1、英語語法：英語的十一種否定轉移現象摘要： 否定的轉移是指英語否定句在句中某一部分（常在謂語部分）， 但在語義上卻是否定另一部分的現象。含有全體意義的代詞和副詞作主語或賓語時，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定主語或賓語，表示部分否定。否定的轉移是指英語否定句在句中某一部分（常在謂語部分），但在語義上卻是否定另一部分的現象。翻譯這類句子時不要單純依賴語法分析，而應從語義上分析，根據上下文理解句意。例：He doesn t teach because teaching is easy for him.他之所以教書，并不是因為他覺得教書輕松。John didn't attend the meetin

2、g because he was ill.約翰沒有出席會議, 因為他病了。以上句子是否采用“ 否定轉移”以譯文意思合乎邏輯為準則。一、在表示“ 看法 ”的謂語動詞上的否定形式，語義上卻是否定后面的賓語從句。此類動詞有：think, believe, suppose, imagine,expect, anticipate, fancy, consider, find（ 感到 ）,guess,be supposed to, calculate,figure, reckon 。I don't believe I've met you before. 我認為我沒有見過你。I don&#

3、39;t think you will be late. 我認為你不會遲到。I don't suppose he cares, does he? 我看他不在乎，對吧？He doesn't expect we need worry. 他認為我們不必著急。I don t recon she is old enough to go to school. 我認為她還沒到上學的年紀。注：上述表示“ 看法 ” 或 “判斷 ”的動詞出現以下情況時，其否定不發生轉移：（ 1 ）用作插入語時：Li Lei, I think, wont be angry with you. 我想李蕾不會生你的氣。

4、Tom, I suppose, won t be againstit. 我猜想湯姆不會反對。2 ）這些動詞跟其他另一個動詞一起做并列謂語時：t do that. 我相信并且也希望他將不會那樣做。I believe and hope he won（ 3 ）用于疑問句時：Do you think it is not going to rain?你認為天不會下雨嗎？（ 4 ）主句中添加情態動詞can't, mustn't, wouldn't 時：You mustn t think he s stupid.你不應該認為他愚蠢。I wouldn't have imagin

5、ed that you would be here.我不曾想到你會在這兒。I can t imagine how he could survive that car accident.我想象不出在那次車禍中他是怎樣活命的。（ 5 ） think , expect 作料想講時：I didn t expect I d meet you here. 我沒料到會在這里碰上你。We didn t think he is such a selfish man. 我們沒料到他是這樣一個自私的人。（ 6） suppose , think 用于祈使句式或被副詞修飾時：Don t suppose you have

6、 passed the exam, for this is only a part of the exam.別以為你通過了考試，這僅僅是考試的一部分。I simply dont think you will give me a hand when I m in difficulty. 我根本不指望你在我困難的時候能幫助我。I really don t think it s necessary for us to go there now. 我的確不認為我們有必要去那兒。I feel strongly that he shouldn t do such a thing. 我強烈地認為他不應該做那

7、樣的事。（ 7 ）上述動詞所接的賓語從句中如有all , every , many , both 等表全體意義的詞或副詞時：I don t believe both of them are innocent. 我不相信他們兩個都是清白的。I never expect all the students will do the exercises after classes.我從不抱希望于所有學生都會在課外做作業。We don t consider everybody in our class is interested in this topic.我們并不認為班里的每個人都對這個話題感興趣。（

8、8 ）由于 cannothelp,ought not ， neednot ， not at all 等短語的關系而把I think 隔離：t help thinking of the past. 我應該想到你會禁不I should have thought sometimes you couldn住想起過去。I think you ought not to walk at night alone, Mrs. Moore.I think you need not be impolite to her ， as well as to her son."I think the angel

9、are not at all in heaven."said."二、在表示“ 感覺 ”的謂語動詞上d 否定形式，語義上卻否定表語部分。此類動詞有：appear, seem,feel, sound, taste, smell, as if， feel , look ,sound,feel like,looklike.The old streets don t appeardeserted. ( not deserted.) 老街看樣子還沒被廢棄。I'm not feeling very well today. My head aches. ( not very wel

10、l)我今天感至U不怎么舒服, 頭痛。The food doesnt taste fresh. ( not fresh .) 食物償起來不鮮。It doesn t seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。It doesn t appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。3、 seem, prove, happen 與不定式構成復合謂語，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定不定式。The president didn't happen to attend that meeting.

