1、緒論（prelude）生物化學(xué)biochemistry無機(jī)離子inorganic生物分子biomolecular糖carbohydrate脂lipid核酸nucleic acid蛋白質(zhì)protein維生素vitamin酶enzyme輔酶coenzyme激素hormone核苷酸nucleotide氨基酸amino acid葡萄糖glucose單糖monosaccharide雙糖disaccharide脂肪酸fatty acid克隆技術(shù)cloning克隆clone糖 類（carbohydrate）糖carbohydrate/saccharide糖生物學(xué)glycobiology醛糖aldose酮糖k

2、etose單糖monosaccharide寡/低聚糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide多糖polysaccharide復(fù)合糖compoud/complex saccharide鏈狀結(jié)構(gòu)chain structure構(gòu)型configuration構(gòu)象conformation異構(gòu)isomerism對(duì)映體enanthiomer果糖fructose半乳糖galactose甘露糖mannose環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)ring structure異頭物anomer不對(duì)稱碳原子asymmetric carbon atom投影式Fischer式透視式Haworth式椅式構(gòu)

3、象chain form船式構(gòu)象boat form旋光性optical activity比旋光度specific rotation變旋性mutarotation甜度sweetness 半縮醛hemiacetal醛糖酸aldonic acid還原糖reducing sugar醛糖二酸aldaric acid糖醛酸uronic acid糖苷glycoside糖脎osazone/phenylosazone糠醛furfural蒽酮anthroneN-乙酰葡糖胺 NAG N-乙酰-胞壁酸 NAM蔗糖sucrose麥芽糖maltose乳糖lactose淀粉starch糖原glycogen纖維素cellulo

4、se殼多糖(幾丁質(zhì))chitin瓊脂agar支鏈淀粉amylopectin直鏈淀粉amylose肽聚糖peptidoglycan粘肽mucopeptide氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide磷壁酸t(yī)eichoic acid軟骨素4-或6-硫chondroitin 4-or 6-sulfate,CS脂多糖lipopolysaccharide糖蛋白glycoprotein透明質(zhì)酸hyaluronic acid,HA肝素heparin,HP蛋白聚糖proteoglycan硫酸皮膚素dermatan sulfate,DS硫酸角質(zhì)素keratan suIfate,KS核心蛋白core protei

5、n連接蛋白link protein糖胺聚糖/粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide胞壁酸muramic acid神經(jīng)氨酸neuraminic acid淀粉酶amylase糊精odextrin磷酸化酶phosphrylase糖肽鍵glycopeptide linkag脂 質(zhì)（lipid）單脂simple lipid復(fù)脂compound lipid衍生脂質(zhì)derived lipid脂肪酸fatty acid,FA飽和脂肪酸saturated FA不飽和脂肪unsaturated FA單不飽和脂肪酸monounsaturated FA多不飽和脂肪酸polyun

6、saturated FA乳化emulsification微團(tuán)micelle離子型去污劑(乳化劑)ionic detergent三脂triester甘油glycerol Sn命名法Stereospecific Numbering酰基甘油acylglycerol三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG甘油三脂triglyceride命名法nomenclature乙酰（化）值/價(jià)acetylation value酸值/酸價(jià)acid value加成反應(yīng)addition reaction碘值/碘價(jià)iodine number or value皂化值saponification value磷脂phosp

7、holipid甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid微囊vesicle磷脂酶phospholipase磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘(氨醇)磷脂sphingomyelin神經(jīng)酰胺ceramide鞘磷脂sphingomyelin糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid蠟wax過氧化作用peroxidation磷脂酰膽堿/卵磷脂lecithin磷脂酰乙醇胺/腦磷脂cephalin雙磷脂酰甘油/心磷脂cardiolipin萜terpene類固醇/甾醇ste

8、roid膽固醇cholesterol蛋白質(zhì)(protein)化學(xué)蛋白質(zhì)protein,pr蛋白水解酶proteolytic enzyme蛋白酶proteinase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胃蛋白酶pepsin嗜熱菌蛋白酶themolysin氨基酸amino acid,AA等電點(diǎn)isoelectric point,pI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氨基酸standard amino acid甘氨酸glycine,Gly,G丙氨酸alanine,Ala,A纈氨酸 valine,Val,V亮氨酸lucine,Leu,L異亮氨酸 isoleucine,Ile,I絲氨酸serine,Ser,S蘇氨酸t(yī)

