1、Part II1.A)The number of male nurses has gone down.B)There is discrimination against male nurses.C)There is a growing shortage of medical personnel.D)The number of nurses has dropped to a record low.2.A)Working conditions.B)Educational system.C)Inadequate pay.D)Cultural bias.3.A) He fell out of a li

2、feboat.B) He was almost drowned.C) He lost his way on a beach.D) He enjoyed swimming in the sea.4.A) The lifeboats patrol the area round the clock.B) The beach is a good place to watch the tide.C) The emergency services are efficient.D) The beach is a popular tourist resort.5.A) It climbed 25 storey

3、s at one go.B) It broke into an office room.C) It escaped from a local zoo.D) It became an online star.6.A) Release it into the wild.B) Return it to its owner.C) Send it back to the zoo.D) Give it a physical checkup.7.A)A raccoon can perform acts no human can.B)A raccoon can climb much higher than a

4、 cat.C)The raccoon did something no politician could.D)The raccoon became as famous as some politicians.8.A) She received a bonus unexpectedly.B) She got a well-paying job in a bank.C) She received her first monthly salary.D) She got a pay raise for her performance.9.A) Two decades ago.B) Several ye

5、ars ago.C) Just last month.D) Right after graduation.10.A) He sent a small check to his parents.B) He treated his parents to a nice meal.C) He took a few of his friends to a gym.D) He immediately deposited it in a bank.11.A) Join her colleagues for gym exercise.B) Visit her former university campus.

6、C) Buy some professional clothes.D) Budget her salary carefully.12.A) He has just too many things to attend to.B) He has been overworked recently.C) He has a difficult decision to make.D) He has just quarreled with his girlfriend .13.A) Turn to his girlfriend for assistance.B) Give priority to thing

7、s more urgent.C) Think twice before making the decision.D) Seek advice from his family and advisor.14.A) His girlfriend does not support his decision.B) He is not particularly keen on the job offered.C) He lacks the money for his doctoral program.D) His parents and advisor have different opinions.15

8、.A)They need time to make preparations.B)They havent started their careers yet.C)They need to save enough money for it.D)They havent won their parents approval.16.A)Expressing ideas and opinions freely.B)Enriching social and intellectual lives.C)Acquiring information and professional knowledge.D)Usi

9、ng information to understand and solve problems.17.A) Traveling to different places in the world.B) Playing games that challenge ones mind.C) Improving mind-reading strategies.D) Reading classic scientific literature.18.A) Participate in debates or discussions.B) Expose themselves to different cultu

10、res.C) Discard personal biases and prejudices.D) Give others freedom to express themselves.19.A) Why dogs can be faithful friends of humans.B) The nature of relationships between dogs.C) The reason a great many people love dogs.D) How dogs feel about their bonds with humans20.A)They behave like othe

11、r animals in many ways.B)They have an unusual sense of responsibility.C)They can respond to humans questions.D)They can fall in love just like humans.21.A)They stay with one partner for life.B)They have their own joys and sorrows.C)They experience true romantic love.D)They help humans in various way

12、s.22.A) A rare animal.B) A historical site.C) A cow bone.D) A precious stone.23.A) Dating it.B) Preserving it.C) Measuring it.D) Identifying it.24.A) The channel needs to interview the boy.B) The boy should have called an expert.C) The boys family had acted correctly.D) The site should have been pro

13、tected.25.A) Conduct a more detailed search.B) Ask the university to reward Jude.C) Search for similar fossils elsewhere.D) Seek additional funds for the search.Part IIISection AFinally , some good news about airplane travel. If you are on a plane with a sick passenger, you are unlikely to get sick.

14、That is the 26 B of a new study that looked at how respiratory viruses 27 L on airplanes. Researchers found that only people who were seated in the same row as a passenger with the flu, for exampleor one row in front of or behind that individual had a high risk of catching the illness. All other pas

15、sengers had only a very 28K chance of getting sick, according to the findings. Media reports have not necessarily presented 29A information about the risk of getting infected on an airplane in the past. Therefore, these new findings should help airplane passengers to feel less 30O to catching respir

16、atory infections while traveling by air.Prior to the new study, little was known about the risks of getting 31 C infected by common respiratory viruses, such as the flu or common cold, on an airplane, the researchers said. So, to 32 E the risks of infection , the study team flew on 10 different 33 G

17、 in the U.S. during the flu season.The researchers found that passengers sitting within two seats on 34D side of a person infected with the flu, as well as those sitting one row in front of or behind this individual, had about an 80 percent chance of getting sick. But other passengers were 35H safe

18、from infection. They had a less than 3 percent chance of catching the flu.A) Accurate準確的B) conclusion結局,結果C) directly直接了當的D) either兩者之一的E) evaluate評估F) explorations探索G) flights航班H) largely在很大程度上I) nearby附近J) respond回應 responseK) slim纖細的，苗條的L) spread傳播M) summit頂峰，峰會N) vividly生動形象的O) vulnerable脆弱的 be

