1、Lesson 1Chinas Foreign TradeQuestions What is the title? Subtitle? Who wrote this article? When? On what magazine? How many paragraphs?Answers How many paragraphs? 19 On what magazine? China Now （中國現況月刊） When? 1985 What had happened between 1949 and 1985? 1949 PRC was founded 1950 China started fore

2、ign trade with communist countries 1958 1959 some mistakes: the Great Leap Forward 1959 1961 Three Year of Natural Disasters, Great Chinese Famine, Three Bad Harvests In 1960s, Soviet Union and China broke down 1966 1976 Cultural Revolution 1977 recovery of College Entrance Exam 1978 signed long ter

3、m trade agreement with Japan, EEC (EU) 1979 diplomatic relation with USA 1980 1985 fast development How to write an appropriate report or analysis? Analyze what had happened Describe the current situation Predict the future for potential investors Who wrote this article? Barry Coulthurst Economist S

4、enior Economist in ANZ Bank (1989 2005)Profile of Barry I worked for 34 years as an international economist, specializing in the issues about economic and social progress in developing countries. I also worked extensively in the country risk area and helped to develop models for assessing country ri

5、sk. China in the Market Place (Excerpts) Barry Coulthurst examines the development of Chinas trade policy and the present state of the overseas economic linksParagraph 1 Pattern way, method, mode Foreign trade Substantially: dramatically, significantly, considerably, sharply, severely, Peoples Repub

6、lic of China Agricultural products/ Manufactured goods 農產品/工業產品In return for As repayment; as a reward; in exchange for 作為的報酬；作為的替代 I bought him a drink in return for his help. 我給他買了酒以酬謝他的幫助。 I sent him a present in return for his help. 我送他一份禮物以酬謝他的幫助。 The bargain they reached with their employers w

7、as to reduce their wage claim in return for a shorter working week. 他們與雇主達成的協議是他們在工資方面降低要求，但是每周工時要縮短。 n.+ in return for + n. to + in return for + n. Capital equipment 資本設備 Industrialization program Industry Industrialize Industrialization-ize and -ization Computer computerize computerization Modern

8、modernize modernization Ideal idealize idealization Civil civilize civilization Global globalize globalization National nationalize nationalization Private privatize privatization Standard standardize - standardization -ize 類似古漢語“使動化”，可以加在英語形容詞或者名詞之后，使形容詞或者名詞變成動詞，表示“使化” 該動詞的名詞形式為-izationindustry Hea

9、vy/light industry Basic/Chief industry Domestic/local industry Public/private industry Profitable/non-profitable industry 重/輕工業 基礎/主要工業 國內/地方工業 公共/私人工業 盈利/非盈利產業中國常見事件中英文 The Great Leap Forward Long March The Four Modernization The Three Represents Reform and Opening up Three Bad Harvests 大躍進 長征 四個現代

10、化 三個代表 改革開放 三年自然災害 Initially At first, originally, to begin with, firstly, at the start, in the beginning Subsequently Afterwards, next, then, henceforth Result in Lead to, incur im Balance imbalance Possible impossible Perfect imperfect Polite impolite Personal impersonal Movable immovable Patient

11、impatient exacerbate zsbet 使惡化，加劇 deteriorate, worsen, aggravate, make worse Her mothers interference exacerbated the difficulties in their marriage. 她母親從中干預使他們的婚姻雪上加霜 What is the result of three bad harvests during 1959-1961? National income and the volume of foreign trade contracted National Incom

12、e 國民收入 How to evaluate national income of a particular country? GDP= Gross Domestic Product 國內生產總值 GNP= Gross National Product 國民生產總值 A和B是鄰居，A為B修剪草坪，B給A10元錢，GDP，GNP各加10元錢。 A和B結婚了，A為B修剪草坪，B給A10元錢，GDP/GNP不增加。（未在市場流通） A被國家派到美國為B修剪草坪，B給A10美金，GDP不變，GNP增加10美金。 Volume of foreign trade 對外貿易額Contract n. bind