9、hreonine,Thr,T半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys,C甲硫/蛋氨酸methionine,Met,M谷氨酸glutamic acid,Glu,E谷氨酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q天冬氨酸aspartic acid,Asp,D天冬酰胺asparagine,Asn,N賴氨酸lysine,Lys,K精氨酸arginine,Arg,R組氨酸histidine,His,H脯氨酸proline,Pro,P苯丙氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F色氨酸t(yī)ryptophan,Trp,W酪氨酸t(yī)yrosine,Tyr,Y2,4一二硝基氟苯DNFB苯異硫氰酸酯PITC苯硫乙內(nèi)酰脲AA PTH-A

10、A苯氨基硫甲酰AA PTC-AA坂口反應(yīng)Sakaguchi反應(yīng)乙醛酸反應(yīng)Hopking-Cole反應(yīng)肽鍵peptide bond二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB (Ellman試劑) 谷胱甘肽(GSH ,Glu-Cys-Gly）肽（鏈）peptide chain酚試劑反應(yīng)Folin-Cioculteu反應(yīng)氨肽酶amino peptidase羧肽酶carboxypeptidase真正單鍵pure single bond二面角dihedral angle帽化capping部分雙鍵的性質(zhì)partial double-bond character一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu) primary structure二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu) second

11、ary structure三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)tertiary structure四級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)quaternary structure二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)元件 secondary structrue element螺旋helix-螺旋-Helix氫鍵hydrogen bond疏水作用hydrophobic interaction范德華力van der Waals force-折疊-pleated sheet亞基/亞單位subunit自由回轉(zhuǎn)/無規(guī)卷曲random coil結(jié)構(gòu)域structural domain次級(jí)鍵(非共價(jià)鍵)noncovalent bond肌紅蛋白myoglobin,Mb對(duì)稱性symmetry超二級(jí)結(jié)

12、構(gòu)(花式)Super-secondary structure 肽鏈peptide chain多肽polypeptide活性肽active peptide-角蛋白-keratin絲心蛋白fibroin膠原蛋白collagen血紅蛋白hemoglobin,Hb別構(gòu)作用allosteric interaction別構(gòu)效應(yīng)allosteric effect別構(gòu)蛋白allosteric protein協(xié)同效應(yīng)cooperative effect二磷酸甘油酸BPG核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase-轉(zhuǎn)角-turn(-彎曲-bend,-回折或發(fā)夾結(jié)構(gòu)hairpin structure)紙層析f

13、ilter-paper chromatography離子交換層析ion-exchange column chromatography簡(jiǎn)單/純蛋白質(zhì)simple protein綴合蛋白質(zhì)conjugated protein纖維狀蛋白質(zhì)fibrous protein球狀蛋白質(zhì)globular protein二硫鍵disulfide bond對(duì)角線電泳diagonal electrophoresis氨基酸殘基amino acid residues同源蛋白質(zhì)homology protein二面角dihedral angle螺旋帽化helix capping肌球蛋白myosin膜周邊蛋白peripher

14、al protein膜內(nèi)在蛋白antegral protein脂錨定蛋白Lipid-anchored protein變性denaturation變性劑denaturation agent十二烷基硫酸鈉SDS復(fù)性renaturation珠蛋白globin血紅素heme緊張態(tài)tense state弛態(tài)relaxed state鐮刀狀細(xì)胞貧血病sickle-cell anemia免疫球蛋白IgG滲透壓osmotic pressure沉降系數(shù)sedimentation coefficient沉降系數(shù)單位Svedberg unit,S凝膠過濾gel filtration聚丙烯酰胺凝膠ployacryla

15、mide gel水化層hydration mantle親水膠體hydrophilic colloid雙電層electric double layer純化purification分離isolation透析dialysis密度梯度density gradient鹽溶salting in鹽析salting out電泳electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳ployacrylamide gel electrophoresis毛細(xì)管電泳capillary electrophoresis等電聚焦isoelectric focusing親和層析affinity chromatography酶(enz