11、(happen not to attend )董事長碰巧沒參加那次會議。Your answer doesn t seem to be right. (seem not to be) 你的答案看起來似乎不正確。Jack doens't seem to like you . (= Jack seems not to like you ) 杰克看來不喜歡你。The news didn't seem to be true. 這個消息好象并不是真的。4、 pretend , remember 的賓語為非謂語動詞時，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定賓語,即非謂語動詞。My Italian fri

12、end didnt pretend to see her tutor in the dining room. (pretend not tosee)我的意大利朋友在餐廳里假裝沒看見她導師。I couldn 't remember having carried my wallet out.( 否定 having )我t己得不曾帶錢包出門。五、形式上否定謂語，語義上否定賓語補足語。I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it. 錢，因為他從不需要錢。我知道他身上從不帶We do not consider

13、 melting or boiling to be chemical change. (not to be 和沸騰不是化學反應。) 我們認為熔化Seeing a ball flying, we don 認為它不會永遠飛下去。t expect the ball to fly forever. (not to fly)看到球飛時，我們I don t think math difficult. 我認為數學不難。I don t find the story interesting. 我認為這個故事沒有趣。I don t expect so. 我認為不會。六、在 “It is / was likely

14、/ probably+從句 ”中，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定從句。It isn't likely that it will rain tomorrow. 看起來明天不會下雨。It isn't probable that he will come here today.他今天也許不會來這里了。七、形式上否定謂語，語義上否定狀語或狀語從句。Hewasnot ready to believe somethingjust because Aristotle said so. (否定 because 狀語 )他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。Don't judge a

15、man by his appearance. 不要以貌取人。Don t read in the sun. 不要在陽光下看書。Don t talk with your mouth full of food. 不要口里含著食物說話。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.螞蟻不只是為自己采食。Let s not talk about it here. 我們別在這里談吧。This great victory has not been won easily. 這個偉大的勝利贏來得并不容易。I didn't know his name unt

16、il yesterday. ( not . until )我直到昨天才知道他的名字。He didn't take the boy from the tracks to safety to win his own fame but tobenefit the boy'sparents 他把男孩從鐵軌上抱到安全地帶，不是為了獲得個人的名譽，而是為了孩子的父母。注：含有notbecause (of)的句子，情況較復雜，需根據邏輯、語境和常識進行判斷是否需要作否定轉移，如需轉移的話，往往是由否定謂語轉為否定狀語。例如：Hewasnot ready to believe somethin

17、gjust because Aristotle said so. （否定 because 狀語 ）他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。I don t teach because teaching is easy for me. 我教書并不是因為我覺得教書輕松。The engine didnt stop because the fuel was used up. 發動機并不是因為油用完而停車的。He didn t go to class because he was sick. 他沒去上課，因為他生病了。（這句話不需作否定轉移）The manager didnt give a speec

18、h because he felt painful in his throat.經理沒發表講話，因為他喉嚨痛。She didn t call you because she loved you. 這個句子可能出現兩種理解：A. 她給你打電話并非因為她愛你。（發生了否定轉移）B.她沒給你打電話是因為她愛你。（未發生否定轉移）到底哪種理解正確，我們無法從邏輯意義上進行辨別，這時我們只有借助語境即上下文來分析了。即這類句子是否采用“ 否定轉移”以譯文意思合乎邏輯為準則。八、表示信念、看法、愿望的名詞充當主語從句的表語時，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定主語從句。這類詞有：hope, thought, vi

19、ew, opinion ,wish, expectation, belief, plan 等。It is not our expectation that you will suffer a lot from that.（will not suffer）我彳門希望你不要為那事受太多苦。It is not my opinion that you spend much time on computer games.（do not spend）我的看法是你不要花太多時間玩電腦游戲。It is not their plan that their homework is done on Sunday.他

20、們計劃星期天不做家庭作業。九、含有全體意義的代詞和副詞作主語或賓語時，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定主語或賓語，表示部分否定。這類詞有：all, both, every, everybody,everything, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely， wholly 。All the people didn't know the truth. （Not all the people knew the truth.）并非所有的人都知道事情的真相。發光的不總是金子。All that glitters is not gold.)兩個孩子并不都聰明。Both the children are not clever. (Not both the chi