1、大學英語四級語法精要動詞(時態,語態,用法,省略,一致性等)1. 時態1)現在完成進行時態 (have/has been + -ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.Ive been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作Id been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her fo

2、r two hours by the time she came.3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another months time shell have been studying here for three years.4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時會業已發生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hi

3、t the years target by the end of October.2. 語態1) 可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship

4、has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制)2) 雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態a) 雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.H

5、e was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b) 賓補結構的被動語態: She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3. 短語動

6、詞1) Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.2) Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3) Vi + prep (有被動語態)Shes looking after her sisters children.The children were always well looked after.4) Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to their visits.5) Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home

7、and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6) Vt + adv + O (無被動語態)I am trying to give up smoking.7) Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4. 省略1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是it b),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂

8、語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉.a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be har

9、mful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill

10、 in the applicationas instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b) If necessary Ill have the letter d

11、uplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2） 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略.a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of

12、the collective than of ourselves.b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3） 錯誤的省略 His life is as fully committed to books a

13、s anyone I know. While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.5. 一致1) 如果主語是單數,盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引導的短語,謂語動詞仍舊用單數形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistan

14、ts, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2) 代詞作主語時的一致a) each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構成的復合代詞,都作單數看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.

15、Has either of them told you?b) some, few, both, many 等作復數c) some 可后接復數,也可接單數,表示某一.none作復數看待時較多,但也有時作單數看待,主要看說話人腦中聯系想到的是復數還是單數概念, 但none 在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數:None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has f

16、elt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接復數,也可接不可數名詞 (all of the, most of the ), 動詞用單數.3) 由and 或 both and 連接名詞詞組時, 后用復數; 由not onlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor或 or 連接的并列主語, 謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my br

17、other is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一個句子是由there 或here引導, 而主語又不止一個, 謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper f

18、or you.4) people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作復數.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集體名詞有時作單數看待, 有時作復數看待, 主要根據意思來決定.His family isnt very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.T

19、he audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名詞單復數同形, 可根據意思決定謂語動詞的數:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5) 表示時間, 重量, 長度, 價值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復數形式, 如果作整體看待, 動詞也可用單數形式 (當然用復數動詞也是可

20、以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6) 其他問題a) 書名, 國家名用單數:Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b) 學科名, 如mathematics, economics用單數.c) many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時, 謂語動詞多用單數形式:Many a person has had that kind of ex

21、perience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接復數, the number of后接單數:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d) one of those 后用單數. 在“one of + 復數名詞 +關系分句”結構中，關系分句中謂語動詞的單復數形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據先行詞采用復數形式：Joan

22、is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.當one 之前友the only 等限定詞和修飾語時，關系分句謂語動詞根據one 而定，即采用單數形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment. 非謂語動詞1. 不定式1) 形式主動形式被動形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進行式to be doing完成進行式to have been do

23、inga) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生, 或是在它之后發生. 假如不定式所表示的動作, 在謂語所表示的動作(狀態)之前發生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比較: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b) 進行式

24、: 如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)發生時, 不定式表示的動作正在進行, 這時要用不定式的進行式.You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c) 完成進行式: 在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作, 就要用不定式的完成進行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty ye

25、ars.We are happy to have been working with you.d) 被動式: 當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時, 不定式一般要用被動形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to b

26、e assigned such work.2) 功用: 不定式可以作主語 (a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.3) 不帶to 的不定式: a) 在“動詞

27、+ 賓語+不定式”結構中, 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結構不帶to.John made her tell him everything.這類結構轉換為被動語態時, 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might

28、(just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動詞不定式也不帶to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動詞不定式.John let fly a torren

29、t of abuse at me.Ive heard tell of him.d) 在動詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?e) 在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to w

30、ait till it stops raining.f) 連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時, 其后的不定式不帶to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出現在句中其他位置時, 其后的不定式有時帶to, 有時不帶to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rath

31、er than to increase wages.g) 用作補語的動詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關系分句”，“thing +關系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結構”等構成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up thi

32、s mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4) 不定式的其他用法a) tooto 結構通常表示否定意義:She was too young to understand all that.enoughto結構則表示肯定意義:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義:Hes only too pleased to help her.soas

