1、目 錄1緒論11.1引言11.2電子密碼鎖的背景11.3本設計特點12設計要求22.1設計任務22.2設計要求23硬件電路設計23.1設計方案的選擇3 3.1.1方案一3 3.1.2方案二3 3.1.3方案確定33.2密碼輸入方式的選擇4 3.2.1方案一4 3.2.1方案二4 3.2.3方案確定43.3主要元器件簡介43.4硬件系統結構5 3.4.1復位電路5 3.4.2晶振電路6 3.4.3存儲電路6 3.4.4報警電路74.程序設計84.1程序清單84.2 proteus/keil仿真圖17 4.2.1電子密碼鎖開機仿真結果17 4.2.2電子密碼鎖修改密碼仿真結果175.總結18參考文

2、獻191.緒論1.1引言在日常生活和工作中，鎖是每個人都離不開的，它是保護個人財產安全、保護資料檔案的關鍵元素。隨著電子技術的飛速發展，傳統彈子鎖的缺點漸漸被放大，社會對新式電子密碼鎖的需求越來越大，前景廣闊。本課題主要采用單片機完成了一套具有按鍵輸入、顯示、解鎖、報警及密碼修改等多種功能的電子密碼控制系統。據有關資料介紹，電子密碼鎖的研究從20世紀30年代就開始了，在一些特殊場所早就有所應用。這種鎖是通過鍵盤輸入一組密碼完成開鎖過程。研究這種鎖的初衷，就是為提高鎖的安全性。由于電子鎖的密鑰量（密碼量）極大，可以與機械鎖配合使用，并且可以避免因鑰匙被仿制而留下安全隱患。電子鎖只需記住一組密碼，

3、無需攜帶金屬鑰匙，免除了人們攜帶金屬鑰匙的煩惱，而被越來越多的人所欣賞。電子鎖的種類繁多，例如數碼鎖，指紋鎖，磁卡鎖，IC卡鎖，生物鎖等。但較實用的還是按鍵式電子密碼鎖。目前使用的電子密碼鎖大部分是基于單片機技術，以單片機為主要器件，其編碼器與解碼器的生成為軟件方式。1.2電子密碼鎖的背景隨著社會科技的進步，鎖已發展到了密碼鎖、磁性鎖、電子鎖、激光鎖、聲控鎖等等。在傳統鑰匙的基礎上，加了一組或多組密碼，不同聲音，不同磁場，不同聲波，不同光束光波，不同圖像。（如指紋、眼底視網膜等）來控制鎖的開啟。從而大大提高了鎖的安全性，使不法之徒無從下手，人們也就能對自身財產安全有了更多的保障。當今安全信息系

4、統應用越來越廣泛，特別在保護機密、維護隱私和財產保護方面起到重大作用，而基于電子密碼鎖的安全系統是其中的組成部分，因此研究它具有重大的現實意義。1.3本設計特點本系統由24C02和12864顯示的電子密碼鎖設計單片機系統、43矩陣鍵盤、12864顯示和報警系統等組成，具有設置、修改六位用戶密碼、超次報警、超次鎖定、密碼錯誤報警等功能（本設計由P0口控制LCD顯示，密碼正確則進入系統。密碼錯誤顯示“密碼錯誤，重新輸入密碼”）除上述基本的密碼鎖功能外，依據實際的情況還可以添加遙控功能。本系統成本低廉，功能實用。2.設計要求2.1設計任務設計一種基于單片機的密碼鎖2.2 設計要求2.2.1密碼用鍵盤