19、vulnerable toSection BIs Breakfast Really the Most Important Meal of the Day?早餐真的是一天中最重要的一餐嗎？A Along with old classics like “carrots give you night vision” and “Santa doesnt bring toys to misbehaving children”, one of the most well-worn phrases of tired parents everywhere is that breakfast is the mo

20、st important meal of the day. Many of us grow up believing that skipping breakfast is a serious mistake, even if only two thirds of adults in the UK eat breakfast regularly , according to the British Dietetic Association, and around three-quarters of Americans.A除了“胡蘿卜給你夜視”和“圣誕老人不會給行為不端的孩子帶來玩具”等古老的經典

21、名言外，各地疲憊的父母們最熟悉的一句話是早餐是一天中最重要的一餐。根據英國飲食協會(British Diettic Association)的數據，我們中的許多人從小到大都認為不吃早餐是一個嚴重的錯誤，即使只有三分之二的英國成年人經常吃早餐，而大約四分之三的美國人也是如此。B “The body uses a lot of energy stores for growth and repair through the night,” explains diet specialist Sarah Elder. “Eating a balanced breakfast helps to up ou

22、r energy, as well as make up for protein and calcium used throughout the night.” But theres widespread disagreement over whether breakfast should keep its top spot in the hierarchy( ip) of meals. There have been concerns around the sugar content of cereal and the food industrys involvement in pro-br

23、eakfast researchand even one claim from an academic that breakfast is “dangerous”.B飲食專家莎拉·埃爾德解釋說：“人體整夜都要消耗大量的能量儲備來生長和修復。”“吃一頓均衡的早餐有助于補充我們的能量，還能補充整晚消耗的蛋白質和鈣?！钡牵P于早餐是否應該保持其在餐飲等級(IP)中的首位，人們普遍存在分歧。人們對谷類食品的含糖量和食品業參與支持早餐的研究表示擔憂，甚至有一位學者聲稱早餐是“危險的”。C Whats the reality? Is breakfast a necessary start to

24、 the day or a marketing tactic by cereal companies? The most researched aspect of breakfast (and breakfast-skipping) has been its links to obesity. Scientists have different theories as to why theres a relationship between the two. In one US study that analysed the health data of 50,000 people over

25、seven years, researchers found that those who made breakfast the largest meal of the day were more likely to have a lower body mass index (BMI) than those who ate a large lunch or dinner. The researchers argued that breakfast helps reduce daily calorie intake and improve the quality of our dietsince

26、 breakfast foods are often higher in fibre and nutrients.C現實是什么？早餐是一天的必要開始，還是谷類食品公司的一種營銷策略？研究最多的早餐(和不吃早餐)是它與肥胖的聯系。對于為什么兩者之間存在聯系，科學家們有不同的理論。美國的一項研究分析了5萬人七年來的健康數據，研究人員發現，那些把早餐作為一天中最豐盛的一餐的人比那些午餐或晚餐吃得多的人更有可能身體質量指數(BMI)更低。研究人員認為，早餐有助于減少每天的卡路里攝入量，并提高我們飲食的質量-因為早餐食物通常含有更高的纖維和營養素。D But as with any study of t

27、his kind, it was unclear if that was the causeor if breakfast-skippers were just more likely to be overweight to begin with. To find out, researchers designed a study in which 52 obese women took part in a 12-weck weight loss programme. All had the same number of calories over the day, but half had

28、breakfast, while the other half did not. What they found was that it wasnt breakfast itself that caused the participants to lose weight: it was changing their normal routine.D但與任何這類研究一樣，目前還不清楚這是不是原因，或者不吃早餐的人一開始就更有可能超重。為了找出答案，研究人員設計了一項研究，52名肥胖女性參加了一個12周的減肥計劃。所有人在一天中攝入的卡路里都是相同的，但一半人吃早餐，而另一半人沒有。他們發現，導致

29、參與者減肥的不是早餐本身，而是改變了他們的日常生活方式。E If breakfast alone isnt a guarantee of weight loss, why is there a link between obesity and breakfast- skipping U Alexandra Johnstone, professor of appetite research at the University of Aberdeen, argues that it may simply be because breakfast-skippers have been found t

30、o be less knowledgeable about nutrition and health. “There are a lot of studies on the relationship between breakfast eating and possible health outcomes , but this may be because those who eat breakfast choose to habitually have health-enhancing behaviours such as regular exercise and not smoking,”

