1、跨文化管理期末作業(yè)（2012-2013學(xué)年第二學(xué)期）一、簡(jiǎn)答（英語(yǔ)作答）1. Hofstede discovered four dimensions of cultural difference in his early study. They are: Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity.ANSWER:distance" and "to prevent the degree of uncertainty."

2、This because the main function is to distribute power and reduce or prevent the operation of France accept a lesser extent, so pay to the rules States, the Netherlands, Describe any two Values Orientations of this theory and explain with examples.ANSWER:（1） What is human nature?Taking the Three char

3、acter primer into consideration, we can easily get to know that men are born innocent in Chinese culture, at least in traditional culture. Back to ancient time, all of the aristocracy, as well as the sadhu, such as Confucius, Zhuxi and so on, place more importance on the morality, which is the domin

4、ant principle in our society. Thus, people in our country pay more attention on the morality but law in the past, which may better indicate the nature of human beings in our culture.（2）What is the relationship between humans and nature?Nowadays, our government advocates build a harmonious society, a

5、s the importance of environmental conservation has been realized with the development of society. However, in fact, Laozi has advocated a harmonious relationship with nature in three thousand years ago. Besides, our ancestors show respect for the nature, as well as the emperor regard he is the son o

6、f Heaven, which helps to uncover the relationship between men and nature. What more, there are many typical concepts also suggest it, including geomancy, fengshui and others. Therefore, compared with the view that mans subjugation to nature or the conquest of nature, our culture is more harmonious.（

7、3）What is the relationship between humans?In addition to the above question, the relationship between humans seems more significant as it involves in everyone in the society.In contrast to the westners being individualism, people in our to cooperate help but seeking advice from the people around us,

8、 consciously However, to the whole group.With the rise of globalization, the communication among different becomes frequent. A growing number of Chinese attach more to individual competence and achievement. Thus, the humans tending to group oriented.（4）with the development of Chinese are not limited

9、 to the past, but also After reading above you may get a clear acknowledge about Chinese Specific Vs. Diffuse Achievement vs. ascription Monochronic vs. Polychronic Internal control vs. External control Individualism vs. CollectivismDescribe any two cultural dimensions of Trompenaars study and expla

10、in with examples. ANSWER:Universalism Vs. Particularism（1）. Features of cultures with high universalism:Focusing on formal rules than on relationships; adhering to contracts closely; a deal is a deal（2）. Features of cultures with high particularism:Focusing on relationships and trust than on rules;

11、circumstances dictating the modification of legal contracts; often changing the way deals are executedCase: Malpensa airportThe Protestant Dutch stuck to following the contract. The prepayment of some $100 million for the development of Malpensa airport was one of the central conditions. The Italian

12、s saw it as a sign of the seriousness of the alliance, rather than of the financial evaluation of the investment. When the investment failed to go according to schedule, the began discussing Discussion: From a cultural perspective, explain why the alliance failed.Individualism vs. Collectivism（1）per

13、sonal responsibility（2）to work in multicultural teams.An individual bonus Discussion ：Whats your solution to this dilemma? Take a compromise and have a mixed system of 50 percent variable pay based on team performance and 50 percent on individual bonus.4. What are High context and Low context cultur

14、es? Please discuss their influence on cross-cultural communication.ANSWER:High context cultures ：Most of information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Low context cultures：The mass of theinformation is vested in the explicit code.

15、High and low context culture communication guide restricts the language units of choice, the expression of meaning and understanding. The cultural differences often causes communication obstacles, because it affects information acquisition, hinder people's communication. In actual communication,

16、 on the one hand, we must respect others' culture, subscribe to other people's communication mode, on the other hand, we also can't forget their national cultural characteristics. Foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, reached a consensus, and promote the communication is our purpos

17、e.5. Try to analyze cross-cultural differences in negotiation.ANSWER:（1）Different regions of people have different ways with work。North-western Europe, North America and central were to individual. Europe's Mediterranean coast people find contact personal to personal is understand others better.

18、 In Latin America the the in the talks will not start business.（2）Sense of timeare generally believed that so that the time is cherished in business negotiations. But backward feudal consciousness or relatively strongThe three standards of measuring negotiations is this:（1）wisdom - The first measure

19、 of negotiation it is wise. The results of the negotiations should be wise. Because the negotiations are the negotiations both sides in order to achieve a consensus of an act, such as signing a contract, gatt negotiations, etc. The best result is to be able to achieve a win-win situation, to compare

20、 the satisfaction of both parties. No one willing to be an unwise the results cost time and energy to exchanges, communication, and bargaining.（2）efficiency - Negotiations is in pursuit of efficiency, not to delay the time. The longer the time, the lower the success rate of negotiations, both sides

21、take the more human, material and financial resources. No one willing to be a no results, elusive thing took human, material and financial resources, as a result, negotiations to the pursuit of efficiency.（3）3friendly - Negotiation is not mortal, not on the premise of damage the interests of each ot

22、her to meet their own self-interest, but to promote the interests of both parties, make both parties through negotiations to achieve a win-win situation. If only one party reach own purpose, and is not a real win-win negotiation.二、案例分析（漢語(yǔ)作答）海灣國(guó)家由巴林、科威特、阿曼、卡塔爾和阿聯(lián)酋等國(guó)組成，豐富的石油資源使得這一地區(qū)非常富有。一家美國(guó)公司向上述國(guó)家提供石油生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，利潤(rùn)相當(dāng)豐厚。上個(gè)月，科德琳被公司派往阿曼工作。他感到非常興奮，因?yàn)樵搰?guó)的業(yè)務(wù)對(duì)于公司舉足輕重，自己總算可以大干一番了。不幸的是，由于兩國(guó)文化之間的差異，與阿拉伯人做生意似乎很困難。第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是說(shuō)話時(shí)阿拉伯人總愛(ài)湊上前來(lái)，非常不自在。盡管科德琳不斷地向后面退讓，墻角里。另外一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是會(huì)面進(jìn)行的方式。上星期，備安