5、輸入（4-8位）2.2.2用戶可預置密碼（4-8位）2.2.3用LED數碼管或LCD顯示密碼值，密碼設置成功或開鎖后顯示“*”2.2.4密碼輸入成功后開鎖，密碼輸入錯誤時數碼管或者LCD提示錯誤信息，并且紅色的LED亮，三次輸入錯誤后，揚聲器報警。3.硬件電路設計3.1設計方案的選擇3.1.1方案一采用數字密碼鎖電路的好處就是設計簡單。用以74LS112雙JK觸發器構成的數字邏輯電路作為密碼鎖的核心控制，共設了9個用戶輸入鍵，其中只有4個是有效的密碼按鍵，其它的都是干擾按鍵，若按下干擾鍵，鍵盤輸入電路自動清零，原先輸入的密碼無效，需要重新輸入；如果用戶輸入密碼的時間超過40秒（一般情況下，用戶

6、不會超過40秒，若用戶覺得不便，還可以修改）電路將報警80秒，若電路連續報警三次，電路將鎖定鍵盤5分鐘，防止他人的非法操作。電路由兩大部分組成：密碼鎖電路和備用電源(UPS)，其中設置UPS電源是為了防止因為停電造成的密碼鎖電路失效，使用戶免遭麻煩。密碼鎖電路包含：鍵盤輸入、密碼修改、密碼檢測、開鎖電路、執行電路、報警電路、鍵盤輸入次數鎖定電路。3.1.2方案二采用一種是用以80C51為核心的單片機控制方案。利用單片機靈活的編程設計和豐富的IO端口，及其控制的準確性，不但能實現基本的密碼鎖功能，還能添加調電存儲、聲光提示甚至添加遙控控制功能。其原理如圖所示。80C51單片機矩陣鍵盤控制輸入錯誤

7、鎖定鍵盤延時報警控制電路24C02掉電存儲開鎖控制電路指示電路串口顯示電路圖3-1系統總設計結構圖3.1.3方案確定通過比較以上兩種方案，單片機方案有較大的活動空間，不但能實現所要求的功能而且能在很大的程度上擴展功能，而且還可以方便的對系統進行升級，所以我們采用后一種方案。另外從經濟實用的角度出發，采用80C51單機，研制了一款具有防盜自動報警功能的電子密碼鎖。該密碼鎖設計方法合理，簡單易行，成本低，符合住宅、辦公室用鎖要求，具有一定的推廣價值。3.2密碼輸入方式的選擇3.2.1方案一指紋輸入識別：指紋識別技術主要涉及四個功能：讀取指紋圖像、提取特征、保存數據和比對。通過指紋讀取設備讀取到人體

8、指紋的圖像，然后要對原始圖像進行初步的處理，使之更清晰，再通過指紋辨識軟件建立指紋的特征數據。軟件從指紋上找到被稱為“節點”（minutiae）的數據點，即指紋紋路的分叉、終止或打圈處的坐標位置，這些點同時具有七種以上的唯一性特征。通常手指上平均具有70個節點，所以這種方法會產生大約490個數據。這些數據，通常稱為模板。通過計算機模糊比較的方法，把兩個指紋的模板進行比較，計算出它們的相似程度，最終得到兩個指紋的匹配結果，從而判斷輸入結果的正確與否。3.2.2方案二矩陣鍵盤輸入識別：由各按鍵組成的矩陣鍵盤每條行線和列線都對應一條I/O口線，鍵位設在行線和列線的交叉點，當一個鍵按下就會有某一條行線

9、與某一條列線接觸，只要確定接觸的是哪兩條線，即哪兩個I/O口線，就可以確定哪一個鍵被觸動。行線設計成上拉口線，初始時被置高電位，列線懸空，初始置低。通過不斷讀行線口線，或者中斷方式觸發鍵位掃描。當發現有鍵按下，將列線逐一置低，其他列線置高，讀行線口線。當某條列線置低時，某條行線也被拉低，則確定這兩條線的交點處的按鈕被按下。3.2.3方案確定考慮到方案一軟硬件太過復雜，而且成本也高，故不采用，而方案二每個按鍵都可通過程序賦予功能，從而完成密碼識別本方案簡單易行，故采用。3.3主要元器件簡介3.3.1 24C02串行E2PROM是基于I2C-BUS 的存儲器件，遵循二線制協議，由于其具有接口方便，

