1、畢業論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻Heat Treatment of Die and MouldOriented Concurrent DesignLI Xiong,ZHANGHong-bing,RUANXue yu,LUOZhonghua,ZHANG YanAbstract:Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design method which belongs to serial pattern. It is well known that heat treatment is highly important to the dies

2、. A new idea of concurrent design for heat treatment process of die and mould was developed in order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatment process. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrent circumstance and the relevant model was built. These investigations can remarkab

3、ly improve efficiency, reduce cost and ensure quality of R and D for products.Key words:die design; heat treatment; mouldTraditional die and moulddesign,mainly by experience orsemiexperience，isisolated from manufacturing process.Before the design isfinalized，the scheme of dieand mould is usually mod

4、ified time and again， thussome disadvantages come intobeing,such as long development period,highcost and uncertain practical effect.Due to strong desires for precision,servicelife,development period and cost,modern die and mould should be designedand manufactured perfectly.Therefore more and more ad

5、vanced technologiesand innovations have been applied,forexample,concurrentengineering,agilemanufacturing virtual manufacturing,collaborativedesign,etc.Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design,manufactureandassembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture，assembly andservicelife

6、 Design and manufacture of die and mould have progressedrapidly，but heattreatment lagged seriously behind themAs die and mouldindustry develops，heattreatment must ensure die and mould there are goodstate of manufacture，assemblyand wearresistant properties by request.Impertinent heat treatment can in

7、fluence die and mould manufacturing such as overhard and soft and assemblyTraditionally the heat treatment process was made out according to the methods and properties brought forward by designerThis could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatmentdiverge from each other，for the designer

8、s of die and mould could not fullyrealize heat treatmentprocess and materials properties，and contrarily thedesigners rarely understood theservice environment and designing thought.These divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great extent. Accordingly ，if the process design of hea

9、t treatment is considered in the earlydesigning stage， the aims of shortening development period， reducing cost and stabilizing quality will be achieved and the sublimation of development pattern from serial to concurrent will be realizedConcurrent engineering takes computer integration system as a

10、carrier,atthe very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such asmanufacturing，heat treating，properties and so forth in order to avoid theerrorThe concurrent pattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern,whichbring about a revolution against serial patternIn the present wo

11、rkthe heat treatment was integrated into the concurrentcircumstance of the die and mould development，and the systemic andprofoundresearch was performed1 Heat Treatment Under Concurrent CircumstanceThe concurrent pattern differs ultimately from the serial pattern(seeFig1).With regard to serial patter

12、n，the designers mostly consider thestructure and function of die and mould，yet hardly consider the consequentprocess，so that the former mistakes are easily spread backwardsMeanwhile ，the design department rarely communicates with the assembling，costaccounting andsales departmentsThese problems certa

13、inly will influence thedevelopment progressof die and mould and the market foreground Whereas inthe concurrent pattern，therelations among departments are close， the relateddepartments all take part in the development progress of die and mould andhave close intercommunion with purchasersThis is propi

14、tious to eliminationof the conflicts between departments，increase the efficiency and reduce thecostHeat treatment process in the concurrent circumstance is made out notafter blueprint and workpiece taken but during die and mould designingInthis way，it is favorable to optimizing the heat treatment pr

15、ocessand makingfull use of the potential of the materials2 Integration of Heat Treatment CADCAE for Die andMouldIt can be seen from Fig2 that the process design and simulation of heattreatment are the core of integration frame After information input viaproduct design module and heat treatment proce

16、ss generated via heat treatment CAD and heat treatment CAE module will automatically divide themesh for parts drawing， simulation temperature field microstructure analysis after heat treatment and the defect of possible emerging (such as overheat,over burning)， and then the heat treatment process is

17、 judged if the optimization is made according to the result reappeared by stereoscopic vision technology Moreover tool and clamping apparatus CAD and CAM areintegrated into this systemThe concurrent engineering based integration frame can shareinformation with other branchThat makes for optimizing t

