1、45-1電氣工程學院45-2專業英語的語法特點專業英語的語法特點慣用時態。慣用時態。專業英語中多用動詞的現在時，尤其是多用一般現在時，來敘述事實或真理，客觀地表述定義、定律、定理方程式、公式、圖標等。用一般過去式來介紹試驗情況或敘述事物的歷史發展經過等。用一般將來時敘述計劃要做的工作和預期獲得的結果等。大量使用被動語態。大量使用被動語態。專業英語更注重對事實、方法、性能和特性做出客觀表述。采用被動語態能更為客觀，有助于將讀者的注意力在描述的事物、事實、現象或過程上。大量使用非限定動詞。大量使用非限定動詞。在專業英語中，為了描述的明確、簡練，多采用不定式短語、分詞短語，特別是分詞短語應用較多。4

2、5-3大量使用名詞及介詞短語大量使用名詞及介詞短語。同樣是為了達到明確和簡練的要求，在專業英語中多采用名詞和介詞短語。條件句較多。條件句較多。專業文獻中常需提出假設和推理，因而條件句使用較多。長句較多。長句較多。由于專業英語的作用是陳述事理、描述過程，它所給出的定義、定理、定律或描述的概念及工藝過程，都必須嚴謹、準確。由此，與日常英語相比，使用的長句較多。有時一個長句就是一個較長的段落。45-4長句的翻譯長句的翻譯翻譯長句子時，必須分析清楚原文的結構關系，在理解原文內容的基礎上，分清主次，按照時間概念和邏輯順序重新按漢語習慣加以組合處理，譯出的句子既要準確地表達原文，又要符合漢語的習慣。常用的

3、譯法有順譯法、倒譯法、分譯法。順譯法是基本上保留原文的語法結構，依照原文順序譯出。一般地，當原文的語法結構和時間順序與漢語相同時，可采用順譯法。在翻譯過程中，根據具體情況，可增加或省略有關連接詞。例如：45-5 No such limitation is placed on an alternating-current machine; here the only requirement is relative motion, and since a stationary armature and a rotating field system have numerous advantages

4、, this arrangement is standard practice for all synchronous machines rated above a few kilovolt-amperes.交流發電機不受任何限制，惟一的要求是相對移動，而且由于固定電樞及旋轉磁場系統具有許多優點，這種安排是所有額定容量超過幾千伏安的同步發電機的標準做法。45-6順譯法例句（順譯法例句（2 2） For large motors, therefore, a phase-winding rotor is used, with the winding connected at one end to

5、each other and at the other end to slip-rings, thus enabling the resistance of the rotor to be varied at will, providing a greater starting torque and some speed control.因此，對于大型電機來說，一般采用相繞組轉子，其繞線的一端互相連接，而另一端接于軸的滑環上，這樣，可隨意改變轉子的電阻，從而可提供更大的起動轉矩，并可適當控制速度。45-7倒譯法倒譯法 當原文結構層次與漢語相反時，要從英語原文的后面譯起，自下而上，逆著原文的順序

6、翻譯，稱為倒譯法。例如： The resistance of any length of a conducting wire is easily measured by finding the potential difference in volts between its ends when a known current is flowing . 已知導線中的電流，只要求出導線兩端電位差的伏特數，就不難測出任何長度的導線的電阻。45-8倒譯法倒譯法 Various machine parts can be washed very clean and will be as clean as

7、 new ones when they are treated by ultrasonics, no matter how dirty and irregularly shaped they may be. 各種機器零件無論多么臟，形狀多么不規則，當它們用超聲波處理后，就可以被洗得非常干凈，甚至干凈得像新的零件一樣。45-9分譯法分譯法 為了漢語表述的方便，可將原文的長句拆開來分別譯出。當長句中的主句與從句或介詞短語及分詞短語等多修飾的詞與詞之間的關系不是很密切，并且各自具有相對的獨立意義時，可分解成幾個部分或意思層，然后再按時間順序、邏輯順序有機的組合在一起，還可以增減適當的詞語以便斷句之間

8、的銜接。例如，可添加或利用原文中的總括性詞語作為引語，而后分述各個部分；或先將某一短語和從句分出去單獨譯出，在利用總括性詞語把它和主句聯系到一起；或先譯出原文的要點，再將次要部分作為補充說名譯在后面。45-10 Pure science has been subdivided into the physical science, which deals with the facts and relations of the physical world, and the biological science, which investigate the history and working

