LPT- vulgarity ignoranceDetailed Reading“Vulgarity, ignorance, misapprehension are old acquaintances.”Paraphrase We are familiar with those people who are vulgar, ignorant, and lack understanding.LPT- vulgarityDetailed Readingvulgar adj.a vul

55、gar joke, comment, action etc has a sexual meaning that is considered to be rude or offensivee.g.1. The unashamed vulgarity of the house was quite unexpected.2. Isnt it rather vulgar to talk about how much money you earn?LPT- misapprehensionDetailed Readingmisapprehension n.a belief that is not corr

56、ecte.g.1. At the time I was still laboring under the misapprehension that the project might be a success.2. He slowly spelled out each word to ensure there were no mistakes or misapprehensions.LPT- but the throbbing of the heartDetailed Reading“. but the throbbing of the heart, . no more.” Paraphras

57、e . but his arrival will bring no more excitement and fear .LPT- what is so delicious as a real and close meetingDetailed Reading“What so delicious as a just and firm encounter of two, in a thought, in a feeling?” Paraphrase What is so delicious as a real and close meeting of two persons who share a

58、 thought, or a feeling?LPT- how beautiful on their approach to this beatingDetailed Reading“How beautiful, on their approach to this beating heart, the steps and forms of the gifted and the true!”Paraphrase How beautiful are the walking steps and shapes of the gifted and devoted, when one is waiting

59、 for them in excitement as they approach. LPT- the moment we indulge our affectionsDetailed Reading“The moment we indulge our affections, the earth is metamorphosed; there is no winter, and no night; all tragedies, all ennuis, vanish, all duties even”Paraphrase The moment we enjoy our affections, th

60、e earth will change completely; there will no longer be winter or night, all tragedies and boredom will be gone, and even our duties are cast aside .LPT- metamorphoseDetailed Readingmetamorphose vi.to change into something very differente.g.1. His eyes turned bloodshot, and he was metamorphosed into a r