18、he heat treatmentprocess and ensuring the process sound2.1 3-D modelandstereoscopicvisiontechnologyforheattreatmentThe problems about materials，structure and size for die and mould can be discovered as soon as possible by 3-D model for heat treatment based on the shape of die and mould Modeling heat

19、ing condition and phase transformation condition for die and mould during heat treatment are workable，because it has been broken through for the calculation of phasetransformation thermodynamics ，phase transformation kinetics ，phasestress,thermal stress，heat transfer，hydrokinetics etcFor example，3-D

20、 heat conducting algorithm models for local heating complicated impression andasymmetric die and mould， and M ARC software models for microstructuretransformation was used Computer can present the informations oftemperature，microstructure and stress at arbitrary time and display the entire transform

21、ation procedure in the form of 3-D by coupling temperature field,microstructure field and stress field If the property can becoupled,various partial properties can be predicted by computer2.2 Heat treatment process designDue to the special requests for strength，hardness，surface roughness anddistorti

22、on during heat treatment for die and mould，the parameters includingquenching medium type，quenching temperature and tempering temperatureand time，must be properly selected， and whether using surface quenching orchemical heat treatment the parameters must be rightly determinedIt isdifficult to determi

23、ne the parameters by computer fullySince computer technology develops quickly in recent decades,the difficulty with large scale calculation has been overcome By simulating and weighing the property， thecost and the required period after heat treatment it is not difficult to optimizethe heat treatmen

24、t process2.3 Data base for heat treatmentA heat treatment database is described in Fig3The database is thefoundation of making out heat treatment processGenerally，heat treatmentdatabase is divided into materials database and process databaseIt is aninexorable trend to predict the property by materia

25、ls and processAlthough itis difficult to establish a property database， it is necessary to establish thedatabase by a series of tests The materials database includes steelgrades,chemical compositions，properties and home and abroad grades paralleltables The process database includes heat treatment cr

26、iterions，classes， heatpreservation time and cooling velocity Based on the database， heat treatmentprocess can be created by inferring from rules2.4 Tool and equipment for heat treatmentAfter heat treatment process is determined，tool and equipment CAD CAE system transfers the information about design

27、 and manufacture to the numerical control device Through rapid tooling prototype，the reliability oftool and the clamping apparatus can be judgedThe whole procedure istransferred by network， in which there is no man made interference3 Key Technique3.1 Coupling of temperature， microstructure，stress an

28、dpropertyHeat treatment procedure is a procedure of temperature-microstructurestress interaction The three factors can all influence the property (seeFig4) During heating and cooling，hot stress and transformation will comeinto being when microstructure changes.Transformation temperature-microstructu

29、re and temperaturemicrostructureand stress-property interact on eachother Research on the interaction of the four factors has been greatlydeveloped,but the universal mathematic model has not been built Manymodels fit the test nicely， but they cannot be put into practiceDifficultieswith most of model

30、s are solved in analytic solution，and numerical method isemployed so that the inaccuracy of calculation existsEven so，comparing experience method with qualitative analysis，heattreatment simulation by computer makes great progress3.2 Establishment and integration of modelsThe development procedure fo

31、r die and mould involves design,manufacture，heat treatment， assembly，maintenance and so onTheyshould have own database and mode1They are in series with each other bythe entity relation modelThrough establishing and employing dynamicinference mechanism ，the aim of optimizing design can be achievedThe

32、relation between product model and other models was built The productmodel will change in case the cell model changes In fact，it belongs to therelation of data with die and mouldAfter heat treatment model is integratedinto the system， it is no more an isolated unit but a member which is close toothe

33、r models in the system After searching，calculating and reasoning fromthe heat treatment database,procedure for heat treatment，which is restricted by geometric model,manufacture model for die and mould and by cost and property，i s obtained If the restriction is disobeyed，the system will send outthe i

34、nterpretative warningAll design cells are connected by communication network3.3 Management and harmony among membersThe complexity of die and mould requires closely cooperating amongitem groupsBecause each member is short of global consideration for die andmould development，they need to be managed a

35、nd harmonizedFirstly,eachitem group should define its own control condition and resource requested,and learn of the request of up-and-down working procedure in order to avoidconflict Secondly ， development plan should be made out and monitormechanism should be establishedThe obstruction can be duly