10、體積小，數據掉電不丟失等特點，在儀器儀表及工業自動化控制中得到大量的應用。隨著世界上各公司對該器件的開發，市場上推出了許多牌號的24C02器件，甚至還有一些冒牌的24C02器件，這樣就使批量生產的單片機控制系統的質量出現時好時壞的問題。筆者經過大量的設計實踐和試驗摸索找出了24C02在應用中之所以出現數據被沖掉的原因，并總結了一套保護24C02數據安全的軟硬件設計方法。3.3.2 80C5180C51單片機屬于MCS-51系列單片機，由Intel公司開發，其結構是8048的延伸，改進了8048的缺點，增加了如乘（MUL）、除（DIV）、減（SUBB）、比較（CMP）、16位數據指針、布爾代數運

11、算等指令，以及串行通信能力和5個中斷源。采用40個引腳雙列直插式DIP（Dual In Line Package），內有128個RAM單元及4K的ROM。3.3.3 1286412864液晶是一種統稱，只說明類屏的一個特征，就是128*64個點構成。對于液晶屏的特性則沒有說明。3.4硬件系統結構3.4.1復位電路單片機復位是使CPU和系統中的其他功能部件都處在一個確定的初始狀態，并從這個狀態開始工作，例如復位后PC0000H，使單片機從第個單元取指令。無論是在單片機剛開始接上電源時，還是斷電后或者發生故障后都要復位。在復位期間（即RST為高電平期間），P0口為高組態，P1P3口輸出高電平；外部

12、程序存儲器讀選通信號PSEN無效。地址鎖存信號ALE也為高電平。根據實際情況選擇如圖2-1所示的復位電路。該電路在最簡單的復位電路下增加了手動復位按鍵，在接通電源瞬間，電容C1上的電壓很小，復位下拉電阻上的電壓接近電源電壓，即RST為高電平，在電容充電的過程中RST端電壓逐漸下降，當RST端的電壓小于某一數值后，CPU脫離復位狀態，由于電容C1足夠大，可以保證RST高電平有效時間大于24個振蕩周期，CPU能夠可靠復位。增加手動復位按鍵是為了避免死機時無法可靠復位。圖3-2復位電路3.4.2晶振電路80c51引腳XTAL1和XTAL2與晶體振蕩器及電容C4、C5按圖2-2所示方式連接。晶振、電容

13、C4C5及片內與非門（作為反饋、放大元件）構成了電容三點式振蕩器，振蕩信號頻率與晶振頻率及電容C4、C5的容量有關，但主要由晶振頻率決定，范圍在033MHz之間，電容C4、C5取值范圍在530pF之間。根據實際情況，本設計中采用12MHZ做系統的外部晶振11。電容取值為20pF。圖3-3晶振電路3.4.3存儲電路AT24C02是一個2K位串行CMOSE2PROM，內部含有256個8位字節，CATALYST公司的先進CMOS技術實質上減少了器件的功耗。AT24C02有一個16字節頁寫緩沖器。該器件通過IC總線接口進行操作，有一個專門的寫保護功能。采用兩線串行的總線和單片機通訊，電壓最低可以到2.

14、5V，額定電流為1mA，靜態電流10Ua(5.5V)，芯片內的資料可以在斷電的情況下保存40年以上，而且采用8腳的DIP封裝，使用方便。圖3-4存儲電路3.4.4報警電路報警部分由陶瓷壓電發聲裝置及外圍電路組成，加電后不發聲，當有鍵按下時，“?！甭?，每按一下，發聲一次，密碼正確時，不發聲直接開鎖，當密碼輸入錯誤時，單片機的P2.1引腳為低電平，三極管T3導喇叭發出噪鳴聲報警。圖3-5報警電路4.程序設計4.1 程序清單*/#include#include#include#include#define uchar unsigned char#define uint unsigned intsbi