16、yme)化學(xué)生物催化劑biocatalyst底物substrate單純酶simple enzyme結(jié)合酶conjugated enzyme全酶holienzyme輔因子cofactor輔酶coenzyme輔基prosthetic group金屬離子metal ion多酶復(fù)合體multienzyme system寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme單體酶monomeric enzyme習(xí)慣命名法recommended name國際系統(tǒng)命名法systematic name酶的專一性/特異性enzyme specificity誘導(dǎo)契合學(xué)說induced-fit hypothesis氧化還原酶ox

17、idoreductases轉(zhuǎn)移酶transferases水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase異構(gòu)酶isomerases合成/連接酶ligases酶促反應(yīng)enzymatic reaction酶活力enzyme activity比活力specific activity核酶ribozyme抗體酶abzyme酶工程enzyme engineering固體化酶immobilized enzyme酶促反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions雙倒數(shù)作圖法Lineweaver-Burk作圖法最適溫度optimum temperature,Tm最適pHopti

18、mum pH活性部位active site必需基團(tuán)essential group抑制劑inhibitor激活劑activator效應(yīng)物effector別構(gòu)酶allosteric enzyme別構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)allosteric regulation同促效應(yīng)homotropic effect異促效應(yīng)heterotropic effect天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨甲酰酶ATCase酶原zymogen酶單位enzyme unit同工酶isoenzyme共價(jià)調(diào)節(jié)（修飾）酶covalent regulatory enzyme乳酸脫氫酶LDH可逆的共價(jià)修飾reversible covalent modification維生素(

19、vitamin)與輔酶(coenzyme)視紫紅質(zhì)visual purple視黃醇retinol-胡蘿卜素-carotine夜盲癥nyctalopia視黃醛retinene膽鈣化醇(Vitamin D3)cholecalciferolVE(生育酚/抗不育維生素)tocopherol麥角鈣化醇(Vitamin D2)ergotcalciferol凝血維生素Vitamin K抗神經(jīng)炎/腳氣病維生素,硫胺(素)Vitamin B1抗癩皮病維生素Vitamin PP硫胺素焦磷酸t(yī)hiamine pyrophosphate,TPP尼克酸(煙酸)nicotinic acid尼克酰胺(煙酰胺) nicoti

20、namide轉(zhuǎn)鈣化蛋白DBP維生素B2( VB2)/核黃素riboflavin黃素單核苷酸FMN ,flavin mononucleotide黃素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FAD,flavin adenine dinucleotid泛酸,VB3(遍多酸)pantothenic acid輔酶A CoA-SH,coenzyme A酰基載體蛋白ACP, acyl carrier protein維生素B6 (吡哆素)Vitamin B6吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡哆胺pyridoxamine磷酸吡哆醛PLP, pyridoxal-5-phosphate醛亞胺 Schiff堿維生素B12 (

21、鈷胺素) cobalamine維生素B7/H(生物素)biotin葉酸folic acid四氫葉酸(輔酶F)FH4/CoF/THF, tetrahydrofolate硫辛酸lipoic acid維生素C (抗壞血酸) ascorbic acid尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(輔酶)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide，NAD+ 尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸 (輔酶)nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate，NADP+核酸(nucleic acid)化學(xué)DNA序列分析 DNA Sequencing脫氧核糖核酸Deoxyribonuc

22、leic acid, DNA核糖核酸Ribonucleic acid, RNA信使RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)RNA( tRNA) transfer RNA核糖體RNA (rRNA) ribosome RNA小RNA sRNA反義RNA asRNA胞質(zhì)小RNA sc RNA核不均一RNA hnRNA核內(nèi)小RNA snRNA原核生物prokaryote真核生物eukaryote人類基因組計(jì)劃 Human Gene Project質(zhì)粒plasmid染色體chromosome染色質(zhì)chromatin一磷酸腺苷(腺一磷)AMP,adenosine monophosphate二磷

23、酸腺苷(腺二磷)ADP, adenosine diphosphate三磷酸腺苷(腺三磷)ATP,adenosine triphosphate復(fù)制replication轉(zhuǎn)錄transcription翻譯translation逆轉(zhuǎn)錄reserve transcription核苷酸nucleotide核苷nucleoside磷酸phosphate堿基base嘌呤堿purine base嘧啶堿pyrimidine base戊糖amyl sugar核糖ribose脫氧核糖deoxyribose腺嘌呤adenine,A鳥嘌呤guanine,G胞嘧cytosine,C胸腺嘧啶thymine,T尿嘧啶urac

