1、The Optimization Method of Financial Statements Based on Accounting Management Theory ABSTRACT This paper develops an approach to enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) was fundamentally flawed by fair value accounting and a

2、sset-impairment accounting. According to legal theory and accounting theory, accounting data must have legal evidence as its source document. The conventional “mixed attribute” accounting system should be replaced by a “segregated” system with historical cost and fair value being kept strictly apart

3、 in financial statements. The proposed optimizing method will significantly enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements.I.INTRODUCTION Based on international-accounting-convergence approach, the Ministry of Finance issued the Enterprise Accounting Standards in 2006 taking the Inte

4、rnational Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter referred to as “the International Standards”) for reference. The Enterprise Accounting Standards carries out fair value accounting successfully, and spreads the sense that accounting should reflect market value objectively. The objective of accoun

5、ting reformation following-up is to establish the accounting theory and methodology which not only use international advanced theory for reference, but also accord with the needs of China's socialist market economy construction. On the basis of a thorough evaluation of the achievements and limit

6、ations of International Standards, this paper puts forward a stand that to deepen accounting reformation and enhance the stability of accounting regulations.II. OPTIMIZATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEM: PARALLELING LISTING OF LEGAL FACTS AND FINANCIAL EXPECTATION As an important management activi

7、ty, accounting should make use of information systems based on classified statistics, and serve for both micro-economic management and macro-economic regulation at the same time. Optimization of financial statements system should try to take all aspects of the demands of the financial statements in

8、both macro and micro level into account. Why do companies need to prepare financial statements? Whose demands should be considered while preparing financial statements? Those questions are basic issues we should consider on the optimization of financial statements. From the perspective of "publ

9、ic interests", reliability and legal evidence are required as qualitative characters, which is the origin of the traditional "historical cost accounting". From the perspective of "private interest", security investors and financial regulatory authorities hope that financial

10、statements reflect changes of market prices timely recording "objective" market conditions. This is the origin of "fair value accounting". Whether one set of financial statements can be compatible with these two different views and balance the public interest and private interest

11、? To solve this problem, we design a new balance sheet and an income statement. From 1992 to 2006, a lot of new ideas and new perspectives are introduced into China's accounting practices from international accounting standards in a gradual manner during the accounting reform in China. These ide

12、as and perspectives enriched the understanding of the financial statements in China. These achievements deserve our full assessment and should be fully affirmed. However, academia and standard-setters are also aware that International Standards are still in the process of developing .The purpose of

13、proposing new formats of financial statements in this paper is to push forward the accounting reform into a deeper level on the basis of international convergence.III. THE PRACTICABILITY OF IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEM Whether the financial statements are able to maintain their stabilit

14、y? It is necessary to mobilize the initiatives of both supply-side and demand-side at the same time. We should consider whether financial statements could meet the demands of the macro-economic regulation and business administration, and whether they are popular with millions of accountants. Account

15、ants are responsible for preparing financial statements and auditors are responsible for auditing. They will benefit from the implementation of the new financial statements. Firstly, for the accountants, under the isolated design of historical cost accounting and fair value accounting, their daily a

16、ccounting practice is greatly simplified. Accounting process will not need assets impairment and fair value any longer. Accounting books will not record impairment and appreciation of assets any longer, for the historical cost accounting is comprehensively implemented. Fair value information will be

17、 recorded in accordance with assessment only at the balance sheet date and only in the annual financial statements. Historical cost accounting is more likely to be recognized by the tax authorities, which saves heavy workload of the tax adjustment. Accountants will not need to calculate the deferred

18、 income tax expense any longer, and the profit-after-tax in the solid line table is acknowledged by the Company Law, which solves the problem of determining the profit available for distribution. Accountants do not need to record the fair value information needed by security investors in the account

19、ing books; instead, they only need to list the fair value information at the balance sheet date. In addition, since the data in the solid line table has legal credibility, so the legal risks of accountants can be well controlled. Secondly, the arbitrariness of the accounting process will be reduced,

20、 and the auditors review process will be greatly simplified. The independent auditors will not have to bear the considerable legal risk for the dotted-line table they audit, because the risk of fair value information has been prompted as "not supported by legal evidences". Accountants and