15、t LED1=P15;sbit LED2=P16;sbit INIT=P22;sbit SOUND=P17;ucharidata key6=0,0,0,0,0,0;ucharidataiic6=0,1,2,3,4,5;void press(uchar *s)uchardat;/* P3=0xf0;/保存第一位密碼while(P3=0xf0);dat=key_scan();if(dat!=0x0a)&(dat!=0x0b) *s=dat;Left(); star_12864(star,0x05,16); s+;/* P3=0xf0; /保存第二位密碼while(P3=0xf0);dat=key_

16、scan(); if(dat!=0x0a)&(dat!=0x0b) *s=dat;Left(); star_12864(star,0x05,24); s+;/* P3=0xf0; /保存第三位密碼while(P3=0xf0);dat=key_scan();if(dat!=0x0a)&(dat!=0x0b) *s=dat;Left(); star_12864(star,0x05,32); s+;/* P3=0xf0; /保存第四位密碼while(P3=0xf0);dat=key_scan();if(dat!=0x0a)&(dat!=0x0b) *s=dat;Left(); star_12864(

17、star,0x05,40); s+;/* P3=0xf0; /保存第五位密碼while(P3=0xf0);dat=key_scan();if(dat!=0x0a)&(dat!=0x0b) *s=dat;Left(); star_12864(star,0x05,48); s+;/* P3=0xf0; /保存第六位密碼while(P3=0xf0);dat=key_scan();if(dat!=0x0a)&(dat!=0x0b) *s=dat;Left(); star_12864(star,0x05,56); /* doP3=0xf0;/鍵入Enter鍵盤繼續執行下面語句，否則等待while(P3=

18、0xf0);dat=key_scan();while(dat!=0x0b);void Delay10ms(void) /延時10ms uinti,j,k;for(i=5;i0;i-)for(j=4;j0;j-)for(k=248;k0;k-);void main()uchardat;uchar i=0,j=0,k;uchar x; LED1=1; LED2=1; SOUND=0; INIT=1; if(INIT=0) /密碼初始化 x=SendB(iic,0x50,6);Delay10ms(); /首先從IIC器件中讀出密碼以供下面輸入密碼進行比較 x=ReadB(iic,0x50,6); I

19、nit_12864();/for(i=0;i150;i+)Delay10ms();/*若密碼不正確，循環執行dowhile（）*do P3=0xf0;while(P3=0xf0);dat=key_scan();while(dat!=0x0b);if(dat=0x0b) do LED1=1; System(); /顯示：請輸入密碼字幕press(key); if(key0=iic0)&(key1=iic1)&(key2=iic2)&(key3=iic3)&(key4=iic4)&(key5=iic5) /密碼比較,若密碼正確責進入系統，若密碼不正確則顯示密碼錯誤，重新輸入密碼 true();do

20、 P3=0xf0;/鍵入1或2繼續執行下面語句，否則等待while(P3=0xf0);dat=key_scan();while(dat!=0x01&dat!=0x02); if(dat=1) /開鎖 LED1=0;unlock();for(i=0;i100;i+)Delay10ms();continue; if(dat=2)/修改密碼 doSystem(); press(key);again();press(iic); if(key0=iic0)&(key1=iic1)&(key2=iic2)&(key3=iic3)&(key4=iic4)&(key5=iic5) succeed();/修改密

21、碼成功for(i=0;i100;i+)Delay10ms();Delay10ms(); x=SendB(iic,0x50,6);Delay10ms(); x=ReadB(iic,0x50,6);break; else /修改密碼不成功，重新修改 repeat();for(i=0;i100;i+)Delay10ms(); while(1); else /密碼不正確，重新輸入密碼j+;if(j=3)for(i=0;i8;i+) LED2=0;for(k=0;k5;k+)Delay10ms(); LED2=1;for(k=0;k5;k+)Delay10ms();j=0; error();for(i=

