1、2.1 Romans and GreeksThe burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which then was reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half.Things shared by the Romans and the Greeks Both peoples had

2、 traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility(奴顏媚骨奴顏媚骨). Question: What kind of ideal did both peoples pursue in their political life?Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified. 雅努斯雅努斯 Janus 門神，具有前后兩個面孔或四方四門神，具有

3、前后兩個面孔或四方四個面孔，象征開始。個面孔，象征開始。朱庇特朱庇特 Jupiter 神王。相對應于希臘神話的宙斯神王。相對應于希臘神話的宙斯Zeus.朱諾朱諾 Juno 神后，相對應于希臘神話的赫拉神后，相對應于希臘神話的赫拉Hera.墨邱利墨邱利 Mercury 神的使者，相對應于希臘神話的神的使者，相對應于希臘神話的赫耳墨斯赫耳墨斯Hermes.維納斯維納斯 Venus 美神、愛神，相對應于希臘神話的美神、愛神，相對應于希臘神話的阿佛洛狄德阿佛洛狄德Aphrodite。 瑪爾斯瑪爾斯 Mars 戰神，相對應于希臘神話的阿瑞斯戰神，相對應于希臘神話的阿瑞斯Ares。但形象較阿瑞斯正面許多。

4、但形象較阿瑞斯正面許多。 薩敦薩敦 Saturn 朱庇特的父親，相對應于希臘神話朱庇特的父親，相對應于希臘神話的科羅努斯的科羅努斯Kronus。 瑪亞瑪亞 Maia 墨邱利的母親，花神。墨邱利的母親，花神。狄安娜狄安娜 Diana 月亮女神，相對應于希臘神話的阿爾忒彌斯月亮女神，相對應于希臘神話的阿爾忒彌斯Artemis。阿波羅阿波羅 Apollo 太陽神，希臘和羅馬名字相同。太陽神，希臘和羅馬名字相同。米諾娃米諾娃 Minerva 智慧女神，相對應于希臘神話的雅典娜智慧女神，相對應于希臘神話的雅典娜Athena。賽爾斯賽爾斯 Ceres 谷物和豐收女神，相對應于希臘神話的狄蜜谷物和豐收女神，

5、相對應于希臘神話的狄蜜特特Demeter。伏爾肯伏爾肯 Vulcan 火神，維納斯的丈夫，相對應于希臘神話的火神，維納斯的丈夫，相對應于希臘神話的赫斐斯托斯赫斐斯托斯Hephaestus。尼普敦尼普敦 Neptune 海王神，相對應于希臘神話的波賽東海王神，相對應于希臘神話的波賽東Posidon，朱庇特的弟弟。，朱庇特的弟弟。普魯托普魯托 Pluto 冥神，相對應于希臘神話的哈底斯冥神，相對應于希臘神話的哈底斯Hades，朱，朱庇特的弟弟。庇特的弟弟。丘比特丘比特 Cupid 小愛神，維納斯的兒子，相對應于希臘神話小愛神，維納斯的兒子，相對應于希臘神話的愛羅斯的愛羅斯Eros。歐若拉歐若拉 A

6、urora 黎明女神，相對應于希臘神話的厄俄斯黎明女神，相對應于希臘神話的厄俄斯Eos。Their language worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.Differences There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire while the Gre

7、eks didnt except for the brief moment of Alexanders conquest, which soon disintegrated. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities, shown by the uniformity with which they put their system smoothly and quickly into effect, wherever in

8、the world the went.The Romans knew that the Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectual inheritance much older and immeasurably richer than their own. They respected this inheritance and assimilated it for the artistic enrichment of their own culture. Question: The Roman writer Horace said, “Captive

9、 Greece took her rude conqueror captive.”(被征服的希臘征服了被征服的希臘征服了它野蠻的征服者它野蠻的征服者)What does it mean? 2.2 Roman HistoryThe year 27 B.C. divided the history of Rome into two periods: before then Rome had been a republic; in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two cen

10、turies later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extreme, encircling the Mediterranean, reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into America and Mesopotamia in the east. The emperors relied on a strong armythe famous Roman legions(軍團軍團)and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which

11、was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana(羅馬治下的和羅馬治下的和平平).QuestionsWhat does Pax Romana mean? Pax Romana羅馬治下的和平成為字典羅馬治下的和平成為字典的一個短語，指一個強權通過它的開明政治和法律的一個短語，指一個強權通過它的開

12、明政治和法律給整個世界帶來了和平昌盛。被征服的民族可能會給整個世界帶來了和平昌盛。被征服的民族可能會心懷不滿，但是只要愿意接受羅馬的統治，生活也心懷不滿，但是只要愿意接受羅馬的統治，生活也是很安定的。是很安定的。 公元前的幾個世紀，亞平寧半島上的一個小部公元前的幾個世紀，亞平寧半島上的一個小部族，羅馬，逐步地、穩定地、不可阻擋地擴張著，族，羅馬，逐步地、穩定地、不可阻擋地擴張著，公元前兩個世紀，羅馬逐一擊敗它的對手，占據了公元前兩個世紀，羅馬逐一擊敗它的對手，占據了迦太基、馬其頓、希臘、小亞細亞、埃及，凱撒征迦太基、馬其頓、希臘、小亞細亞、埃及，凱撒征服了不列顛。公元后的二個世紀，到所謂服了不

