1、Critical TheoriesCarft we all just get along?Critical Theory: Social Context and ThemesSocial Context一 1960s = Strain theory, war on poverty, etc.- By the 1970s?Central ThemesI-I“ I 丄"“"一 Emphasis on “ inequality and“ power一 Crime as “ political concept一 CJS serves interests of powerfulSol

2、ution to crime is more equitable societyVariations of Critical TheoryConflict Theory Marxist/Radical Theory Left Realism/Peacemaking Post-ModernFeminist CriminologyConflict versus ConsensusAs a view of societyAs an explanation of lawAs an explanation of criminal justiceAs an explanation of crimePlur

3、alistic Conflict Explanation ofthe Law and Criminal JusticeGeorge Void Group Conflict一 Multiple groups in society with varying levels of power? Specific “ interest groups ? General or broad-based groups一 Those who win conflict get control over the law and coercive power of the stateEmpirical Evidene

4、eThe formulation of law一 Interest groups' influenee on law ? making一 Research on consensus over lawsThe operation of the CJS一 Research on “ extra-legal variables? RACE, CLASS, GENDERConflict: An Explanationof Street Crime? Thorston Sellin (1938)一 Cultural conflict theory一 Gist: violate laws of t

5、he majority simply by following the nonns of one's own reference group? George Void (1958)一 Group conflict theory (crime that results from con flict)Karl MarxCommunist ManifestoMeans of production determine the structure of societyCapitalism:> Owners of the means of production (capitalists)&g

6、t; Workers = proletariat, lumpen proletariatCapitalism will Self-DestructThe laboring class produces goods that exceed the value of their wages (profit) The owners invest the profit to reduce the workforce (technology)The workers will no longer be able to afford the goods produced by the ownersMarxi

7、st CriminologyInstrumental Marxist Position一 Hard line position? Crime and the creation and enforcement of law the direct result of capitalismStructural Marxist Position一 Softer Position? Governments are somewhat autonomous?Over time, the di recti on of the law (creati on andInstrume ntal MarxistCri

8、minology? Richard Quinney (1980) -All Conflict is organized around capitalist versus the poor? Either you are an oppressed lackey or a capitalist? Anyone who does not realize this (or identifies with capitalism) has false class consciousness?The real power and authority is exclusive to the ruling cl

9、assQuinney (1980) cont.Primary goal of capitalists? Maintain Power!一 To do this, must trample rights of others一 But, also must portray an egalitarian society -Accomplished by controlling media, academicsImplications for LawCapitalists control the definition of crime一 Laws protect the capitalists (pr

10、operty, $) -Laws ignore crimes of the capitalists (profiteering)Implications for the CriminalJustice SystemCJS is the tool of the capitalists; used to oppress (not protect) the working population一 Crimes of the rich treated with kid gloves一 Property crimes strictly enforced? “ Street crimes are enfo

11、rced only in poor neighborhoodsIncarceration to control surplus laborImplications for Crime?Crimes of the Capitalists (must control)一 Economic Domination一 Crimes of the Government一 Crimes of Control一 Social Injuries (should be crimes)Crimes of the Lower Class-“ Rebellion 一 Crimes of “ AccommodatiorTPOLICY IMPLICATION?The policy implication of MarxistCriminology is clear一 Dismantle the capitalist structure in favor of a socialist structure ?Criticisms of Instrumental Marxist Criminology? An ? Are“ underdog theo