1、第一章第一章 翻譯的性質，標準及要求翻譯的性質，標準及要求 青島濱海學院教師教案青島濱海學院教師教案前 言 教學課時兩課時 目的要求要求學生對我國翻譯史有一個初步對了解；了解翻譯對性質，標準和要求。 教學重點 翻譯的性質，標準 教學難點 本章的實踐部分 Part One 理論 (Theory) （45min.） 翻譯的性質 翻譯的標準 翻譯的要求 翻譯的性質 翻譯是一種語言活動過程，又是該活動的結果。翻譯是通過語言機制的轉換或溝通自身文化和異國文化的橋梁；翻譯是具有不同文化背景的人互相交際、交流思想、達到互相理解的媒介。 總之，翻譯是一種融理論、技能、藝術于一體的語言實踐活動。翻譯的性質翻譯的

2、類型 按翻譯手段，可分為口譯、筆譯和機器翻譯。 按源出語和目的語，可分為語際翻譯、語內翻譯和符際翻譯。 按翻譯題材，可分政論翻譯、應用文翻譯、科技翻譯、文學翻譯等。 按照穆雷教授的分法，翻譯可以分為一下幾類： 按翻譯主體的性質來分：人工翻譯、機器翻譯 按工作方式來分：口譯、筆譯 按翻譯的材料來分：文學翻譯（包括詩歌、小說、戲劇等文學作品）和實用翻譯（包括科技、商務、新聞、法律等自來哦的翻譯） 按處理的方式來分：全文翻譯、摘譯、編譯、改譯、綜譯 按翻譯技巧來分：直譯、意譯、音譯 按翻譯原則方向來分：異化翻譯、歸化翻譯 按翻譯的目的來分：交際翻譯、語義翻譯 按翻譯的效果來分：顯性翻譯、隱性翻譯翻譯

3、的標準名家談翻譯的標準 嚴復：信、達、雅 魯迅：寧信而不順（直譯） 許淵沖：詩歌翻譯的三原則 “三美”(意美、音美、形美) “三化”（等化、淺化、深化） 林語堂：音美、意美、神美、氣美、形美 郭沫若：好的翻譯等于創作 朱光潛：譯者“須設身處地在作者的地位，透入作者的新竅，和他同樣感，同樣想，同樣地努力使所感所想凝定于語文”。 傅雷：以效果而論，翻譯應當像臨畫一樣，所求的不在于形似而在于神似。 錢鐘書：文學翻譯的最高理想可以說是“化境”，把作品從一國文字轉變成另一國文字，既不能因語文習慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風味，那就算得入與“化境”。翻譯的標準名家談翻譯的標準 辜正坤：

4、翻譯標準多元互補論：翻譯的標準是多元的而非一元的；翻譯的標準既是多元的，又是一個有機的然而變動不居的標準系統。在這個系統中，最高標準是最佳近似度。最佳近似度是一個形同虛構的抽象標準，真正有實際意義的是一大群具體標準；具體標準中又有主要標準和次要標準的區別；多元翻譯標準是互補的。 奈達（美國）：動態對等：譯文讀者或譯入語聽眾對于譯文或譯語的反應，要和原文的讀者或原文講話聽眾對于原文或原文講話的反應進行對比，如果大體一致，就是質量上乘的譯文。 泰勒（美國）翻譯三原則：要將原作的意思全部轉移到譯文上來；譯文應具備原作的風格和文體；譯文和原作要同樣的流暢。國際譯聯的翻譯工作者章程指出：“譯文應忠實于原

5、文，準確表現原作的思想與形式?！本C上所述，忠實準確、通順流暢和風格得體是所有標準的共核，三者的次序不能顛倒。 翻譯的要求 堅持洋為中用的原則，根據我國的國情，選擇那些好的和比較好的作品進行譯介； 不斷提高本民族語言和被譯語言的修養和駕馭能力，不斷用語言學、邏輯學、修辭學、美學等方面的新知識豐富自己； 對原作及原作作者進行認真地科學研究，把握作者所處的時代特點和原作產生的時代背景； “耽于道術，淡于名利，不欲高炫”。（彥琮）Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 1. Considering its lack of training, ou

6、r team has acquitted itself well. 2. He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldnt act the goat so much. 3. The management instituted (建立) a system of consultation with the staff so that any grievances might be aired（宣揚）. 4. We didnt take his expression of interest in our ideas too seriousl