22、0;i50;i+)Delay10ms(); while(1); 4.2 proteus/keil仿真圖4.2.1電子密碼鎖開機仿真結果4.2.2 電子密碼鎖修改密碼仿真結果5.總結使用單片機的制作的電子密碼鎖具有軟硬件設計簡單，易于開發，成本較低，安全可靠，操作方便等特點，可應用于住宅、辦公室的保險箱及檔案柜等需要防盜的場所，有一點的實用性。該電路設計還具有按鍵有效提示，輸入錯誤提示，控制開鎖電平，控制報警電路，修改密碼等多種功能。通過本次課程設計，讓我對單片機有了進一步的熟悉和了解，從理論到實踐，在這段日子里，可以說得是苦多于甜，但是可以學到很多很多的東西，同時不僅可以鞏固了以前所學過的知識

23、，而且學到了很多在書本上所沒有學到過的知識。通過這次課程設計使我懂得了理論與實際相結合是很重要的，只有理論知識是遠遠不夠的，只有把所學的理論知識與實踐相結合起來，從理論中得出結論，才能真正為社會服務，從而提高自己的實際動手能力和獨立思考的能力。此次設計也讓我明白了思路即出路，有什么不懂不明白的地方要及時請教或上網查詢，只要認真鉆研，動腦思考，動手實踐，就沒有弄不懂的知識，收獲頗豐。特別感謝為輔導我們這次課程設計，一直辛苦工作的梁芳老師。參考文獻1李建忠 余新拴 閔永智. 單片機原理及應用.(第三版). 西安電子科技大學出版社. 2013.102 王為青程國鋼.單片機Keil Cx51 應用開發

24、技術.人民郵電出版社,2007.2 3朱定華單片機原理及接口技術實驗北京：清華大學出版社北方交通大學出版社2002.014蔡明文 馮先成單片機課程設計武漢：華中科技及大學出版社2007.08請刪除以下內容，O(_)O謝謝！ The term autism refers to a cluster of conditions appearing early in childhood. All involve severe impairments in social interaction, communication, imaginative abilities, and rigid, repet

25、itive behaviors. To be considered an autistic disorder, some of these impairments must be manifest before the age of three. The reference book used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , also known as the DSM. The 20

26、00 edition of this reference book (the Fourth Edition Text Revision known as DSM-IV-TR ) places autism in a category called pervasive developmental disorders . All of these disorders are characterized by ongoing problems with mutual social interaction and communication, or the presence of strange, r

27、epetitive behaviors,interests, and activities. People diagnosed with these disorders are affected in many ways for their entire lives. Description Each child diagnosed with an autistic disorder differs from every other, and so general descriptions of autistic behavior and characteristics do not appl

28、y equally to every child. Still, the common impairments in social interaction, communication and imagination, and rigid, repetitive behaviors make it possible to recognize children with these disorders, as they differ markedly from healthy children in many ways. Many parents of autistic children sen

29、se that something is not quite right even when their children are infants. The infants may have feeding problems, dislike being changed or bathed, or fuss over any change in routine. They may hold their bodies rigid, making it difficult for parents to cuddle them. Or, they may fail to anticipate bei

30、ng lifted, lying passively while the parent reaches for them, rather than holding their arms up in return. Most parents of autistic children become aware of the strangeness of these and other behaviors only gradually. Impairments in social interaction are usually among the earliest symptoms to devel

31、op. The most common social impairment is a kind of indifference to other people, or aloofness, even towards parents and close care-givers. The baby may fail to respond to his or her name being called and may show very little facial expression unless extremely angry, upset, or happy. Babies with auti

32、sm may resist being touched, and appear to be lost in their own world, far from human interaction. Between seven and 10 months of age, most infants often resist being separated from a parent or well-known caregiver, but these infants may show no disturbance when picked up by a stranger. Other childr