31、 she says.E如果單靠早餐不能保證減肥，為什么肥胖和早餐之間存在聯系？阿伯丁大學(University Of Aberdeen)食欲研究教授亞歷山德拉·約翰斯通(U Alexandra Johnstone)認為，這可能只是因為人們發現，不吃早餐的人對營養和健康的知識較少。她說：“有很多關于吃早餐和可能的健康結果之間關系的研究，但這可能是因為那些吃早餐的人選擇習慣性地進行有益健康的行為，比如定期鍛煉和不吸煙。”FA 2016 review of 10 studies looking into the relationship between breakfast and weig

32、ht management concluded there is “limited evidence” supporting or refuting the argument that breakfast influences weight or food intake, and more evidence is required before breakfast recommendations can be used to help prevent obesity.F2016年，一項針對早餐與體重管理關系的10項研究的綜述得出結論，支持或駁斥早餐影響體重或食物攝入量的觀點的證據“有限”，在早

33、餐建議被用來幫助預防肥胖之前，還需要更多的證據。GResearchers from the University of Surrey and University of Aberdeen are halfway through research looking into the mechanisms behind how the time we eat influences body weight. Early findings suggest that a bigger breakfast is beneficial to weight control. Breakfast has been

34、 found to affect more than just weight. Skipping breakfast has been associated with a 27%increased risk of heart disease, a 21% higher risk of type 2 diabetes in men, and a 20%higher risk of type 2 diabetes in women. One reason may be breakfasts nutritional valuepartly because cereal is horrified( W

35、n20 = Jlii ) with vitamins. In one study on the breakfast habits of 1,600 young people in the UK, researchers found that the fibre and micronutrient intake was better in those who had breakfast regularly. There have been similar findings in Australia, Brazil, Canada and the US.G薩里大學和阿伯丁大學的研究人員正在研究我們

36、進食時間如何影響體重背后的機制，目前這項研究已經進行了一半。早期的研究結果表明，早餐吃得多對控制體重有好處。人們發現早餐影響的不僅僅是體重。不吃早餐與心臟病風險增加27%，男性患2型糖尿病風險增加21%，女性患2型糖尿病風險增加20%相關。其中一個原因可能是早餐的營養價值-部分原因是谷類食品富含維生素。在一項關于英國1600名年輕人早餐習慣的研究中，研究人員發現，經常吃早餐的人纖維和微量營養素的攝入量更好。澳大利亞、巴西、加拿大和美國也有類似的發現。HBreakfast is also associated with improved brain function, including con

37、centration and language use. A review of 54 studies found that eating breakfast can improve memory, though the effects on other brain functions were inconclusive. However, one of the reviews researchers, Mary Beth Spitznagel, says there is “reasonable” evidence breakfast does improve concentrationth

38、ere just needs to be more research. “Looking at studies that tested concentration, the number of studies showing a benefit was exactly the same as the number that found no benefit,” she says. “And no studies found that eating breakfast was bad for concentration.”H早餐還與改善大腦功能有關，包括注意力集中和語言使用。一項對54項研究的回

39、顧發現，吃早餐可以改善記憶，盡管對其他大腦功能的影響尚不確定。然而，該綜述的研究人員之一瑪麗·貝絲·斯皮茨納格爾(Mary Beth Spitznagel)表示，有“合理的”證據表明早餐確實能提高注意力-只是需要更多的研究。她說：“看一看測試注意力的研究，顯示有益處的研究數量與發現沒有益處的研究數量完全相同。”“而且沒有研究發現吃早餐不利于集中注意力?！盜 Whats most important, some argue, is what we eat for breakfast. High-protein breakfasts have been found partic

40、ularly effective in reducing the longing for food and consumption later in the day, according to research by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. While cereal remains a firm favourite among breakfast consumers in the UK and US, a recent investigation into the

41、sugar content of adult breakfast cereals found that some cereals contain more than three-quarters of the recommended daily amount of free sugars in each portion, and sugar was the second or third highest ingredient in cereals.i有些人認為，最重要的是我們早餐吃什么。根據澳大利亞聯邦科學和工業研究組織的研究，高蛋白早餐被發現在減少一天晚些時候對食物和消費的渴望方面特別有效。

42、雖然麥片仍然是英國和美國早餐消費者的最愛，但最近一項對“成人”早餐麥片含糖量的調查發現，有些麥片每部分的游離糖含量超過每日推薦量的四分之三，糖是麥片中第二或第三高的成分。J But some research suggests if were going to eat sugary foods, its best to do it early. One study recruited 200 obese adults to take part in a 16-week-long diet, where half added dessert to their breakfast, and hal

43、f didnt. Those who added dessert lost an average of 40 pounds morehowever, the study was unable to show the long- term effects. A review of 54 studies found that there is no consensus yet on what type of breakfast is healthier, and conclude that the type of breakfast doesnt matter as much as simply

