1、南京工程學院畢業設計外文資料翻譯學生姓名： 顧建祥學號：240095319班級名稱： K 建工ZB093所在院系： 康尼學院Underground Space UtilizationThe rapid growth of world civilization will have a significant impact on the way humans live in the future. As the global population increases and more countries demand a higher standard of living, the difficu

2、lty of doing this is compounded by three broad trends: the conversion of agricultural land to development uses; the increasing urbanization of the world's population; and growing concern for the maintenance and improvement of the environment, especially regarding global warming and the impact of

3、 population growth. Underground space utilization, as this chapter describes, offers opportunities for helping address these trends.By moving certain facilities and function underground, surface land in urban areas can be used more effectively , thus freeing space for agricultural and recreational p

4、urpose. Similarly, the use of terraced earth sheltered housing. Using underground space also enables humans to live more comfortably in densely populated areas while improving the quality of live.On an urban or local level, the use of underground facilities is rising to accommodate the complex deman

5、ds of today's society while improving the environment . For example, both urban and rural areas are requiring improved transportation, utility, and recreational services. The state of traffic congestion in many urban areas of the world is at a critical level for the support of basic human living

6、, and it is difficult if not impossible to add new infrastructure at ground level without causing an unacceptable deterioration of the surface environment or an unacceptable relocation of existing land uses and neighborhoods.On a national level in countries around the world, global trends are causin

7、g the creation and extension of mining developments and oil or gas recovery at greater depths and in more inaccessible or sensitive locations. Three trends have also led to the developments of improved designs for energy generation and storage systems as well as national facilities for dealing with

8、hazardous waste (including chemical, biological, and radioactive waste ), and improved high-speed national transportation systems .All these developments involve use of the underground .Land Use PressuresPlacing facilities underground is a promising method for helping ease land use pressures caused

9、by the growth and urbanization of the world's population. Although the average population density in the world is not large, the distribution of population is very uneven. A map of population density in the world is not large ,areasof the world are essentially uninhabited . These areas are for t

10、he most part deserts ,mountainous regions, or regions of severe cold that do not easily support human habitation.If one examines China ,for example ,the average population density is approximately 100 persons per square kilometer, but the vat majority of the one billion-plus population lives on less

11、 than 20 percent of the land area. this is the fertile land that can support food production. However, due to population growth, urbanization, and economic growth, this same land must now support extensive transportation systems, industrial and commercial development, and increasing demands for hous

12、ing, As the population and economy grow, the land available for agriculture shrinks, and the problems of transporting food and raw materials to an urban population increase. By the year 2000 it is estimated that 70 percent of the world's population will inhabit urban areas.The same trend are evi

13、dent in Japan, where approximately 80 percent of the land area is mountainous,90 percent of the population lives on the coastal plains, and economic development is concentratedin relatively few economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic centers .The flat-lying land is generally

14、the most fertile and is historically the region of settlement . Other factors adding to population density include the traditional building style , which is low-rise , and Japanese law that contain strong provisions for maintenance of access to sunlight .Also ,to retain domestic food production capa

15、bility , the Japanese government has protected agricultural land from development. The combination of these historical and political factors together with a strong migration of businesses and individuals to the economic centers has created enormous land use pressure. The result is an astronomically

16、high cost of land in city centers (as high as US $500,00 per square meter) and difficulty in an providing housing, transportation, and utility services for the population. Typical business employees cannot afford to live near the city center where they work and may have to commute one to two hours e

17、ach way from an affordable area. To service the expanding metropolitan area, public agencies must upgrade roads and build new transit lines and utilizes. Land costs for such work are so high that in central Tokyo, the cost of land may represent over 95 percent of the total cost of a project.The prob

18、lem of land use pressures and related economic effects of high land prices are of great interest in the study of the potential uses of underground space. When surface space is fully utilized, underground space becomes one of the few development zones available. It offers the possibility of the addin

19、g needed facilities without further degrading the surface environment. Without high land prices, however, the generally higher cost of constructing facilities underground is a significant deterrent to their environmental, or social grounds-luxuries which many developing nation cannot afford at prese

20、nt and which developed nations are reluctant to undertake except in areas of special significance.Planning of Underground SpaceEffective planning for underground utilization should be an essential precursor to the development of major underground facilities. This planning must consider long-term nee

21、ds while providing a frame work for reforming urban areas into desirable and effective environments in which to live and work. If underground development is to provide the most valuable long-term benefit possible , then effective zones beneath public rights-of-way in older cities around the world. T