13、ing agreement between persons, groups合同，合約 vt. make or become smaller 收縮，減少 The heat contracted the woolen garment. 高溫讓羊毛衣縮小了 Metals contract as they become coolers. 金屬遇冷會縮小Paragraph 2 Withdrawal Cancellation, abandonment放棄，取消，撤銷 Economic and technical aidShift away from towards/to 從轉向 There has bee

14、n a shift of emphasis from manufacturing to service industries. 重點已經從制造業向服務業轉移。 The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early-1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe. USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Comecon

15、partners (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) 經濟互助會（經互會） An economic organization from 1949-1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised several countries in the world. Theme Principle Emphasis Stress, importance Place/put/lay emphasis on 強調，重視 A consistent theme of Chinas foreig

16、n trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries. 中國對外貿易政策的一貫宗旨是重視與第三世界國家發展貿易關系。Paragraph 3 Disrupt to make it difficult for sth. to continue in the normal way 擾亂，中斷 Interrupt, disturb, break into Bus service will be dis

17、rupted tomorrow because of the bridge closure. Cultural Revolution Agricultural and industrial production Sharply 同義詞？ Transportation constraints The act of constraining 限制，約束Paragraph 4 Major role in the Four Modernizations Programme Trade agreement 貿易協定 China exports coal and oil in return for ind

18、ustrial equipment and technology Long-term trade agreement 長期貿易協定 EEC European Economic Community 歐洲經濟共同體（歐盟前身） 1951 France, Italy, Germany, Netherland, Belgium, Luxemburg signed EEC 1999 EEC - EUQuestion Europe is almost the same size as China but why Europe was divided into several countries but t

19、here is only one China?In the wake of sth/sb. Coming after or following 隨之后 After with, following The European Union is increasing its sanctions against North Korea in the wake of its latest nuclear weapons test. 在朝鮮進行了最新的核武器試驗后，歐盟正在增加對其制裁。 The normalization of diplomatic relations 中美外交正?；?Sino-USA

20、agreement on trade relations 中美貿易協定 Sino- 僅能做前綴，表示中國（的） Came into force Execute, take effect Accords give sb/sth authority, status or a particular type of treatment 給予，授予 Most-favored nation treatment 最惠國待遇 A level of statues given to one country by another and enforced by the WTO. In trade, duties,

21、 shipment and other clauses.Question: What are these 4 paragraphs about? What is the purpose of this article? If you were the author, how are you going to write the following paragraphs? In what order? How to use subtitles?How to attract investors? Describe the current situation and predict the futu

22、re In different ways Breakdown The Balance Shifts Direction of Trade Reserves Rise Investment EncouragedBreakdown - statistical analysis into mutually exclusive categories 統計分析分類 Then what is a commodity breakdown of Chinas trade ? 中國貿易商品統計分析 Account for Take up, occupy, responsible for, with a shar

23、e of Fuels 燃料 Food products 食品 Textile fibres 紡織纖維 Mineral ores 原礦石 Manufactured goods 制造品（工業產品） Textiles Chemicals Machinery and Transport equipment 紡織品 化工產品 機械及運輸設備 Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, Since放句首，可以表示哪些意思？ 1. 表示對方已知的原因 2. 表示從開始 strong emphasis has been placed on importing cap

24、ital equipment in order to strengthen the industrial sector. In order to To, so as to, for the purpose of, with the aim of 自從新中國建立以來，中國一直重視進口資本設備以便加強工業部門。 What were the main exported and imported goods? Their proportion? Please find out the information and fill in the blanksExportProportionImportPro

25、portion FuelFoodFood productsLight manufactured itemsTextile fibresMachinery and transport equipmentMineral oresManufactured goods During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities has been to reduce the proportion of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and

26、 mineral products. That指什么？ Major Chief, main, leading, primary, dominating Objective 目標 Authorities 權威（官方、當局） A wide variety of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, fores

27、try, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications.The Balance Shifts Balance 收支平衡 Why balance matters? Break-Even Point Surplus 盈余 Deficit 赤字 The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1

28、983, while imports increased by approximately 11 per cent per annum. Why a nations value is always calculated by US dollar? The bankruptcy of Gold Standard and the rise of Breton Wood System Increase Go up, rise up, grow up, jump up, surge, rise Reduce Decrease, decline, go down, fall, fall down, dr