44、eating something.J但是一些研究表明，如果我們要吃含糖的食物，最好是早點吃。一項研究招募了200名肥胖成年人參加為期16周的節食，其中一半人在早餐中添加甜點，另一半沒有。添加甜點的人平均減掉了40磅-然而，這項研究無法顯示長期影響。一項對54項研究的回顧發現，關于哪種早餐更健康，目前還沒有達成共識，并得出結論，早餐類型并不像簡單地吃東西那么重要。K While theres no conclusive evidence on exactly what we should be eating and when, the consensus is that we should li

45、sten to our own bodies and eat when were hungry. “Breakfast is most important for people who are hungry when they wake up,” Johnstone says. “Each body starts the day differentlyand those individual differences need to be researched more closely,” Spitznagel says. “A balanced breakfast is really help

46、ful, but getting regular meals throughout the day is more important to leave blood sugar stable through the day, which helps control weight and hunger levels,” says Elder. “Breakfast isnt the only meal we should be getting right.”K雖然沒有確鑿的證據表明我們到底應該吃什么，什么時候吃，但共識是，我們應該聽從自己的身體，在饑餓的時候吃東西。約翰斯通說：“早餐對于那些醒來

47、時感到饑餓的人來說是最重要的。”Spitznagel說：“每個人開始這一天的方式都不同，這些個體差異需要更仔細地研究。”埃爾德說：“均衡的早餐真的很有幫助，但全天有規律的飲食更重要的是讓血糖在一天中保持穩定，這有助于控制體重和饑餓水平?！薄霸绮筒皇俏覀儜撟鰧Φ奈ㄒ灰徊?。”36.According to one professor, obesity is related to a lack of basic awareness of nutrition and health.E37.Some scientists claim that people should consume the rig

48、ht kind of food at breakfast.I38.Opinions differ as to whether breakfast is the most important meal of the day.B39.It has been found that not eating breakfast is related to the incidence of certain diseases in some countries.G40.Researchers found it was a change in eating habits rather than breakfas

49、t itself that induced weight loss.D41.To keep oneself healthy, eating breakfast is more important than choosing what to eat.J42.It is widely considered wrong not to eat breakfast.A43.More research is needed to prove that breakfast is related to weight loss or food intakeF44.People who prioritise bre

50、akfasts tend to have lower calorie but higher nutritional intakeC45.Many studies reveal that eating breakfast helps people memorise and concentrate.H36.根據一位教授的說法，肥胖與缺乏基本的營養和健康意識有關。37.一些科學家聲稱人們應該在早餐時食用正確的食物。38.關于早餐是否是一天中最重要的一餐，意見不一。39.在一些國家，人們發現不吃早餐與某些疾病的發病率有關。40.研究人員發現，導致體重減輕的是飲食習慣的改變，而不是早餐本身。41.為了保

51、持健康，吃早餐比選擇吃什么更重要。42.人們普遍認為不吃早餐是錯誤的。43.需要更多的研究來證明早餐與減肥或食物攝入量有關。44.優先吃早餐的人往往卡路里較低，但營養攝入量較高。45.許多研究表明，吃早餐有助于人們記憶和集中注意力。Section CPassage OneTextbooks represent an 11 billion dollar industry, up from $8 billion in 2014. Textbook publisher Pearson is the largest publisherof any kindin the world.It costs a

52、bout $1 million to create a new textbook. A freshman textbook will have dozens of contributors, from subject-matter experts through graphic and layout artists to expert reviewers and classroom testers. Textbook publishers connect professors, instructors and students in ways that alternatives替代品, suc

53、h as open e-textbooks and open educational resources, simply do not. This connection happens not only by means of collaborative development, review and testing, but also at conferences where faculty regularly decide on their textbooks and curricula for the coming year.It is true that textbook publis

54、hers have recently reported losses, largely due to students renting or buying used print textbooks. But this can be chalked up to the excessively high cost of their bookswhich has increased over 1, 000 percent since 1977. A restructuring of the textbook industry may well be in order. But this does n

55、ot mean the end of the textbook itself.While they may not be as dynamic as an iPad, textbooks are not passive or lifeless. For example, over the centuries, they have simulated dialogues in a number of ways. From 1800 to the resent day, textbooks have done this by posing questions for students to ans

56、wer inductively. That means students are asked to use their individual experience to come up with answers to general questions. Todays psychology texts, for example, ask: “How much of your personality do you think you inherited?” while ones in physics say: “How can you predict where the ball you tos

57、sed will land ”Experts observe that “textbooks come in layers, something like an onion.” For an active learner, engaging with a textbook can be an interactive experience: Readers proceed at their own pace.They “customize” their books by engaging with different layers and linkages. Highlighting , Post-It notes, dog-ears and other techniques allow for further customization that students value in print books over digital forms of books.教科書代表著一個價值110億美元的產業，高于2014年的80億美元。教科書出版商皮爾遜是世界上最大的出版商。制作一本新教科書大約要花費100萬美元。一本新生教科書將有數十名撰稿人，從主題專家到平面和布