1、非謂語動(dòng)詞學(xué)案I.V-ing (現(xiàn)在分詞/動(dòng)名詞)動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞。-ing形式仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以帶有其所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成-ing短語。一、V-ing的形式：V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing還有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)，而不及物動(dòng)詞的V-ing則沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例，將其-ing各種形式列表如下：動(dòng)詞 語態(tài)形式及物動(dòng)詞make不及物動(dòng)詞go主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式完成式注意：1. V-ing的否定形式是由not 加V-ing構(gòu)成。如： _ his address, I could do nothing but

2、stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等著。 _ made all of us angry. 他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。2. V-ing的一般式和完成式： V-ing的一般式表示和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： Being a student, he is interested in books. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書本很感興趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因?yàn)闆]有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及

3、格。3. V-ing的被動(dòng)式： V-ing的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語是V-ing動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)V-ing動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，V-ing的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如：The question _ is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。_ (criticize) by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評(píng)以后，他把煙戒了。二、V-ing的語法作用 V-ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語等

4、。（一）V-ing（短語）作主語：_ is easier than doing. 說比做容易。注意：在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，V-ing分詞也作主語。為了保持句子平衡，通常用it作形式主語，而把真實(shí)主語放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的后悔是沒有用的。It's a waste of time _. 辯論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。在There is no結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用V-ing分詞。如：There is no _ about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。2. V -ing作賓語：Ving作動(dòng)詞賓語。如：I suggest _.

5、 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。V-ing作賓語也可用在復(fù)合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：I dont think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider _? 你覺得再試一次會(huì)有好處嗎？V-ing作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如：I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反對(duì)邀請他來吃飯。He went to London in the hope of _. 他去了倫敦，希望能成為一個(gè)著名的畫家。此類短語還有很多：look f

6、orward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以自豪）, be responsible for（對(duì)負(fù)責(zé)）, insist on（堅(jiān)持）, think of（考慮，想到）, dream of（夢想）, object to（反對(duì)，抗議）, hear of（聽說）, preventfrom（防止，阻止）, keepfrom（防止，阻止）, stopfrom（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（從事于）, depend on（依靠，依賴）, thankfor（因而道謝）, excusefor（因而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devoteto（獻(xiàn)身于）, set abou

7、t（著手做）, be/get used to（習(xí)慣于）, be fond of（喜歡）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（對(duì)厭煩）, succeed in（成功地做）, be interested in（對(duì)感興趣）, be ashamed of（對(duì)感到羞愧）等等。注意：在有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪?。如：I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚？另外，V-i

8、ng可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語，在句中作狀語。如：He left ahead of time _.他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。_, she had to take care of four children.除了做飯和縫紉(sew)以外，她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。只能用V-ing作賓語的動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語1). advise, allow, avoid, admit, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind,

9、 miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest, dislike, appreciate2). feel like, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to, insist on, cant help ,get used to, devote to3). Its useless/no use/no good doing 3. V-ing（短語）作表語：V-ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內(nèi)容是什么。如：Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。The real question is

10、 _. 真正的問題是了解人民的需要。V-ing分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特征。如：This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問題很令人困惑。4. V-ing作定語：單個(gè)的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：_ room 閱覽室 _ pool 游泳池 _ car 餐車 _ car 臥車 a _ car 一輛等待著的車 a _ child一個(gè)酣睡的孩子 the _ news令人振奮的消息 a _ speech令人乏味的演出V-ing分詞短語作定語應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。

11、如：Who is the comrade _? 站在門邊的同志是誰？When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。5. V-ing分詞做狀語：時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨V-ing分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。如：_, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫，他想起了她的童年。V-ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原

12、因狀語從句。如：_, I cant send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂?，我不能把這本書送給他。Ving分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。如：His father died, _. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢。V-ing分詞作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如：They stood there for half an hour, watching the stars in the sky. 他們在那兒站了半小時(shí)，觀察著天上的星星。V-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。如：A person standing at t

13、he foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.一個(gè)人如站在大山的腳下會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很渺小。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。 注：-ing分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語就是整個(gè)句子的主語?！皐ith/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+V-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，表示伴隨情 況或時(shí)間、原因等。如：His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的頭發(fā)變花白了。W

14、ithout _, he slipped through the window.沒人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。 6. V-ing分詞作補(bǔ)語：V-ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動(dòng)詞后面和一個(gè)名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下車的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。