13、列顛。公元后的二個世紀，到所謂“五賢帝五賢帝”治下，差不多整個西方世界都包羅進了羅馬的版治下，差不多整個西方世界都包羅進了羅馬的版圖。地中海世界第一次實現了真正的統一。圖。地中海世界第一次實現了真正的統一。 地中海是戰亂不斷的地方，直到今天仍然是各種地中海是戰亂不斷的地方，直到今天仍然是各種文化沖突的大舞臺，巴勒斯坦和以色列就在地中文化沖突的大舞臺，巴勒斯坦和以色列就在地中海邊上。但在羅馬帝國的統治下，整個地中海成海邊上。但在羅馬帝國的統治下，整個地中海成為一個統一國家的內海，不再有敵國之間的征戰，為一個統一國家的內海，不再有敵國之間的征戰，不再有海盜船出沒。羅馬帝國的強大、繁榮、和不再有海盜

14、船出沒。羅馬帝國的強大、繁榮、和平，不但在古代的西方世界絕無僅有，就是今天平，不但在古代的西方世界絕無僅有，就是今天回顧，仍讓人嘆為觀止。且不說羅馬的道路，羅回顧，仍讓人嘆為觀止。且不說羅馬的道路，羅馬的公共體育場，單說用水一項。歷史學家告訴馬的公共體育場，單說用水一項。歷史學家告訴我們，羅馬城里的人均用水量比最能浪費水資源我們，羅馬城里的人均用水量比最能浪費水資源的美國人還多。羅馬的各個城市里，到處建有公的美國人還多。羅馬的各個城市里，到處建有公共浴室，供市民享受，其規模之大，有的能同時共浴室，供市民享受，其規模之大，有的能同時容納三千人。為了保證清潔的水質，很多城市的容納三千人。為了保證清

15、潔的水質，很多城市的用水是通過水道從遠處的山泉引入的，水道穿過用水是通過水道從遠處的山泉引入的，水道穿過山野，鑿隧道，架橋梁，長達數十公里。其建筑山野，鑿隧道，架橋梁，長達數十公里。其建筑十分精準堅固，兩千年后的今天，仍有很多留存十分精準堅固，兩千年后的今天，仍有很多留存在那里。在羅馬城以及其他很多城市，地下水道在那里。在羅馬城以及其他很多城市，地下水道縱橫交織縱橫交織。(2) What proverbs can you think of in relation with the Roman Empire? All roads lead to Rome. When in Rome, do as

16、 the Romans do.The empire began to decline in the 3rd century, increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as the Goths.In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople (君士坦丁堡君士坦丁堡 ,modern Istanbul). After 395, the empire

17、 was permanently divided into East and West. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths and this marked the end of the west Roman Empire.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. The great contribution by the Romans The great contribution by the

18、 Romans to European culture was Roman law. In its earlieststage, only a number of patricians(貴族貴族) knew thecustomary legal procedure. When the rules were putinto writing in the middle of the third century B. C.,it marked a victory of the plebeians(平民平民). Therewas further development of law under the

19、 emperors until it was codified(完整編撰完整編撰), eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many western countries.2.3 Latin LiteratureProse Marcus Tullius Cicero(106-43 B.C) He played an important role in the Roman senate, was noted for his oratory and fine writing style. His leg

20、al and political speeches are models of Latin diction. His eloquent, oratorical manner of writing, described as Ciceronian, has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose. Ciceros famous sayings The good of the people is the chief law. (憲法應該體現人民的利益憲法應該體現人民的利益) To whose profit? (代

21、表誰的利益代表誰的利益?)Julius Caesar (102/100?-44B.C.)He was another and more successful general who became dictator in Rome for a few years until he was assassinated. Herecorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in hisCommentaries(愷撒戰記愷撒戰記), a

22、re models for succinct Latin.Like the great commander he was, he used language with economy and ferocity, so that words fell almost with thestroke of an iron chisel(鑿子鑿子) on stone. Some of his saying arestill remembered today. I came, I saw, I conquered.The die is cast. (孤注一擲孤注一擲)Men willingly belie

23、ve what they wish.PoetryLucretius(about 93-50 B.C.) 盧克萊修盧克萊修 He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things (物性論物性論) to expound the ideas of Epicurus（伊壁鳩魯（伊壁鳩魯 ） the Greek atomist. Some extracts follow: Such evil deeds could religion prompt. 這種邪惡的行為促使宗教的形成這種邪惡的行為促使宗教的形成. Nothing could be cr

24、eated out of nothing. Matter is eternal. The universe is made up of atoms and the void. 宇宙是由原子和空隙組成的宇宙是由原子和空隙組成的.Virgil(70-19 B.C.) The greatest of Latin poets, he wrote the great epic, the Aeneid (伊尼德伊尼德).It tells the story of Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from the burning city wh

25、en it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didnt go alone, but carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus there was continuity from the past to the futureAeneas stood at th

26、e head of a race of people who were to found first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire. Yet Aeneas was a truly tragic hero because to fulfill his historic mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensatehappiness

27、 in life. 2.4 Architecture, painting and SculptureArchitecture Pantheon(萬神殿萬神殿 ) It was the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B.C. and reconstructed in the 2nd century A.D. It is in a round, domed form and has the worlds first vast interior space. Pont du Gard(水道橋水道橋 )It is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct(渡槽渡槽) that spans a wide valley in southern France.The Golosseum(斗獸場斗獸場)It is an enormous amphitheatre（圓形（圓形露