29、op, sink Increase at a rate of XX per cent Increase by XX per cent Increase from to Per annum Per year, per annual, annually, every year, yearly Visible trade surplus Visible trade deficit Visible trade account Trade surplus Trade deficit Sharply 同義詞？ the visible trade surplus rose sharply from US $

30、 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983 Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by Chinas economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Pos

31、tponed pospon arrange sth at a later time; defer sth 推遲，推延 Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Official Administrative, author

32、ized, formal, licensed 官方的 Recognition Recognize-recognition 意識 Major 同義詞？ Modernising - ize ization Place undue strain Strain: difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension; Undue Too much, unbearable Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chines

33、e economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. A consistent theme of Chinas foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries. 中國對外貿易政策的一貫宗旨是重視與第三

34、世界國家發展貿易關系。 Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Official recognition had caused imports to rise placing undue strain. They lef

35、t the classroom laughing and smiling.考題長難句技巧 長難句考什么？ 腦容量 1. 句子本身不難，但是修飾成分長。 2. 大量插入語或同位語 解題技巧： 找主干 帶that,which,when,who,where,what等成分放一邊 帶介詞放一邊 找到主干后再加成分進去 Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years - China became a net grain exporter in 1984 - and in 1983 the country started to expor

36、t soybeans and cotton. Grain 谷物，谷類 Fallen 同義詞？ Sharply 同義詞？ The pattern of foreign trade growth was reversed in 1984: the value of exports increased by 10 per cent, but imports jumped 38 per cent with the result that the visible trade account was in deficit by US $ 1.1 billion. The strong increase i

37、n imports last year is attributed to buoyant economic activity as well as to the success of the Governments trade and foreign investment policies. Pattern 同義詞？ Reserve Keep, retain, preserve, conserve, withhold With the result that 結果，導致 Visible trade account 有形貿易 be in deficit 出現逆差 be attributed to

38、 歸因于 Owe to, contribute to 1. owe to表示褒義，attribute to表示中性，contribute to則表示非某事件的主要原因 2. owe to只能用于主動句，而attribute to 可以用于被動句 Buoyant bujnt Brisk 上升的 As well as AndDirection of Trade Hong Kong is Chinas major export market accounting for approximately 26 per cent of total exports in 1983 (though much i

39、s re-exported to other destinations from there). Major 同義詞？ Accounting for 同義詞？ Approximately Almost, nearly, about, around, roughly 大約 Though much is re-exported to other destinations from there. Though and Although Re-export Re-new Re-charge Other important markets include Japan, with a share of 2

40、0 per cent in 1983, and the USA with approximately 8 per cent. With a share of 同義詞？ Approximately 同義詞？ The EECs share of Chinas exports has generally been around 11-12 per cent over the past few years (the leading export markets within the European Community are Germany and the United Kingdom), whil

41、e the proportion destined for the Comecon countries declined from almost 15 per cent in 1978 to 6 per cent in 1983. Generally 通常 Leading 同義詞？ Proportion Share, percentage 比例 Destine Design 指定 Comecon-啥玩意？ Decline 同義詞？ Decline/increase from . to . 從上升/下降至 The non-oil developing countries (excluding H

42、ong Kong) accounted for 23 per cent of Chinas total exports in 1983. What is non-oil developing countries? 如何說非石油發達國家？ In sharp contrast the developing countries provided less than 15 per cent of Chinas imports in 1983. The most important suppliers among the industrial countries were Japan, with a s

43、hare of 26 per cent, and the USA with 13 per cent. The EECs share in 1983 was 15 per cent and that of Comecon 8.2 per cent. Sharp contrast 鮮明對比 The successful outcome to negotiations between Britain and China about the future of Hong Kong will strengthen Sino-British relations and is expected to boo

44、st trade between the two countries. Boost stimulate, promote, develop 推動、促進 A large British economic and trade delegation, headed by Lord Young, Minister without Portfolio, visited China in March. Delegation A group of representatives 代表團 Lord Young 勛爵 Sir Alex Ferguson 騎士 Minister without Portfolio