36、excluded incase the development is hinderedAgile management and harmony redound to communicating information，increasing efficiency， and reducing redundancyMeanwhile it is beneficial forexciting creativity ，clearing conflict and making the best of resource4 Conclusions(1) Heat treatment CAD CAE has b

37、een integrated into concurrent design for die and mould and heat treatment is graphed,which can increase efficiency， easily discover problems and clear conflicts(2) Die and mould development is performed on the same platformWhenthe heat treatment process is made out， designers can obtain correlative

38、 information and transfer self-information to other design departments on the platform(3) Making out correct development schedule and adjusting it in time can enormously shorten the development period and reduce costReferences：1 ZHOU Xiong-hui ， PENG Ying-hong The Theory and Technique of Modern Die

39、and Mould Design and ManufactureMShanghai：Shanghai Jiaotong University Press 2000(in Chinese)2 Kang M ， Park& Computer Integrated Mold ManufacturingJ Int JComputer Integrated Manufacturing， 1995，5： 229-2393 Yau H T ，Meno C HConcurrent Process Planning for Finishing Milling and Dimensional Inspec

40、tion of Sculptured Surface in Die and Mould ManufacturingJ Int J Product Research，1993，31(11)： 2709 27254 LI Xiang ，ZHOU Xiong-hui ，RUAN Xue-yu Application of Injection Mold Collaborative Manufacturing System J JournaI of Shanghai Jiaotong University ，2000，35(4)：1391-13945 Kuzman K ，Nardin B，Kovae M

41、 ,et a1 The Integration of Rapid Prototyping and CAE in Mould Manufacturing J J Materials Processing Technology，2001， 111：2792856 LI Xiong ， ZHANG Hong bing，RUAN Xue-yu ，et a1Heat Treatment Process Design Oriented Based on Concurrent EngineeringJJournal of Ironand Steel Research， 2002， 14(4)： 2629文獻

42、出處：LI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUANXue yu,LUOZhong hua,ZHANG Yan . HeatTreatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent DesignJ. Journal of Iron and SteelResearch，2006,13(1):40-43 ， 74模具熱處理及其導向平行設計李雄，張鴻冰，阮雪榆，羅中華，張艷摘要：在一系列方式中，傳統模具設計方法存在許多缺點。眾所周知 , 熱處理對模具起著非常重要的作用。為了克服模具熱處理工藝存在的缺點，一種新的模具熱處理工藝并行設計方法已經被開發出來了

43、。熱處理 CAD/CAE技術是集成了并行環境和有關模型而建立的。這些調查研究可以顯著提高效率，降低成本，并保證產品質量達到R 和D 級。關鍵詞：模具設計；熱處理；模具傳統模具設計主要是依照自身實踐經驗或依照部分實踐經驗，而不是制造工藝。在設計完成之前，模具方案通常要被一次又一次的改進，于是有些缺點便出現，例如開發時期長，成本高和實際效果不明顯。由于對精確性、使用壽命、開發期和費用的嚴格要求， 先進的模具要求設計和制造得十分完善。 因此越來越先進的技術和創新方法被應用其中，例如并行工程、敏捷制造業、虛擬制造業、協同合作設計等。模具的熱處理與模具設計，制造和裝配同樣重要。因為它對模具的制造裝配和使

44、用壽命又及其重要的影響。模具設計與制造發展十分迅速，但是熱處理發展卻嚴重滯后它們。 隨著模具工業的發展， 熱處理必須保證模具有良好的制造裝配和磨損耐熱性能。 不切實際的熱處理將導致模具材料過硬或過軟，同時影響模具裝配性能。傳統的熱處理工藝是按照設計師提出的方法和特性制作出來的。這樣會使模具設計師和熱處理工藝師意見產生分歧，而模具設計師卻不能充分地了解熱處理工藝和材料的性能， 相反熱處理工藝師卻很少了解模具的使用環境和設計思路。這些分歧將在很大程度上影響模具的發展。因此，如果把熱處理工藝設計放在設計階段之前，則縮短開發周期，減少花費和保證質量等目標將會被考慮，而且從串行到并行的發展模式也將會實現