24、il,U二氫尿嘧啶DHU 3,5環(huán)化鳥苷酸 cGMP3,5環(huán)化腺苷酸cAMP 順反子cistron假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridineDNA雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu) DNA double-helical structure堿基對(duì)base pair, bp氫鍵hydrogen bond堿基堆積base stacking組蛋白histone核小體nucleosome纖維fiber突環(huán)loop玫瑰花結(jié)rosette染色單體chromatid螺管/螺線圈coil氨基酸臂amino acid armD環(huán)(二氫尿嘧啶環(huán)) diphydrouracil loop反密碼子環(huán)anticodon loop可變環(huán)(額外環(huán)) e

25、xtra loop核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase牛胰核糖核酸酶RNaseI脫氧核糖核酸酶deoxyribonuclease, DNase牛胰脫氧核糖核酸酶DNaseI牛脾脫氧核糖核酸酶DNase熔解溫度melting temperature, Tm變性denaturation復(fù)性reassociation雜交hybridization原位雜交hybridization in situ激 素(hormone)激素hormone 生長激素growth hormone促甲狀腺激素thyrotropic hormone催乳激素luteotropic促黃體生長激素luteinizing

26、 hormone促卵泡激素follicle stimulating bormone脂肪酸釋放激素lipotropin催產(chǎn)素oxytocin加壓素vasopressin促黑素細(xì)胞激素malanophore-stimulating hormone胸腺素thymosin甲狀腺激素thyroxine三碘甲狀腺原氨酸t(yī)riiodothyronine 降鈣素calcitonin甲狀旁腺激素parathormone腎上腺素adrenaline去甲腎上腺素noradrenaline胰高血糖素glucagon胰島素insulin促腸液激素enterocrinin腸促胰液素secretin 腸抑胃素enterog

27、astrone促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素adrenocorticotropic hormone促甲酸激素gastrin絨毛膜粗性腺激素chorionic gonadoreopin恥骨松弛激素relaxin瘦素leptin皮質(zhì)酮corticosterone腎上腺雄酮androstenedione孕酮progesterone原激素prohormone甲狀腺過氧化物酶thyroid peroxidase抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone睪酮testosterone雄酮androsterone鈣調(diào)蛋白calmodulin鈣傳感器calcium sensors磷脂酰肌醇phophatidyl in

28、ositol靶蛋白質(zhì)target protein癌基因oncogenes植物生長素auxin赤霉素gibberellin細(xì)胞分裂素cytokinin保幼激素juvenile hormone激動(dòng)素kinetin脫落酸abscisic acid性外激素sexpheromone蛻皮激素molting hormone生物膜(biomembrane)的組成與結(jié)構(gòu)間體mesosome區(qū)域化compartmentation鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神經(jīng)酰胺ceramide磷脂酸phosphatidic acid, PA多態(tài)性polymorphism雙層bilayer溶血磷脂

29、lysophospholipid兩親性分子amphipathic molecule核磁共振 NMR脂質(zhì)體liposome半乳糖腦苷脂 galactocerebroside去垢劑detergent微團(tuán)micelle非雙層脂non-bilayer lipid非雙層脂結(jié)構(gòu)non-bilayer lipid structure磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine, PE磷脂酰膽堿phosphatidylcholine, PC磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol, PG磷脂酰絲氨酸phosphatidylserine, PS 膜骨架membrane skeleton

30、血影蛋白spectrin糖蛋白glycoprotein豆蔻酸myristic acid乙酰膽堿酯酶acetylcholinesterase蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合物glycocalyx細(xì)胞外殼cell coat單葡萄糖甘油二脂monoglucsyldiglyceride,MGDG運(yùn)動(dòng)性mobility胞吞/內(nèi)吞endocytosis胞吐exocytosis偏轉(zhuǎn)gauche全反式all trans分相phase separation熒光素fluorescein肌動(dòng)蛋白actin單位膜unit membrance微區(qū)domain糖基磷脂酰肌醇glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI心磷脂