9、of life on this planet. 理論科學分為自然科學和生物科學。前者研究自然界的各種事物和其相互關系，而后者則探討地球上生物的發展歷史和活動。（先要點，再補充說明）45-11 The reason that a neutral body is attracted by a charged body is that, although the neutral body is neutral within itself, it is not neutral with respect to the charged body, and the two bodies act as if

10、oppositely charged when brought near each other. 雖然中性物體本身是不帶電的，但對于帶電體來說，它并非中性，當這兩個物體彼此接近時，就會產生極性相反的電荷作用。這就是中性物體被電體吸引的原因。（先分述，再總結）45-12Power System Introductionvoltagecurrentactive powerreactive powerstatus of circuit breakersStatus of protective relays電力系統調度電力系統調度45-13Power Dispatching Dispatching r

11、egulation on power system: issued in 1993 by State Council. Unified dispatching and hierarchical management: five levels.Branch-grid levelRegional levelCounty levelNational levelProvincial level國調網調省調地調縣調45-14National wide grid dispatchingOperation management of related large-scaled plants500(330)Kv

12、 transmission linesLarge-scaled plantsCoordinate economic operation of various branch gridsMedium and small scale plantsDistribution center220 Kv transmission lines500 Kv substationHigh voltage customers220 Kv key substation220 Kv substation110Kv, 35 Kv substation110Kv transmission lines and belowIn

13、ter-regional connection above 500 KvBranch-grid levelregional levelCounty levelNational levelProvincial level45-15Importance of dispatching automation system localized protective relay and automatic equipments Protective relays clear fault as quickly as possible. Exciter control maintains voltage qu

14、ality and balances reactive power. Load shedding keeps frequency variation within acceptable range. Use local information. Can clear fault as quickly as possible. Limitation: without consideration of whole power system situation. Centralized dispatching automation system Use information collected fr

15、om power plants and substations under the charge of the dispatching center.45-16 Run advanced software using real-time information from power plants and substations. Do fault diagnosis and identification. they are not replaceable by each other, and they are complementary to each other. Power dispatc

16、hing automation system(調度自動化系統). The task is providing to operators(調度員) all various kinds of real time information of power system, making management and dispatching decision to ensure safety and economical operation of power system. Sometimes it is also called EMS (Energy Management System)(能量管理系統

17、)45-17 EMS includes the following power advanced software:Load Forecasting(負荷預測), Automated Generation Control(自動發電控制), State Estimation(狀態估計), Transient Stability Analysis(暫態穩定分析), Optimal Power Flow(最優潮流), Dispatcher Training Simulator(調度員培訓仿真系統) The basics of these advanced software is SCADA syst

18、em.45-18 The generator voltages are in the range of 11 to 30kV; higher generator voltages are difficult to obtain because of insulation problems in the narrow confines of the generator stator. 發電機機端電壓范圍在11kV至30kV之間。機端電壓難以達到更高的原因是由于發電機定子的槽絕緣問題。45-19 Transformers are then used to step up the voltages

19、to the range of 110 to 765kV. 由升壓變壓器將電壓升至110kV至765kV。 In California the backbone of the transmission system is composed mainly of 500kV, 345kV, and 230kV three-phase lines. The voltages refer to voltages from line to line. 加州的主干輸電網由500kV、345kV和230kV的三相線路組成。上述電壓指的是線電壓。45-20 One reason for using high

20、transmission-line voltages is to improve energy transmission efficiency. Basically, transmission of a given amount of power (at specified power factor) requires a fixed product of voltage and line current. Lower line currents are associated with lower resistive losses(I2R) in the line. 采用高輸電線電壓的原因之一是提高能量傳輸效率。基本上，當傳輸一定的功率時（在給定功率因數下），電壓和線路電流的乘積一定。降低電流相當于降低線路上的電阻性損耗。45-21 The primary objective of the interconnection is improved service reliability; a loss of generation in one area can be made up by utilizing spare capacity in another area. 電網互聯的主要目的是提高供電可靠性；一個區域損失的發電量可以由另外一個區域的剩余容量供給。45-22Bad tr