22、he tangled wed of utilizes commonly found is due to a lack of coordination and the historical evolution in utility provision and transit system development.The underground has several characteristics that make good planning especially problematical:Once underground excavations are made, the ground i

23、s permanently altered.Underground structures are not as easily dismantled as surface buildings.An underground excavation may effectively a large zone of the stability of the excavation.The underground geologic structure greatly affects the type, size, and costs of facilities that can be constructed,

24、 but the knowledge of a region's can only be inferred from a limited number of site investigation borings and previous records.Large underground projects may require massive investments with relatively high risks of construction problem, delay, and cost overruns.Traditional planning techniques h

25、ave focused on two-dimensional representations of regions and urban areas . This is generally adequatefor surface and aboveground construction but it is not adequate for the complex three-dimensional geology and built structures often found underground . Representation of this three-dimensional info

26、rmation in a form that can readily be interpreted for planning and evaluation is very difficult.In Tokyo, for example, the first subway line (Ginza Line) was installed as a shallow line (10 meters deep) immediately beneath the existing layer of surface utilities. As more subway lines have been added

27、, uncluttered zones can only be found at the deeper underground levels. The new Keiyo JR line in Tokyo is 40 meter deep. A new underground super highway from Marunouchi to Shinjuku has been proposed at a 50-meter depth. For comparison, the deepest installations in London are at approximately a 70-me

28、ter depth although the main complex of works and sewers is at less than 25 neters. Compounding these issues of increasing demand is the fact newer transportation services (such as the Japanese Shinkansen bullettrains or the French TGV) ofen require larger cross-section tunnels, straighter alignments

29、, and flatter grades. If space is not reserved for this type of use, very inefficient layouts of the beneath urban areas can occur.Environmental BenefitsAnother major trigger for under ground space usage is the growing international concern over the environment, which has led to attempts to rethink

30、the future of urban and industrial development. The major concerns in balancing economic development versus environmental degradation and world natural resource limitations revolve around several key issues. These are:The increasing consumption of energy compared to the limited reserves of fossil fu

31、els available to meet future demand.The effect on the global climate of burning fossil fuels.The pollution of the environment from the by-products of industrial developmentThe safe disposal of hazardous wastes generated by industrial and military activites.Preserving the environment from the by-prod

32、ucts of industrial development economic growth and maintaining individual life styles will be complex if not impossible. However, a high standard of living and high gross domestic product do not have to be proportionately dependent on resource consumption and environmental degradation.Underground sp

33、ace utilization can help solve the environmental/resource dilemma in several ways . Underground facilities are typically energy conserving in their own right. More importantly, by using addition to the obvious benefit of preserving green space and agricultural land, there is strong evidence that hig

34、her urban density can lower fuel resource consumptionThe Future of Underground Space DevelopmentAlthough existing underground facilities throughout the world provide some models for future development, they are all limited in scale, in their lack of a comprehensive vision for the total city environm

35、ent. As a complement to more detailed planning and research studies, it is useful to examine the visions of extensive underground complexes, even entire cities, that have been proposed by futuristic planners and designers.Geotech'90, a conference and exhibition held in Tokyo in April 1990, was a

36、 major forum for the underground industry in Japan. More than a dozen underground concepts were displayed, ranging from the typical transit and utility uses to underground corridors that are envisioned as places for a communication network protected during disasters. Such corridors could also effect

37、ively transport both waste and energy between substations in the city and central generation and disposal sites outside the city. This approach not only relieves congestion but also can provide more efficient energy generation and recycling of waste materials. These conceptsare all intended to permi

38、t a major upgrade of the city infrastructure that will eventually enable the surface to be rebuilt with more open space and a more efficient, attractive overall environment.When completely new cities are envisioned for the future, the underground often is a major component, as illustrated by the wor

39、k of the architect Paolo Soleri over the last 30 years. In science fiction future cities often are depicted as self-contained, climate-controlled units frequently located underground for protection from the elements and possibly from a hazardous or polluted environment. In this case, underground cit

40、ies on earth differ little from bases created on the moon or other isolated environments.地下空間的利用全球城市化進程的加快將會對人類將來的生存方式產生重大影響。 隨著全球 人口的增長以及更多國家要求提高生活水平， 世界必須提供更多食物，能源以及 礦物資源來維持此增長趨勢。解決這一難題的辦法有三大渠道復合而成：農業用 地的保護從而得到更深入的利用；日益增長的全球城市人口 ；對保護和改善環境 日益增長的關注，特別是關于全球氣候變暖以及人口增長帶來的影響。 地下空間 的利用，作為本章要描述的內容，將提供針對這些