21、auditors can quickly adapt to this financial statements system, without the need of training. In this way, they can save a lot of time to help companies to improve management efficiency. Surveys show that the above design of financial statements is popular with accountants and auditors. Since the wo

22、rkloads of accounting and auditing have been substantially reduced, therefore, the total expenses for auditing and evaluation will not exceed current level as well. In short, from the perspectives of both supply-side and demand-side, the improved financial statements are expected to enhance the usef

23、ulness of financial statements, without increase the burden of the supply-side.IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The current rule of mixed presentation of fair value data and historical cost data could be improved. The core concept of fair value is to make financial statements reflect the f

24、air value of assets and liabilities, so that we can subtract the fair value of liabilities from assets to obtain the net fair value. However, the current International Standards do not implement this concept, but try to partly transform the historical cost accounting, which leads to mixed using of i

25、mpairment accounting and fair value accounting. China's accounting academic research has followed up step by step since 1980s, and now has already introduced a mixed-attributes model into corporate financial statements. By distinguishing legal facts from financial expectations, we can balance pu

26、blic interests and private interests and can redesign the financial statements system with enhancing management efficiency and implementing higher-level laws as main objective. By presenting fair value and historical cost in one set of financial statements at the same time, the statements will not o

27、nly meet the needs of keeping books according to domestic laws, but also meet the demand from financial regulatory authorities and security investors We hope that practitioners and theorists offer advices and suggestions on the problem of improving the financial statements to build a financial state

28、ments system which not only meets the domestic needs, but also converges with the International Standards. 基于會計管理理論的財務報表的優化方法摘要 本文提供了一個方法，以提高財務報表的可靠性和實用性。國際財務報告準則（IFRS）的根本缺陷是公平價值核算和資產減值核算。根據法律理論和會計理論，會計數據必須具有作為其源文件的法律證據。傳統的“混合屬性的”會計制度應改為一個“獨立”的歷史成本和公允價值被嚴格分開的財務報表系統。本文建議的優化方法將大大提高財務報表的可靠性和實用性。一、引言 根據

29、國際會計銜接辦法，財政部發布2006年企業會計標準的情況，以供參考國際財務報告準則（以下簡稱國際標準）。在企業會計準則公平價值核算成功擴展的意義上，會計核算應當客觀地反映市場價值。會計改革的目標是建立會計后續的理論與方法,使用國際先進理論的借鑒不僅是必要的,也符合我國社會主義市場經濟建設的需要。在已獲得的成果和國際標準的局限性進行全面評估的基礎上，提出了一種立場，以深化會計改革和加強會計法規的穩定性。二、優化系統的財務報表：法律事實與財務展望并聯上市 作為一種重要的管理活動，會計上應根據分類統計信息系統的使用，全心全意為微觀經濟管理，并在同一時間宏觀調控。財務報表的系統優化應盡量使自己考慮宏觀

30、和微觀層面的財務報表的要求的所有方面。 為什么企業需要編制財務報表？誰的要求應該考慮編制在財務報表內？這些問題是基本問題，我們應該考慮對財務報表的優化。從法律的角度考察“公共利益”、可靠性和法定證據中需要定性的特點，是傳統的“歷史成本會計”的由來。從“私人利益”來看，證券投資者和金融監管當局希望財務報表反映市場價格，及時記錄“客觀”的市場條件的變化。這是“公平價值會計”的由來。一套財務報表是否能夠匹配這兩種不同的觀點和平衡公共利益與私人利益?為了解決這個問題，我們設計了一個新的資產負債表和損益表。 從1992年到2006年,大量的新思路、新觀點被引進到中國的會計實踐,國際會計準則在中國的會計改革中漸變。這些思想和觀點豐富了對中國的財務報表的理解。這些成就值得我們充分評估，并應予以充分肯定。然而，學術界和標準制定者也知道，國際標準仍然在發展中。文中提出的財務報表會計改革新格式的目的，是推進到一個關于國際趨同的更深層次的基礎上。三、提高系統財務報表的實用性 財務報表是否能夠保持其穩定性呢？在同一時間要動員供應方和需求方的積極性。我們應該考慮是否能滿足財務報表的宏觀經濟調控和企業管理的要求，并且是否受數以百萬計的