31、(雙磷脂酰甘油) cardiolipin(diphosphatidylglycerol)光致漂白熒光恢復(fù)法 Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery , FPR生物氧化(Biological Oxidation)肌酸激酶Creatine kinase磷酸肌酸Creatine phosphofate 生物氧化Biological Oxidation氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 呼吸鏈respiratory chainNADH-Q還原酶 NADH-Q reductase 琥珀酸-Q還原酶succinate-Q reductase細(xì)胞還

32、原酶 cytochrome reductase細(xì)胞色素氧化酶 cytochrome oxidase魚藤酮rotenoneATP合酶ATPsynthase電動(dòng)勢(shì)electromotive force安密妥amytal解偶聯(lián)劑uncouplers超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase過氧化氫酶catalase過氧化物酶peroxidase高能鍵high-energy bond乙酰磷酸acetyl phosphate1,3-2磷酸甘油1,3-bisphosphoglycerate氨甲酰磷酸 carbamyl phosphate 酰基腺苷酸acyl adenylate氨酰腺苷酸 ami

33、noacyl adenylate焦磷酸Pyrophosphate二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate磷酸烯醇式丙酮phosphoenolpyruvate酰基輔酶A acyl coenzyme A果糖-6-磷酸fructose 6-phosphate輔酶Qcoenzyme-Q腺苷三磷酸 adenosine triphosphate磷酸精氨酸 phosphoarginine甘油-3磷酸glycerol 3-Phosphate腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase糖代謝（glycometabolism）糖酵解glycolysis/Embden Meyerhof Parnas葡糖-

34、6-磷酸glucosamine-6-phosphate葡糖-6-磷酸內(nèi)酯6-phosphogluconolactone內(nèi)酯酶lactonase核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-diphophate葡糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase葡糖酸-6-磷酸6-phosphogluconate脫支酶debranching enzyme糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原引物primer發(fā)酵fermentation己糖激酶hexokinase醛縮酶aldolase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖 ( uridine diphosphate glucose ,

35、UDPG )磷酸葡萄糖異構(gòu)酶glucosephosphate isomerase磷酸果糖激酶phosphofructokinase磷酸丙糖異構(gòu)酶triosephosphofructokinase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase磷酸甘油酸變位酶phosphoglyceromutase烯醇化酶enolase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase乳酸脫氫酶lactate dehydrogenase丙酮酸脫羧酶pyruvate decaboxylase乙醇脫氫酶alcohol dehydrogenase二羥丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate甘油醛

36、-3-磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate3-磷酸甘油酸3-phosphoglycerate丙酮酸pyruvate 果糖-2，6-二磷酸fructose2,6-bisphosphate五碳糖磷酸途徑pentose phosphate pathway果糖激酶fructokinase果糖-1-磷酸醛縮酶fructose-1-phosphate aldolase甘油醛激酶glyceraldehyde kinase甘油激酶glycerol kinase半乳糖galactose半乳糖激酶galactolinase半乳糖出醇galactitol丙酮酸脫氫酶復(fù)合體pyruvatedehy

37、drogenase complex磷酸甘露糖異構(gòu)酶phosphomannose isomerase硫胺素焦磷酸t(yī)hiamine pyrophosphate硫辛酰胺lipoamide黃素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide二氫硫辛酰轉(zhuǎn)乙酰基酶dihydrolipoyl transacetylase二氫硫辛酸脫氫酶dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 檸檬酸合酶citrate synthase烏頭酸酶aconitase異檸檬酸脫氫酶isocitrate dehydrogenase琥珀酰-CoA合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀

38、酸脫氫酶succinate dehydrogenase延胡索酸酶fumarase蘋果酸脫氫酶malate dehydrogenase草酰乙酸oxaloacetate異檸檬酸裂解酶isocitate lyase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase戊糖磷酸途徑pentose phosphate pathway己糖單磷酸途徑hexose monophosphate pathway戊糖磷酸循環(huán)pentose phosphate cycle磷酸戊糖酸phosphopentonic acid磷酸己糖酸phosphohexonic acid景天庚酮糖sedoheptulose核糖ribose