45、。并行工程是以計算機集成系統作為載體，在開始以后，每個階段和因素都被看作如制造、熱處理、性能等等，以避免出現錯誤。并行模式已經摒除了串行模式的缺陷，由此帶來了一場對串行模式的革命。在當前的工作中，熱處理被集成到了模具開發的并行環境中，同時也正在進行這種系統性和深入性的研究。1. 熱處理下的并行環境并行模式與串行模式存在根本的不同（見圖 1）。對于串行模式，設計者大多考慮的是模具的結構與功能，但很難考慮相關的工藝，以致前者的錯誤很容易蔓延到后面。與此同時，設計本門很少與裝配，預算會計和銷售部門溝通。這些問題當然會影響模具的開發進度和市場前景。然而在并行模式中，不但以上部門關系聯系密切，所有參加模

46、具開發的部門都與買家有密切的交流。這有助于協調各部門消除矛盾，提高工作效率，同時降低成本。并行環境下的熱處理工藝不是在方案和工件確定以后，而是在模具設計的時候制定出來的。這樣的話，將有利于優化熱處理工藝，充分利用材料。2. 模具熱處理 CAD/CAE 一體化從圖 2 中可以看出，熱處理工藝的設計與模擬是一體化模式的核心。在信息輸入產品模塊中后， 經熱處理工藝過程產生的熱處理CAD 和熱處理 CAE 模塊將對于零件圖，熱處理以后模擬溫度場的微觀結構分析和可能出現的缺陷（例如過熱，燒傷）自動劃分網絡， 如果優化是根據立體視覺技術的結果重新出現則這項熱處理工藝已經被審核。而且工具與夾具的CAD和 C

47、AE 也集成于這種系統中。以并行工程為基礎的集成模式可以與其它類似模式共享信息。 這樣使熱處理工藝得到優化，并確保改工藝準確。2.1 采用三維模型和立體視覺技術的熱處理在形成模具的基礎上，材料，結構和尺寸的問題能通過熱處理三維模型盡快發現出來。在熱處理過程中， 模具加熱條件和相變條件是切合實際的， 因為通過計算相變熱力、相變動力、相應力、熱應力、傳熱速度、流體動力等已經取得重要突破。例如，能進行局部復雜表面和不對稱模具的三維熱傳導模型計算， 和能進行微觀結構轉變的 MARC軟件模型。計算機能夠在任何時間提交溫度，微觀結構和應力的信息，并通過連接溫度場微觀結構領域和力場來顯示三維形式的全部改變過

48、程。如果再加上這種特性，則各部分性能都能通過計算機預見。2.2 熱處理工藝設計由于對強度和硬度，表面粗糙度和模具熱處理變形的特殊要求， 淬火介質的種類、淬火溫度、回火溫度和時間等參數特性必須經過適當的選擇， 以及是否使用表面淬火或化學熱處理， 這種特性必須準確的制定下來。 自從計算機技術在最近幾十年迅速的發展， 難以進行大型計算已經成為過去。 通過模擬和仔細考慮熱處理特性，熱處理后的成本和所須時間，這些都并不難優化熱處理工藝。2.3 熱處理數據庫熱處理數據庫在圖 3 中描述。數據庫是制定熱處理工藝的基礎。一般來說，熱處理數據庫分為材料數據庫和工藝數據庫。 通過材料和工藝來預測特性已成為一種必然

49、的趨勢。 盡管很難建立一個特性數據庫， 但通過一系列的測試來建立數據庫是必要的。 材料數據庫包括材料牌號、 化學成分、性能和國內外同級別目錄表。工藝數據庫包括熱處理標準、種類、保溫時間和冷卻溫度?；跀祿欤瑹崽幚砉に嚳梢酝ㄟ^推理規則創造出來2.4熱處理工具和設備在熱處理工藝確定以后， 工具及設備 CAD/CAE系統傳送設計和制造的數值信息來控制裝置。 通過快速模具成型， 可靠的工具和夾具都能被確定。 整個程序通過網絡傳送，不存在任何人為干擾。3.關鍵技術3.1溫度，微觀結構，應力和特性的聯系熱處理程序是一個溫度，微觀結構和應力互相作用的程序。三方面都能影響材料特性（見圖 4）。在加熱和冷卻期

