1、忽必烈設立浮梁磁局元官窯 公元1271年，元帝國建立，元代統治者崇尚白色，“國俗尚白，以白為吉”，其服飾、建筑都崇尚白色，白色的瓷器同樣為元代帝王珍愛。白瓷在元代的景德鎮有很大的發展，優質的白瓷引起朝廷的高度重視。1278年，元世祖忽必烈在景德鎮設立第一個官窯浮梁磁局，燒造官窯瓷器。元代景德鎮成功地燒造出樞府瓷，青花和釉里紅瓷，取得卓越成就，為明清兩代制瓷工藝的高度發展奠定了基礎，景德鎮并因此在日后成為全國的制瓷中心，贏得了瓷都的桂冠。Kublai Set up Fuliang Ceramic Bureau-Empire Kiln Yuan empire was founded in 1271

2、, governors of which admired white color. As was called, the state paid homage to white and regarded it as good luck. So the dressing and architecture were all dominated with white color. In turn, the white porcelain was cherished by the respective kings of Yuan dynasty. White porcelain of the time

3、underwent a conspicuous development. High quality white porcelain wares were highly regarded by the court In 1278, initial king of Yuan dynasty Kublai set up the first empire kilnFuliang Ceramic Bureau, making the ceramic production for the royal court. In due time the empire kiln succeeded in produ

4、cing porcelain for official use, blue and white and under-glazed red porcelain in Jingdezhen. Such achievements laid a solid foundation for the high development of ceramic crafts for the following Ming and Qing dynasties, which in turn, contributed to the statewide centre of ceramic production and t

5、he laurel of “Porcelain Capital” for Jingdezhen. 洪武帝興建珠山御器廠 朱元璋推翻蒙元帝國，建立了大明王朝，卻幾乎全盤承襲了元代“匠籍制度”。由于祭祀、賜賚、貿易所需，開國之初，就在原“浮梁磁局”的基礎上建立了御器廠。洪武帝需要以瓷器換馬用于戰爭，還要用瓷器擴大貿易和安撫鄰邦。御廠燒造出器型碩大的青花、釉里紅大盤、大碗、大罐，素樸雄渾、粗豪而不失風韻，形成了洪武官窯瓷器的獨特風格。Empire of Hongwu set up Zhushan Royal Factory of Porcelain wares Zhu Yuanzhang smash

6、ed Mongolias Yuan empire and founded grand Ming dynasty, while he completely carried on the craftsmanship of the ex-dynasty. To meet the demands of sacrifice, presents and trade, he set up Royal Factory of Porcelain wares on the basis of Fuliang Ceramic Bureau, Emperor of Hongwu needed porcelain in

7、exchanges of horses for the use of war and also used porcelain to expand trade or for the diplomatic need. The porcelain wares made from it such as large-sized plates, bowls, and jars with decoration of under-glaze red and blue and white, are bold with beauty and formed the unique style of the Hongw

8、u official kiln. 明宣宗斬督陶官張善 宣德官窯有極為嚴格的管理制度，朝廷派官員督陶，負責宮廷用瓷的生產，特別是對貢余品、次品管理近乎苛刻。督陶官張善“貪酷虐下人不堪，所造御用器，多以分饋其同列”。宣德二年（1427年）為了整肅紀律，杜絕官窯貢余品的外流，宣德帝將督陶官張善處以極刑。同時將所有次品一律集中打碎，就地掩埋。既維護了皇權的威嚴，也確保了官窯瓷器的至精至美。 Emperor of Xuande Sentenced Ceramic Governor to Death The official kiln in Xuande Reign boasted strict admi

9、nistration. The royal court dispatched officials to supervise the porcelain production and had a strict control for the surplus of royal offerings or the under-graded products. The ceramic governor Zhang Shan was said to be greedy and cruel, so many porcelain wares were distributed. In the second ye

10、ar of Xuande reign(1427), in order to prevent the products from out-flowing, the emperor killed Zhan Shan with severe penalty and destroyed all the surplus and under-graded products. Such move not only maintained the prestige of the king but also guaranteed the delicacy and beauty of the products. 朱

11、瞻基與宣德官窯蟋蟀罐 明宣德皇帝朱瞻基喜好玩蟋蟀，在文學名著聊齋志異“促織”篇中有描寫，而宮廷正史卻無記載。1993年珠山宣德官窯遺址考古發現證實：御廠為朝廷燒造了數十種紋飾精美的蟋蟀罐，其中青花雙角五爪龍紋蟋蟀罐就是進貢給宣德皇帝觀賞斗蟋蟀的“斗盆”。這位“太平天子”不僅有玩蟋蟀之好，而且酷愛養鳥賞花，宣德御廠為朝廷燒造的花鳥蟲魚器皿就達幾十種。 Zhu Zhanji and Cricket Pots The emperor Zhu Zhanji in Xuande of Ming dynasty enjoyed playing with crickets, which was descri

12、bed in the chapter of Chuzhi in “Liiaozhaizhiyi”( a well-known literature), but without record in the palace history. Archaeological discovery from the remaining sites of Xuande Official kiln in 1993 confirmed that the royal factory once produced more than ten kinds of exquisitely designed cricket p

13、ots, one of which was the “fighting pot” with the design of double-horned and five-pawed dragon in blue and white for the emperor of Xuande to enjoy the crickets fighting. Besides the passion for crickets, the king of peaceful time also had special hobby for birds and flowers, so the royal factory p