39、脫氧核糖deoxyribose核酮糖ribulose磷酸葡糖酸氧化途徑phosphogluconate oxidative pathway核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-phosphate核糖-5-磷酸ribose-5-phosphate木酮糖-5-磷酸xylulose-5-phosphate轉(zhuǎn)醛酶transaldolase葡糖異生gluconeogenesisUDP-葡糖焦磷酸化酶UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase乙醛酸途徑glyoxylate pathway異檸檬酸裂合酶isocitrate lyase蘋果酸合酶malate synthase糖原的降解glyc

40、ogen breakdown糖原磷酸化酶glycogen phosphorylase糖原脫支酶glycogen debranching enzyme磷酸葡萄糖變位酶phosphoglucomutase糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原分支酶glycogen branching enzyme丙酮酸脫氫酶組分pyruvate dehydrogenase component磷酸甘油醛脫氫酶glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase-酮戊二酸脫氫酶復(fù)合體-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex脂代謝（lipometaboli

41、sm）硫酯鍵thioester link脂酰輔酶A合酶acyl-CoA脂肪酸硫激酶1 fatty acid thiokinase脂酰腺苷酸混合酸酐acyladenylate mixed andydride無機(jī)焦磷酸酶inorganic pyrophosphatase肉堿carnitine肉堿-脂酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶caunitine acyltransferase肉堿移位酶carnitine translocaseN-苯乙酰甘氨酸phenylaceturic acidN-苯甲酰甘氨酸hippuric acid-羥酰-ACP脫水酶-hydrdoxyacyl-ACP dehydrase-氧化-oxidatio

42、n活化activation氧化oxidation水合hydration斷裂cleavage硫激酶thiokinase脂酰-CoA合酶acyl CoA synthase烯酰-CoA水合酶enoyl CoA hydratase-酮硫解酶-keto-thiolase電子傳遞黃素蛋白electron-transfer flavoprotein泛醌氧化還原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase烯酰-CoA異構(gòu)酶isomerase甲基丙二酰-CoA消旋酶methylmalonyl-CoA racemase甲基丙二酰-CoA變位酶methylmalonyl-CoA mutase單加氧酶mono

43、oxygenase酮體ketone body乙酰乙酸acetoacetateHMG-CoA裂解酶HMG-CoA lyase丙二酰-CoA malonyl-CoA生物素羧化酶biotin carboxylase轉(zhuǎn)羧酶trans carboxylase生物胞素biocytin酰基載體蛋白acyl carrier protein磷酸泛醌巰基乙胺phosphopantetheine硫辛酰賴氨酸臂lipoyl lysine arm軟脂酰-ACP硫脂酶palmitoy-ACP thioesterase-酮酰-ACP合酶 -ACP-ketoacyl-ACP synthase縮合condensation還原r

44、eduction-酮酰ACP還原酶-toacylACP reductase脫水dehydration烯酰-ACP還原酶enyl-ACP reductase軟脂酰-ACP硫酯酶palmitoyl thioesterase脂肪酰-CoA去飽和酶fatty acyl-CoA desaturase亞油酸linoleic acid亞麻酸linoleuic acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase脂酰甘油acyl glycerols甘油-3-磷酸glucerol 3-phosphate磷脂酸phosphatidic甘油磷脂glyc

45、erophospholipids磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰甘油phosphatidyl glycerol二磷脂酰甘油diphosphatidyl glycerolCDP-二脂酰甘油CDP-diacylglycerol5-胞苷二磷酸cytidine diphosphate尿苷二磷酸uridine diphosphate共底物cosubstrate二羥丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate鞘磷脂sphingolipids鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid縮醛磷脂plasmalogen膽固醇cholesterol類固醇steroid

46、s類固醇激素steroid hormines膽汁酸bile acids麥角固醇ergosterol甲羥戊酸mevalonic acid蛋白磷酸酶proteinphosphatases三羧酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體系tricarboxylate transport systemD-羥丁酸脫氫酶D-hudoxybutyrate dehydogenase丙二酸單酰-CoA-ACP轉(zhuǎn)酰酶malonyl-CoA-ACP transacetylase蛋白質(zhì)代謝 （protein metabolism）細(xì)胞溶膠cytosolically組織蛋白酶cathepsins抗蛋白酶antipain泛肽ubiguitin泛肽-蛋白連接