15、Last night the shopkeeper caught _ in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個(gè)小孩在偷東西。上面這類句子也可變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這時(shí)，V-ing分詞可看成是主語補(bǔ)語。如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長時(shí)間。Jill was never heard _. 人們再也沒有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。三、V-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： V-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構(gòu)成，在句子開頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語和賓語。如：Hi

16、s coming made us very happy. 他的到來使我們大家都很高。He was awakened by someones knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了。四、在使用V-ing時(shí)需要注意的若干內(nèi)容1. V-ing作主語和表語時(shí)與不定式的區(qū)別：l 在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行為時(shí)，多用V-ing分詞；l 在表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。如：Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸煙）這里禁止吸煙。Its not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸煙）吸這么多

17、煙對(duì)你的身體不好。2. 有些動(dòng)詞既能接不定式，又能接V-ing分詞，含義有所不同。如：forget, remember, regret等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動(dòng)作后于謂語動(dòng)作，而后接-ing分詞作賓語表示分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)作。如：Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見過我嗎？Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開時(shí)要記得鎖門。動(dòng)詞mean, stop, try, go on等動(dòng)詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語，意思也有所不同。如：I try not to think about that. 我盡量不去想那

18、件事。Would you please try doing that again? 請你再試一次好嗎？I mean to change it for another one. 我想換成另外一個(gè)。Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車意味再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 做完練習(xí)以后，我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)下一單元的單詞。After a short rest, they went on wo

19、rking. 短暫地休息以后，他們又繼續(xù)工作。He stopped talking when the bell rang. 鈴響的時(shí)候，他停止了講話。While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.工作的時(shí)候，他不時(shí)地停下來和湯姆談話。動(dòng)詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語，不可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，但可接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。如： Please permit me to say a few words. 請?jiān)试S我說幾句話。We dont permit smoking here. 我們這兒不

20、允許吸煙。動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí)，后面接V-ing分詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式。如：The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 這個(gè)房間需要打掃。These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. 這些小孩需要細(xì)心地照料。動(dòng)詞like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性動(dòng)作，多用-ing分詞；如指特定的具 體的某次動(dòng)作，多用不定式。如： I like swimming, but I dont like to

21、swim with you.我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。動(dòng)詞begin, start后面，如表示有意識(shí)地開始做某事，常用-ing分詞，否則用不定式更多一些。如：We began to do that job last year. 我們?nèi)ツ觊_始做那工作的。 They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開始談?wù)撃遣侩娪?。注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：a. 當(dāng)start, begin本身用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。 When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to h

22、is parents. 老師走進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候，他正開始寫信給他的父母親。b. 當(dāng)start, begin后接表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)。Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. 一聽到消息，他就開始考慮一個(gè)好辦法來解決這個(gè)問題。c. 當(dāng)句子的主語是無生命的東西時(shí)。We were about to leave when it began to rain.我們正準(zhǔn)備離開，天開始下雨了。II. 不定式（The Infinitive）定義：動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種，它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨(dú)

23、立作謂語，但它仍保持動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，既可以有自己的賓語和狀語。 一、不定式的構(gòu)成 （以動(dòng)詞do為例）主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式to do完成式進(jìn)行式無完成進(jìn)行式無1. 不定式的一般式(to do )一般式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的同時(shí)或之后My wish is to become a doctor. 2. 不定式的被動(dòng)式 (to be done)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式要用被動(dòng)式.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.3. 不定式的進(jìn)行式如果謂語表示的動(dòng)作(情況)

24、發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)候不定式就要用進(jìn)行式.（to be doing）They seemed to be talking about something important.When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.4. 不定式的完成式如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，就用完成式 (to have done) ；若是在此基礎(chǔ)上的被動(dòng)含義，就用完成被動(dòng)式( to have been done).He is said to have written a n

25、ovel about the Long March.The assistant seemed to have been fired.Einstein is said to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties.5. 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式如果不定式的動(dòng)作是在謂語所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就要用完成進(jìn)行式.They are said to have been collecting folk song in Xinjiang.Were happy to have been working with the experts all

26、 the month.二、動(dòng)詞不定式的用法：動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。因此在句中可以做主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語。（一）不定式做主語：不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動(dòng)作。e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult. To see is to believe. (對(duì)等)注: 1) 不定式作主語時(shí),謂語用_數(shù)2) 當(dāng)主語較長，謂語較短時(shí)，常用it做形式主語，而將不定式放到謂語的后面。 it做形式主語，不定式放在謂語動(dòng)詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do(2)