14、roduced more than ten kinds of ware for it. 太監王振督造青龍白瓷缸明代永樂年間，北京謹角，華蓋，奉天三大殿被大火燒毀，正統六年（1441年）三大殿重建工程完成。太監王振命令景德鎮為大殿燒造青龍白瓷缸，因缸大而且壁厚，屢燒不成，三大殿前的陳設便以銅缸代替。而幾十口有裂紋的龍缸則被打碎掩埋在御廠西圍墻下，直到1988年被考古工作者發現，青龍白缸才得以重見天日，現陳列在龍珠閣展廳。Eunuch Wang Zhen Supervised the Making of Porcelain Jar with design of blue dragons Durin

15、g the reign of Yongle of Ming dynasty, three of Beijings mansions-Jinjiao, Huagai and Fengtiang were burned down, in the sixth year of Zhengtong reign (1441) when the rebuilding of the three mansions was completed, the eunuch Wangzhen gave the order that Jingdezhen should produce a white porcelain j

16、ar with the decoration of blue dragons. Because the jar was too big and thick, the project failed. Then the three mansions was furnished with copper jars instead, while tens of porcelain jars with flaws were broken and buried under the foot of western wall of the royal factory. These jars were not d

17、iscovered until they were unearthed by the archaeologists in 1988 and now are displayed in the Dragon-pearl Pavilion. “佑陶靈祠”祭祀童賓 萬歷二十七年（1599年），太監潘相督造青花大龍缸，久未燒成，潘相對窯工進行鞭撻甚至殺害。窯工童賓（里村人）氣憤之極，毅然縱身跳入窯火以示抗議。窯工悲憤萬分，決心燒造好龍缸，表示對童賓的哀悼。童賓之死，激起窯工們悲憤萬分，為平息風波緩和人心，官府在御廠東側修建“佑陶靈祠”。為童賓立祠，并號之為“風火仙”。祠內供奉的童賓像即風火仙師像，兩邊是

18、窯工的師祖，有把樁、馱坯、架表、收兜腳、打雜、小伕手、三伕手、二伕手等各腳窯工形象。“Smart Temple of Blessing Pottery” in Memorial of Tong Bin In the 27th year of Wanli reign(1599), the eunuch Pan Xiang supervised the making of dragon jar with blue and white decoration. For the failure many times, the eunuch persecuted the potters. One of t

19、he potters with name of Tong Bin(from Lichun)was so indignant that he plunged himself into the burning kiln as protestant. Being grief and angry, the potters were determined to finish making the product to express their mourning for Tong Bin. In order to relieve the indignation of the potters arouse

20、d by the death of Tong Bin, the local government built the “Smart Temple of Blessing Pottery” on the east side of the royal factory and honored him as “God for Wind and fire”. Inside the temple was mounted the statue of Tong Bin-the god for wing and fire and on each side were the statues of originat

21、ors of potters in their images of working, such as monitoring fire, carrying biscuits, mounting top containers, mounting bottom containers, backman, junior passing hand , second passing hand and the third passing hand, etc. 督陶官唐英編制“陶治圖說” 唐英（16821756年）自雍正六年（1728年）以內務府員外郎身份到景德鎮駐廠署協理陶務，到乾隆二十一年（1756年）十一

22、月結束窯務離鎮，先后在景德鎮二十余年，對景德鎮御廠生產管理、技術創新做出重要貢獻。唐英是一位杰出的督陶官，他不僅身躬實踐，精于管理，而且將工作中的經驗加以總結，為后人留下了許多制瓷工藝的重要史料。乾隆八年，唐英奉旨編撰陶治圖說，對景德鎮瓷業采石制泥、淘煉泥土、煉灰配釉、制匣制坯、煉取青料、彩繪施釉、滿窯燒窯、束草裝桶等進行科學的總結和記載。 Ceramic Governor Tang Ying compiled “Illustration for Ceramic Making” Tang Ying, (1682-1756) came to Jingdezhen in charge of cer

23、amic affairs as an official of inner affairs department in the 6th of Yongzhen reign until he left in the November of 21th of Qianlong reign(1756), which lasted more than 20 year from the beginning to the end. Tang Ying was an outstanding ceramic governor for his great contribution to the production

24、 management and technique creation as well. He participated in the working practice himself and collected the experience of the work and left precious historical materials. Tang Ying compiled the “Illustration for Ceramic Making”, which makes a scientific outline for each step of making porcelain wa

25、res in Jingdezhen such as mining, clay-making, washing materials, kneading, concocting glaze, biscuit and container making, paint making, decoration, glaze adding, mounting kiln, firing and packing and so on. 李鴻章籌銀興復御窯 咸豐三年（1853年），太平天國軍隊攻打到景德鎮，咸豐五年，太平軍燒毀御窯廠，御廠被迫停止燒造。時至同治五年（1866年），清政府軍機大臣李鴻章籌銀十三萬兩，命九

26、江關督蔡錦青在御窯廠舊址重建堂舍72間，興復御窯，所有督陶事務，由九江關監督遙領。同治七年（1868年），御窯廠為同治皇帝大婚燒造喜宴瓷器。1911年，辛亥革命推翻帝制，御廠制度終止，至此景德鎮珠山御窯廠經過了五百余年的漫長歷史。Li Hongzhan Collected Money to Revive Official Kiln” In the 3rd year of Xianfeng reign(1853), troops of Taipintianguo seized Jingdezhen, in the 5th year of Xianfeng, the arriving troops

27、 burnt down the royal porcelain factory and the production was paralyzed. Up to the 5th year of Tongzi reign(1866), the militant minister Li Hongzhang collected 130,000 liang silver and order Jiujiang governor Cai Jinqin to build 72 rooms to restore the royal porcelain factory on the former site. All the restoration and ceramic affairs were under the charge of Jiujiang governor. In the 7th year of Tongzi(1868), the royal factory made china wares for the emperors wedding ceremony use. In 1911, the public revolution smashed the empire government, and the royal porcelain fact