47、酶ubiquitin-protein ligase多胺polyamine鳥氨酸脫羧酶ornithine decarboxylase絲氨酸脫氫酶serine dehydrogenase色氨酸氧化酶tryptophan oxygenase酪氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶tyrosin aminotransferase氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶aminotrandferase氧化脫氨基作用oxidative deamination吡哆醛-5-磷酸pyridoxal-5-phosphate吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛磷酸pyridoxal phosphate吡哆胺磷酸pyridoxamine phosphate醛亞胺aldimi

48、ne腺苷代琥珀酸adenylosuccinate轉(zhuǎn)氨酶transaminase聯(lián)合脫氨基作用transdeamination神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)neurotransmitter酪胺tyramine谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase尿素循環(huán)urea cycle鳥氨酸ornithine瓜氨酸citrulline精氨酸酶arginase氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamoyl phosphate synthetase鳥氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨甲酰酶prnithine transcarbamoylase精氨琥珀酸酶argininosuccinase精氨琥珀酸合成酶argininosuccinate Syntheta

49、seN-乙酰谷氨酸合酶N-acetylglutamate synthase絲氨酸轉(zhuǎn)羥甲基酶serine transhydroxymethylase絲氨酸-蘇氨酸脫水酶serine-threonine dehydratase蘇氨酸醛縮酶threonine aldolase乙醛acetaldehyde氨基丙酮aminoacetone半光氨酸脫巰基酶cysteine desulfhydrase苯丙氨酸氫化酶phenylalanine hydoxylase酵母氨酸sacharopine組氨酸氨裂合酶higtidine ammonia lyase尿苷酸水合酶urocanate hydratase谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)

50、甲亞氨酶glutamate transformiminase天冬酰胺酶asparaginase天冬氨酸氨裂解酶aspartate ammonia lyase生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acids生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acids 亞氨甲酰谷氨酸N-formimino glutamate酪氨酸酶tyrosinase多巴胺dopamine核糖體ribosome遺傳密碼genetic code三聯(lián)體triplet染色體外基因extrachromosomal gene轉(zhuǎn)錄初產(chǎn)物primary transcript添加appending修飾modification異構(gòu)化

51、isomerization拼接splicing編輯editing再編碼recoding斷裂基因interrupted gene選擇性拼接alternative splicing同源體isoform錯(cuò)義突變missense mutation無義突變mimsense mutation核糖體移碼ribosomal frame shifting移碼突變frame-shift mutation重疊基因overlapping genes同義密碼子syninymous codon反密碼子anticodon密碼子coden簡(jiǎn)并性degeneracy變偶性wobble蛋白質(zhì)生物合成protein biosynt

52、hesis無細(xì)胞體系cell-free system多聚核糖體polysome讀碼框架reading frame起始密碼start codon終止密碼stop codon核糖體結(jié)合位點(diǎn)ribosome-binding site核糖體進(jìn)入部位ribosome entry site胸腺嘧啶核糖核苷ribothymidine假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridine校正基因suppressor gene回復(fù)突變r(jià)everse mutation起始因子initiation factor延長因子dlongation factor肽酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶peptidyl transferse轉(zhuǎn)肽transpeptidati

53、on移位translocation釋放因子release factors核糖體釋放因子ribosome releasing factor位移translational frameshifting翻譯跳躍translational jumping信號(hào)肽序列signal or leader sequence信號(hào)肽signal sequence信號(hào)肽酶signal peptidase信號(hào)識(shí)別體signa recognition particle,SRP停泊蛋白docking protein翻譯后運(yùn)輸posttranslationlal transport多肽鏈結(jié)合蛋白polypeptide bind

54、ing proteins終止因子termination factor磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸所激酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase核酸代謝（nucleic acid metabolism）核酸內(nèi)切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核苷酶nucleosidase核苷磷酸化酶nucleoside phosphorylase核苷水解酶nucleoside hydrolase腺嘌呤脫氨酶adenine deaminase腺嘌呤核苷脫氨酶adenosine deaminase鳥嘌呤脫氨酶guanine deaminase尿酸氧化酶utate oxidase5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate磷