7、y, for we suspected he was merely angling for praise.鑒于我們隊缺乏訓練，其表現已經不錯了。如果他不搞惡作劇，他是一個討人喜歡的小伙子。管理部門建立了與職工協商的制度，不管有何不平，均可言明。盡管他說對我們的想法頗感興趣，我們卻不能當真，因為我們懷疑他僅僅是沽名釣譽。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 5. He wouldnt have done it of his own will, but he was argued into it by his wife. 6. Wherev

8、er she went she was attended on by a large number of followers and servants. 7. The director of the operation called his team together so that he could brief them. 8. You never realize how fortunate you are to have good health until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering.若不是妻子說

9、服了他，他是不會自愿做的。不管她走到哪里，隨從和傭人都是前呼后擁。行動計劃主任把手下集合起來，以便簡單介紹一下情況。除非你突然親眼目睹體弱多病之苦，不然，你不會認識到有一個健康的身體是何等有幸。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 9. The amount which is brought in by the rents of those few cottages is almost negligible when income tax and the cost of repairs are deducted. 10. He was

10、strolling aimlessly along the street, when he was suddenly brought up by a notice in a shop window. 11. The magistrate brushed aside the suggestion that the policeman might have been mistaken about the speed at which the car was going. 12. His kidnappers threatened to bump him off if he did not tell

11、 them where the secret papers were hidden.扣除收入所得稅和房屋修繕費，這幾間小別墅的租金收入幾乎是微不足道。他在大街上毫無目的地漫步時，突然被商店櫥窗上的一則告示吸引住了。有人提出可能是警察高錯了那輛轎車的行駛速度，法官對此沒有理會。綁架者揚言要結果了他，如果他不告訴他們秘密文件藏在哪里的話。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 13. He burned his fingers badly, though we warned him against it. He lost nearly all

12、 his money he had invested. 14. He is the kind of person who will always butter up those who he thinks can be of any use to him. 15. Philip tried to get me interested in a scheme for producing a new synthetic fiber, but I wasnt buying it. 16. It is time the nations of the world called a halt to the

13、manufacture of nuclear weapons.他吃盡了魯莽的苦頭，盡管我們告誡過他。他投進的錢幾乎都陪上了。他是這樣一種人，總是巴結他認為對自己有用的人。菲利普力圖使我對生產新合成纖維的計劃產生興趣，但是我未上他的當?，F在是世界各國停止造核武器的時候了。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 17. As soon as the proprietors （經營者） attention was called to the dangerous state of the staircase, he promised to hav

14、e it repaired. 18. After I had told my story, someone else capped it with one that set the table in a roar. 19. He will end in the bankruptcy court at the rate he is carrying on. 20. Roy, a college graduate, make it his mission to save the endangered owls and begins to team up with a number of young

15、 people with hands-on experience. 人們提醒房東注意樓梯的危險情況，房東即刻答應修一修。我講了一個故事，接著，另外一個人講了一個更蓋帽的，引得哄堂大笑。照他這樣下去，他終將出現在破產法庭上。羅伊是位大學畢業生。他以拯救瀕危貓頭鷹為使命，并為此開始與一批有實踐經驗的青年牽手。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 1. Half the price money he spent, and the rest was laid aside for a rainy day. 2. The Opposition sp

16、eaker accused the British Government of leading the country up the garden path on the question of civil defence. 3. Let me catch those boys stealing my apples again, and Ill set the dog on them. 4. The Thompsons had a new suite of furniture not so long ago, and now theyve got a new car; things must

17、be looking up with them.他先花掉獎金的一半，另一半留待困難之時。反對黨發言人指責英國政府在民防問題上把國家引入歧途。如果讓我再抓住那些偷蘋果的孩子，我將放狗咬他們。湯普森夫婦不久前添置了一套新家具，現在又買了一輛新車，他們家的情況一定是好轉起來了。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 5. I might have got more for those shares if I had kept them a little longer, but Ive made a profit on them. 6. I sh

18、all have to pay the bill some time, so I may as well pay it now. 7. If we had brought out this product six months ago, we should probably have a large sale for it, but now weve missed the boat; our competitions have captured the market. 8. Smith is in for trouble now; he was nailed using a crib in t

19、he English examination. 那些股票若再晚一點賣掉，我或許賺得更多；不過，我還是賺了。遲早我得付帳，不如現在就付。若在六個月之前生產這種產品，我們現在就可能獲得很大的銷路；可是我們坐失了良機，市場被我們的競爭對手占領了。史密斯招來了麻煩，因為他在英語考試中作弊被抓。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 9. The counterfeit banknotes were palmed off(蒙混) on the unsuspecting customers. 10. Tom complained that the t