27、It is +adj.+for sb.+to doIt is easy / difficult / hard / foolish / unwise / right / wrong / unnecessary(3) It is +a +名詞+ to do.lIt is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / ones duty / an honor / a shame / a crime / no easy job to do (4) It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to dol It requ

28、ires courage / patience / hard work to do（二）不定式做表語主語是以aim/duty/hope/idea/intention/plan/job/suggestion/wish/purpose/task等為中心詞的名詞詞組或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容, 不定式作表語常表示將來或現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter.（三）不定式作賓語以不定式結(jié)構(gòu)為賓語的動(dòng)詞有：as

29、k, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語口訣（接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞） 想要學(xué)習(xí) 早打算（ want learn plan） 快準(zhǔn)備 有希望（ prepare hope wish expect） 同意否 供選擇（agree offer choose） 決定了 已答應(yīng)（decide be determined promise） 盡力去 著手

30、做（manage undertake） 別拒絕 別假裝（refuse pretend） 失敗不是屬于你（fail）e.g. Tom refused to lend me his pen. We hope to get there before dark. （四）動(dòng)詞不定式做定語1. 不定式作定語需要后置。2. 作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞存在著兩種主要的邏輯關(guān)系，即被修飾的名詞和代詞是不定式的邏輯主語（邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）或邏輯賓語（邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）1）不定式前的名詞是它的邏輯主語。 He is the doctor to do the operation.2) 不定式和它所修飾的名詞是

31、邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 I have a lot of things to do.3）不定式前的名詞是它修飾的對(duì)象。 This is the right time to start.（五）不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語e.g: He want you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.注1 如果謂語動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞，則作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不可帶to，這些動(dòng)詞有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。I felt my blood run cold. What made you think

32、like that?但如果句子是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，則to不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.（六）動(dòng)詞不定式做表語補(bǔ)足語 當(dāng)不定式與主語存在邏輯上動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的時(shí)候，用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。 That is hard to say. The chair is comfortable to sit in.（七）不定式做狀語不定式做狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。1、表目的 e.g. To learn a foreign language w

33、ell, you must try your best (主語一致) He came here in order to see Charlie. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。* 但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是to, in order to ，但卻不可以是so as to. In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時(shí)，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語 (主語一致)e.g

34、. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.例外 He opened the door for the children to come in. They sent a man to mend the window.2. 表結(jié)果不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型 so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. adj./adv. +

35、 enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. only to find, only to be told 出乎意料之外的結(jié)果 3. 表原因：不定式可以用于動(dòng)詞、形容詞或-ed分詞后表示原因。 He was too excited to get high marks.（八）同位語Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?（九）獨(dú)立成分 （詳細(xì)見五三上講解P81） To tel

36、l you the truth, I dont like you. They arrived here at 11:55 a.m., to be exact.類似的有：to be frank坦率地說，to hear him talk聽他說話的口氣，to cut a long story short 長話短說，等等。III. 過去分詞一、過去分詞的形式：V-ed過去分詞只有一種形式，也沒有主動(dòng)語態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)被動(dòng)且完成的動(dòng)作。二、過去分詞的基本用法：過去分詞在句中也可用作定語、表語、賓補(bǔ)或狀語等成分。過去分詞在句中作某種成分時(shí)，其邏輯主語一般為該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，如：（一）作定

37、語：過去分詞作定語時(shí)，如果這個(gè)分詞是一個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞短語，就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過去分詞所修飾的名詞，就是該分詞的邏輯主語 e.g. The stolen car was found by the police last week. We have read many novels written by this author. 我們讀過這個(gè)作家寫的許多小說。（二）作表語：1. 過去分詞作表語時(shí)，表示其邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語就是句中的主語，e.g. The glass is broken. 這個(gè)玻璃杯是破的。 2. 過去分詞作表語時(shí)，和動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)

38、相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意義不同，e.g. The glass was broken by my little brother. 這個(gè)玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。3. 作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。（三）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：1. 過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，句中的賓語就是其邏輯主語e.g. When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 2. 動(dòng)詞have后的復(fù)合賓語中，賓語補(bǔ)足語如為過去分詞，常表示該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作是由別人來執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語自己來執(zhí)行的e.g. I had my bik