45、 不管部部長Homework The value of Chinese exports to Britain, which rose rapidly between 1977 and 1980, declined in 1981-1982, but recovered strongly in 1983; imports from the United Kingdom followed a similar pattern. The most important Chinese exports to Britain in 1983 were clothing, textile fibres, te

46、a and food products while the leading British exports included iron and steel, machinery and transport equipment, scientific instruments, chemicals and textile fibres.Chinese officials stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry, but the need is for technology of va

47、rying degrees of sophistication, not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.Question After reading these parts, can you find any opportunities of trading with China?To be continued The value of Chinese exports to Britain, which rose rapidly between 1977 and 1980,

48、declined in 1981-1982, but recovered strongly in 1983; imports from the United Kingdom followed a similar pattern. The most important Chinese exports to Britain in 1983 were clothing, textile fibres, tea and food products while the leading British exports included iron and steel, machinery and trans

49、port equipment, scientific instruments, chemicals and textile fibres. Chinese officials stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry, but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication, not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understo

50、od in the West. 中國政府重視向國內的工業引進先進的的技術，但是需要的是各種程度不同的精尖技術，而不一定是西方人所理解的先進技術。Reserves Rise What is reverse? Why did the author discuss the rise of reverse? Why is it important? There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments, but the size of the visible trade su

51、rplus during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years. Official 同義詞？ Invisible account & Visible account Balance of payment The statistical record of a countrys international transactions over a certain

52、period of time. 國際收支Balance of Payments They are composed of 1. The Current Account 經常項目2. The Capital Account 資本項目3. The Official Reserves Account 官方儲備項目4. Statistical Discrepancy 統計誤差 Visible trade surplus 有形貿易赤字怎么說？ Visible trade deficit 處于狀態 Be in surplus Be in deficit Pronounced Marked, obvious

53、, visible, distinct 明顯的 The current account Imports and exports Non-trade foreign exchange Foreign aid Foreign exchange reserves have risen rapidly from approximately US $ 2.5 billion at end 1980 to US $ 17.0 billion (sufficient for approximately eight months imports) by October 1984. Approximately

54、US 12 billion of the countrys reserves are held by the central bank, the Peoples Bank of China, while the balance is controlled by the Bank of China which specialises in foreign exchange business. Foreign exchange reserves have risen rapidly from approximately US $ 2.5 billion at end 1980 to US $ 17

55、.0 billion (sufficient for approximately eight months imports) by October 1984. Approximately US 12 billion of the countrys reserves are held by the central bank, the Peoples Bank of China, while the balance is controlled by the Bank of China which specialises in foreign exchange business. Foreign e

56、xchange reserves 外匯儲備 Sufficient for 足以滿足 Central bank 中央銀行 Not exactly a common bank in our university Specialize in 專門從事于 Individual cities must try to balance their foreign exchange earnings and requirements, but there is some scope for purchasing additional foreign exchange with Renminbi yuan. T

57、he authorities are willing to permit a run-down in the countrys international reserves over the next few years as a means of accelerating the introduction of foreign technology. Foreign exchange earnings and requirements 外匯所得及所需 Scope Range 范圍，在此表示額外的 Authorities 指什么？ Permit Allow, admit 同意，允許 Run-d

58、own Reduction 減少 As a means of 作為的方法 China has shown a much more flexible approach to foreign trade over the past few years and has adopted a series of measures designed to strengthen international economic co-operation. Foreign countries are encouraged to mount exhibitions of their goods and China

59、itself has participated in a number of trade fairs and exhibitions held abroad. Flexible Adjustable 靈活的 Approach Method, way, mode, means 方式 Be encouraged to 受到鼓勵而去做某事 Mount 在此表示hold, conduct, 舉辦的意思 Participate Attend, join, take part in Since the late 1970s China has also adopted foreign trade prac

60、tices long-established in many other countries. Good are produced according to a sample provided by the customer, while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade where by a foreign seller supplies raw materials and equipment and receives manufactured goods, produced by the equipment provid