20、eacher was always picking on him, while others who were equally to blame got off scot-free. 11. If you need to be put in the picture, ask Mr. Jackson; hell give you the facts of the case. 12. Putting two and two together, I should say he was the culprit.那幾張假鈔被塞給了毫無懷疑的顧客。湯姆抱怨，老師總是找他的茬，而其他應該受到責備的同學卻萬事

21、大吉。如果你需要了解情況，請問杰克遜先生吧，他會把有關事實告訴你的。從這些事實判斷，他就是肇事者。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 13. It should be evident to anyone who can read the writing on the wall that Britain is not on the mending, but faces a period of economic difficulties. 14. Some differences are of a kind that cannot, an

22、d should not, be sunk; differences on moral grounds, for instance. 15. Will customers please take note that from next Monday this shop will close at 5 p.m. 16. I was agreeably surprised by the address tonight, I had never thought much of Thompson as a public speaker, but he certainly rose to the occ

23、asion.對一個有洞察力的人來說，顯然英國不是在復興，而是面臨一個經濟困難時期。有些分歧是不能，而且也不應該忽略不計的，譬如道德分歧就是如此。恭請各位顧客注意：自下星期一起，該店于下午5時停止營業。今晚的演講讓我感到驚喜。我一直大不相信湯普森適合當眾演講，可現在看來他的確行。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 17. The price of vegetables has rocketed recently. 18. Chinas entry into WTO and the awarding of the 2008 Summer

24、Olympics to Beijing have caused many developers to push their way into the citys property market. 19. I am not going to risk being run down before my friends by a fellow I despise(輕視) 20. My hat is off to these workers who have a high sense of the protection of ecology and environment.近來蔬菜價格出現暴漲。 中國

25、加入世貿組織，北京榮獲2008年夏季奧運會舉辦權，促使許多房地產開發商擠入北京市場。我不想當著朋友的面冒險讓一個我鄙視的人貶低我。那些工人具有很高的生態和環境保護意識，我很佩服。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第3組） 1. Owing to the falling of the orders, the firm is having to sack a number of its employees. 2. My father and I have never seen eye to eye where business is concer

26、ned. 3. Now weve been here so long well see the summer out before we go back to town. 4. The Old Year was seen out in the traditional fashion, by the singing of “Auld Lang Syne”.由于訂單減少，公司正要裁減一批雇員。在生意問題上，我和父親從未有過共識。我們在這兒待的時間很長了；夏天過后，我們就回城。人們按照傳統的方式，在憶往昔的歌聲中送走了過去的一年。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下

27、列各句譯成漢語（第3組） 5. He always insisted that we know our jobs in the most minute detail, which is really a necessary basic characteristic of good divers. 6. He always looked into my eyes, and he never smiled. I was saturated with cold sweat. 7. In South Korea, it is common to see jobless people in suits

28、and ties wandering around public parks and railway stations. 8. A burgeoning economy with relatively low unemployment rates-at least in the 1960s and early 1970s attenuated（削弱）what could have been a continuing and bitter racial struggle for scarce jobs.他總是要求我們了解自己工作的瑣細末節，因為這是一個優秀的潛水員必要的條件。他老是注視著我的眼睛

29、，沒有一絲笑意，令我渾身上下冷汗涔涔（cen）。在韓國，常?？梢钥匆娢餮b革履的無業人員在公園或車站轉來轉去。一個迅速發展的經濟加上相對低的失業率，緩解了為搶飯碗而可能演變成持久激烈的種族斗爭，至少在20實際60年代和70年代初期是這樣的。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第3組） 9. Piled on a table were departmental funding requests that amounted to more than half again as much as money would be available. 10.

30、 It is gratifying to discover the great interest which foreign leaders displayed in having the governor of an American state in their country. 11. My investments in that company can longer be reckoned （估計）on as a source of income. 12. He allowed his abilities to run to seed.桌面上堆滿了各部門的經費要求報告，總金額比可能提供

31、的款額多一半以上。我們高興地看到，一些外國領導人對一位美國州長訪問他們的國家深感興趣。不能指望我在那個公司的投資是一個收入來源了。他白白浪費了他的才干。Part Two 實踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請將下列各句譯成漢語（第3組） 13. In order to overcome transport difficulties, it is suggested that firms should stagger （交錯）working hours. 14. Ive no objection to your having an hour off to go shopping if you can get anyone to stand in for you. 15. There are a number of eminent personalities at the dinner, but the one who stole the limelight was ninety-year-old Mr.S., the only surviving founder-member of the societ