33、en with autism may be very passive, although less resistant to efforts by others to interact. However, they do not initiate social interaction themselves. Still others may attempt to engage with adults and peers, but in ways that strike others as inappropriate, or odd. In adolescence and adulthood,

34、some of the higher-functioning individuals with autistic disorders may appear overly formal and polite. They may react with little spontaneity, as if social interaction doesnt come naturally or easily to them, and so they are trying to follow a pre-determined set of rules. Some individuals with auti

35、sm have normal intelligence, and many have special talents in areas such as music or memory. However, individuals with autism may have other mental or emotional problems that co-exist with their autism. Some of these other disorders may include impulse control disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorde

36、r , mood and anxiety disorders, and mental retardation . PSYCHOLOGICAL AND FAMILY FACTORS. Although Henry Maudsley, in the late 1800s, was the first psychiatrist to focus on very young children with mental disorders, it was the psychiatrist Leo Kanner who coined the phrase early infantile autism in

37、1943. Kanner believed that the parents of children with autistic behaviors were emotionally cold and intellectually distant. He coined the term refrigerator parents to describe them. His belief that parental personality and behavior played a powerful role in the development of autistic behaviors lef

38、t a devastating legacy of guilt and self-blame among parents of autistic children that continues to this day. Recent studies are unequivocal, however, in demonstrating that parents of autistic children are no different from parents of healthy children in their personalities or parenting behaviors. I

39、n fact, many families with an autistic child also have one or more perfectly healthy children. Because autistic children can be extremely sensitive to change, any change within the family situation can be potentially traumatic to the autistic child. A move, divorce, birth of a sibling or other stres

40、sors that occur in the lives of most families may evoke a more extreme reaction from an autistic child. While there is no single neurological abnormality found in children with autistic disorders, some research using non-invasive brain imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sugg

41、ests that certain areas of the brain may be involved. Several of the brain areas being researched are known to control emotion and the expression of emotion. These areas include the temporal lobe (large lobe of each side of the brain that contains a sensory area associated with hearing), the limbic

42、system, the cerebellum, the frontal lobe, the amygdala, and the brain stem, which regulates homeostasis (body temperature and heart rate). Recent research has focused particularly on the temporal lobe because of the finding that previously healthy people who sustain temporal lobe damage may develop

43、autistic-like symptoms. In animal research, when the temporal lobe is damaged, social behavior declines, and restless, repetitive motor behaviors are common. When measured by MRI, total brain volume appears to be greater for those with autistic disorders. Other neurological factors include lesions t

44、o the brain, congenital rubella, undiagnosed and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU), tuberous sclerosis, and Retts disorder (a related condition in which the baby develops in an apparently normal manner through age five months, and then begins to lose communicative and social interaction skills). There

45、 is also evidence of a higher proportion of perinatal complications (complications arising around the time of giving birth) among children with autistic symptoms. These complications include maternal bleeding after the first trimester and meconium in the amniotic fluid. (Meconium is a substance that

46、 accumulates in the bowel of the developing fetus and is discharged shortly after birth.) Some evidence suggests that the use of medications during pregnancy may be related to the development of autistic symptoms. As newborns, children with autistic behaviors show a higher rate of respiratory illnes

47、s and anemia than healthy children. ALLERGIES, INFECTIONS, AND IMMUNIZATIONS. Some professionals believe that autistic disorders may be caused by allergies to particular fungi, viral infections, and various foods. No controlled studies have supported these beliefs, but some parents and professionals

48、 report improvement when allergens and/or certain foods are eliminated from the diet. Viral infections of the mother, such as rubella, or of the young child, such as encephalitis, mumps, and measles, occasionally appear to cause autistic disorders. The common childhood immunization series known as M

49、MR (measles, mumps, rubella) has recently come under scrutiny as a possible cause of some autistic conditions.Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games

50、 as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like

51、 Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long directio

52、n) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unles