41、趨勢的解決辦法。通過將特殊器材設備置于地下，城市地表可被更有效地利用，這樣就可釋放 出空間供農業和娛樂使用。類似的，在陡峭的山坡上使用階地掩土住宅會有助于 在多山地區保護寶貴的可耕平地。利用地下空間也可以提高人們在人口高密集去 的居住舒適度，改善生活質量。一城市或當地水準，地下設施的利用正日益滿足當今社會對于改善環境的需 求。例如不論城市還是農村都需要提高運輸， 實用以及娛樂服務。世界上許多城 市的交通堵塞問題已經處在滿足人類基本生存需求的臨界點上，并且在不破壞地表環境的基礎上不增加新設施或是不重新規劃現有土地及周邊地帶上的建筑的 基礎上想要解決這一難題是十分困難的。以世界上許多國家的國家水平

42、，全球化的趨勢導致對煤炭，石油，天然氣的 開采已達到更深的地層以下，觸及更難以讓人接受或是更敏感的區域。 這些趨勢 同樣導致針對能源繁衍存貯系統以及用于處理危險廢料（包括化學，生物以及放 射性廢料）的國家設施設計的改善和提高，同樣也改善了國家高速運輸體系。 所 有這些發展均涉及地下工程。用地壓力將設施置于地下是緩解由于世界人口增長所帶來的城市化問題的一種有希 望的辦法。雖然世界平均人口密度并不大，但人口分布卻極不均勻。世界人口密 度圖顯示世界上大部分地方根本不適合居住。 這些大方大部分是沙漠山區，或是 極度嚴寒地帶等人類不易居住區。以中國為例，平均人口密度大概是每平方公里100 人，但是 10

43、 億多的絕大部分人口居住在少于20%的國土上。這是那些可以提供糧食產品的肥沃土地。 然而， 由于人口增長和城市化， 這些土地同樣要被用于創建更廣闊的運輸系統， 被用于工商業的發展， 以及日益增長的住房需求。 隨著人口和經濟的增長， 農業用地減少，向城市人口運送食物和原材料的問題日益增長。據估計，到 2000 年，世界人口的 70%將居住在城市。同樣的問題在日本也很明顯， 大約80%的土地是山區，90%的人口居住在海邊平原經濟發展集中在幾個相關的經濟中心。 平原通常是最肥沃的土地， 從歷史上看也是人類的定居地。 其他附加于人口密度的因素包括： 傳統低層的建筑模式，而且日本法律規定必須建造靠近陽光

44、的堅固的維護設施。 同樣， 為了保護家庭糧食生產能力，日本政府保護農業用地。這些歷史，政策因素導致大量商業，個人向經濟中心移民造成了巨大的土地使用壓力。結果是市中心土地價格驚人昂貴（高達 50 萬美圓 /平米）并且很難為人們提供住房，交通，設施服務。普通公司雇員無法承擔住在他們工作的市中心附近而不得不搭乘公汽單程花1.2 個小時從他們負擔的起的住處到公司。 為了為日益擴大的大城市區域提供服務， 市政當局必須升級道路并且興建新的交通線和設施。 東京市中心的土地價格如此昂貴以至于用于購買土地的花費可能會占到工程總花費的 95%。土地使用壓力和由于高土地使用價格帶來的相關經濟影響使得對地下空間的潛在

45、利用的研究變得相當有趣。 當地表土地已被利用殆盡， 地下空間將變成可開發的區域之一。這為不需深度破壞地表環境而附加需要設備提供了一種可能。雖然沒有高額地價， 但是建造地下設施的高額花費將是地下空間利用的一大攔路虎。 因為地下設施不具有經濟競爭力， 因此在考慮建造前必須在美學， 環境或者是社會效應方面給予綜合評估， 除非是一些有特殊標志性意義的設施否則將會造成現階段國家無法承擔或是很勉強承擔的奢侈浪費。地下空間規劃對地下空間利用的有效規劃是發展地下設施的前奏。 這個計劃必須是為長遠考慮的， 并根據人們理想的工作和居住環境重構城市建筑格局。 如果地下空間開發可以提供最具價值的長期效益， 那么對這些資源的有效計劃就應得以實施。 不幸的是， 在世界范圍內， 靠公眾權力來開發近地表空間已經太遲了。 紊亂的設施網絡司空見慣歸咎于缺乏協調以及使用設施的歷史性變革以及交通系統的發展地下空間具有如此特征導致要做一個好的規則