33、 (to)這種結構也可用不定式作狀語:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b) 如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的, 可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid,

34、careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時, 不定式前可加一個of引起的短語, 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:Its kind of you to think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2. V+ing形式(現在分詞及動名詞)1) 形式a) 完成式: 如果要表示動名詞

35、代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生, 通常用動名詞的完成形式.He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些動詞后(或成語中), 常用(或可以用)動名詞的一般形式, 盡管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere.現在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中, 表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生.Having been there many times, he offered to b

36、e our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 獨立結構也可用現在分詞的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b) 被動式: 當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時, 動名詞一般要用被動形式.His being neglected by the host adde

37、d to his uneasiness.He couldnt bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動詞后, 盡管表示的是被動的意思, 卻用動名詞的主動形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.現在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語, 賓語補足語, 狀語

38、及用于獨立結構中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c) 完成被動式: 如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作

39、之前發生, 有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.現在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨立結構中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.Al

40、l the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2) 句法功用a) 作主語:Walking is good exercise.Its nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b) 作賓語:Your shoes need polishing.You mustnt delay sending th

41、e tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c) 作介詞賓語: 動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多. 它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z后面, 常見的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspectof, accuseof, chargewith, hear of, approve of, preventfrom, keepfrom, stopfrom, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to,

42、depend on, thankfor, feel like, excusefor, aim at, devoteto, set about, spendin, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d) 作表語:The real problem is getting to k

43、now the needs of the people.動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語. 一般說來, 在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞; 在表示具體某詞動作, 特別是將來的動作時, 多用不定式.e) 作賓語補足語: 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動詞后作賓語補足語.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was

44、 driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞后, 及可用現在分詞, 也可用不定式構成賓語補足語. 用現在分詞時, 表示動作正在發生, 用不定式時表示動作發生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.f) 作狀語: 現在分詞作狀語時, 通常都表示主語正在進行的另一動作, 來對謂語表示的主要動作加以修飾或作為陪襯.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very

45、 tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.現在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因, 相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didnt want to go to the cinema.現在分詞短語有時可

46、用作時間狀語, 相當于when引起的從句:Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果兩個動作是完全同時發生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結構.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Be

47、ijing.3) 前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結構: 一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結構), 來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開頭, 這個結構常常可以用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然

48、一些.I dont mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4) 只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss5) 既可用動名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語的動詞: love, like,

49、hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, cant bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, cant afford等.有時兩種結構之間意義差別不大, 有時卻有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I

50、 regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I havent given you enough help.She doesnt want (need) to come.The house wants (needs) cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Lets try doing the work some other way.6) 懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語時, 表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態.Walking through the park, we saw

51、a lot of flowers. (walking是we的動作, 正確)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (錯誤)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正確)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (錯誤)3. 分詞1) 意義: 過去分詞通常來自及物動詞, 帶有被動意義和完成意義; 而現在分詞有的來自及物動詞, 有的來自不及物動詞, 通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.fr

52、ozen fooda freezing winda bored travellera boring journeya lost causea losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished articlethe last finishing touchthe spoken worda speaking birda closed shopthe closing houra recorded talka recording machine來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置修飾語, 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞, 僅表示完成

53、意義, 不表示被動意義.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors 用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分, 在意義上相當于關系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2) 句法作用a) 作定語: di

54、stinguished guest 貴賓, unknown heroes 無名英雄, armed forces武裝部隊, canned food罐頭食品, boiled water開水, steamed bread饅頭, stricken area災區分詞還可構成合成詞作定語: simply-furnished room陳設簡單的房間, clear-cut answer明確的答復, highly-developed industry高度發展的工業, heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造衛星b) 作補足語

55、: 可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有:see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺和心理狀態的動詞.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意義的動詞:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish

56、, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意義的動詞:I dont want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.He wont like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.c) 過去分詞短語常用作狀語, 修飾謂語, 很多都說明動作發生的背景或情況.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因, 相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.有時也可說明動作發生的時間, 相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a m