1、CohesionandCoherenceCohesioncanbethoughtofasallthegrammaticalandlexicallinksthatlinkonepartofatexttoanother.Thisincludesuseofsynonyms,lexicalsets,pronouns,verbtenses,timereferences,grammaticalreference,etc.Forexample,'it','neither'and'this'allrefertoanideapreviouslymentioned.

2、'Firstofall','then'and'afterthat'helptosequenceatext.'However','inaddition'and'forinstance'linkideasandargumentsinatext.Coherencecanbethoughtofashowmeaningsandsequencesofideasrelatetoeachother.Typicalexampleswouldbegeneral>particular;statement>ex

3、ample;problem>solution;question>answer;claim>counter-claim.Whatdoescohesionmean?Youmightthinkofcohesionasameansofestablishingconnectionswithinatextatallsortsofdifferentlevels,e.g.,section,paragraphs,sentencesandevenphrases.Howiscohesiondifferentfromcoherence?Itisdifficulttoseparatethetwo.Ho

4、wever,thinkofcoherenceasthetextmakingsenseasawholeatanideaslevel,andcohesionasrathermoremechanicallinksatalanguagelevel.Youcanimaginethatitispossibleforapieceofwritingtocontainplentyofcohesionyetlittlecoherence.Cohesionisthegluethatholdsapieceofwritingtogether.Inotherwords,ifapaperiscohesive,itstick

5、stogetherfromsentencetosentenceandfromparagraphtoparagraph.Cohesivedevicescertainlyincludetransitionalwordsandphrases,suchastherefore,furthermore,orforinstance,thatclarifyforreaderstherelationshipsamongideasinapieceofwriting.However,transitionsaren'tenoughtomakewritingcohesive.Repetitionofkeywor

6、dsanduseofreferencewordsarealsoneededforcohesion.CohesionDevicesLexicallevel:RepetitionWordfamilyrepeatedSynonyms,antonyms,otherwordrelationsThematicallyrelatedwords(lexicalset)Substationswithone/onesGrammaticallevel:Reference:article,pronouns,normalizationSubstitutionofclauseelementsusingso,not,do/

7、does/did,etcEllipsisofclauseelementsLinkingwords:conjunctionsandconjunctsComparativesVerbtenseRhetoricaltechniquesQuestionandanswerParallelismWhensentences,ideas,anddetailsfittogetherclearly,readerscanfollowalongeasily,andthewritingiscoherent.Theideastietogethersmoothlyandclearly.Toestablishthelinks

8、thatreadersneed,youcanusethemethodslistedhere.RepetitionofaKeyTermorPhraseThishelpstofocusyourideasandtokeepyourreaderontrack.Example:Theproblemwithcontemporaryartisthatitisnoteasilyunderstoodbymostpeople.Contemporaryartisdeliberatelyabstract,andthatmeansitleavestheviewerwonderingwhatsheislookingat.

9、SynonymsSynonymsarewordsthathaveessentiallythesamemeaning,andtheyprovidesomevarietyinyourwordchoices,helpingthereadertostayfocusedontheideabeingdiscussed.Example:Mythsnarratesacredhistoriesandexplainsacredorigins.Thesetraditionalnarrativesare,inshort,asetofbeliefsthatareaveryrealforceinthelivesofthe

10、peoplewhotellthem.PronounsThis,that,these,those,he,she,it,they,andweareusefulpronounsforreferringbacktosomethingpreviouslymentioned.Besure,however,thatwhatyouarereferringtoisclear.Example:Whenscientificexperimentsdonotworkoutasexpected,theyareoftenconsideredfailuresuntilsomeotherscientisttriesthemag

11、ain.Thosethatworkoutbetterthesecondtimearoundaretheonesthatpromisethemostrewards.TransitionalWordsTherearemanywordsinEnglishthatcueourreaderstorelationshipsbetweensentences,joiningsentencestogether.Wordssuchashhowever”,“therefore”,“inaddition”,“also”,“but”,“moreover”,etc.Example:Ilikeautumn,andyetau

12、tumnisasadtimeoftheyear,too.Theleavesturnbrightshadesofredandtheweatherismild,butIcan'thelpthinkingaheadtothewinterandtheicestormsthatwillsurelyblowthroughhere.Inaddition,thatwillbetheseasonofchappedfaces,toomanylayersofclothestoputon,anddayswhenI'llhavetoshovelheapsofsnowfrommycar'swindshield.SentencePatternsSometimes,repeatedorparallelsentence