50、間，當微觀結構轉變時熱應力和相變遲早會出現。微觀結構溫度相變和溫度微觀結構應力特性相互影響。對相互作用的四個因素的調查已經取得很大的發展，但普通的數學模型還沒有建立。許多模型能很好的滿足測試結果， 但不能投入到實踐當中。 大部分模型的難點是用分析的方法處理的，同時數值方法也運用了，導致存在不準確的計算。即使如此，把經驗方法與定性分析相比較，通過計算機來進行熱處理模擬取得了很大的進展。3.2模型的建立和融合在模具的開發過程中，涉及到設計、制造、熱處理、裝配、維修等。它們應該有自己的數據庫和模型。它們通過事物的內在聯系建立模型，互相串聯起來，盡管建立和運用動態推理機制， 但其目的在于完成優化設計。

51、 產品模型和其它模型的聯系已被建立。如果細小組織模型發生改變， 則產品模型也將改變。事實上，它屬于數據庫與模具之間的聯系。 當熱處理模型集成到系統以后， 它已不再是一個孤立的單位，而是一個部分，同時在系統中接近其它模型。在搜查后，熱處理數據庫的計算和推理能力， 熱處理程序都被幾何模型， 模具制造模型和預算所限制，這是通行的。如果這種限制不服從，系統會發出解釋性的警告。所用設計的細小組織都是通過互連網連接的。3.3各部分之間的管理和協調復雜的模具需要其中各項目組之間密切合作。因為考慮到模具的開發，各部分都存在缺點， 它必須得到管理和協調。 首先，各項目組應該確定其本身的控制條件和資源要求，同時了

52、解不同環境下的工作程序，以避免發生沖突。其次，要提出開發計劃和建立監控機制。如果開發受到限制則可逐步排除。敏捷管理和協調有助于交流信息， 提高效率和減少材料。 同時這有利于激發人的創造力，消除阻礙和制定出最好的方法。4.總結熱處理 CAD/CAE技術已被集成到模具并行設計中去， 同時熱處理已被制成圖表，這有利于提高效率，較易發現問題并解決問題。模型的開發已在同一個平臺運行。在這個平臺中，當熱處理工藝制定出來后，設計人員可獲得相關信息和轉讓部分信息到其它設計部門。制定出正確的開發計劃并按時調整可以極大縮短開發周期和降低成本。文獻出處 ：李雄，張鴻冰，阮雪榆，羅中華，張艷. 模具熱處理及其導向平行

53、設計J.鋼鐵研究學報英文版，2006 ， 13 （ 1 ） :40-43 ， 74_生命列車The Train Of Life1. 不久以前，我讀了一本書。書中把人生比作一次旅行。2. 人生一世，就好比是一次搭車旅行，要經歷無數次上車、下車 ; 時常有事故發生 ; 有時是意外驚喜，有時卻是刻骨銘心的悲傷 3. 降生人世，我們就坐上了生命列車。我們以為我們最先見到的那兩個人-我們的父母，會在人生旅途中一直陪伴著我們。4. 很遺憾，事實并非如此。他們會在某個車站下車，留下我們，孤獨無助。他們的愛、他們的情、他們不可替代的陪1. Not long ago, I read abook, in whic

54、h a man slife was compared to ajourney.2. The life of a man is just like a hitchhiking ， during which many times we go up and down. Now and then things will happen accidently, some of which are to be unexpected excitement， while some heart-breaking sorrows.3. When first embraced the world ， we are a

55、lready on the train of life. We take it for granted that the first two persons, our parents, whom we are encountered with, will accompany us all the way.4. Sadly，things do not go on as we thought.Our parents will get off the train at a certain station ，伴，再也無從尋找。5. 盡管如此，還會有其他人上車。他們當中的一些人將對我們有著特殊的意義。6. 他們之中有