1、Reading and Writing外語教學與研究出版社Book One整理ppt1Unit 8外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt2Book OneContent外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt3Book OneGroup DiscussionGroup Discussion Do you know how the Internet business earns money or where their profit comes from? Can you name a few leading figures in computer technology?What specific busines

2、s are they engaged in? Have you ever heard of any Internet billionaires donating their fortune to the charity? Please give some examples, both home and abroad.外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt4Book OneBILLION-DOLLAR BABIES James Fallows外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt5Book One外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt6Book OneMain Idea and Structuren First rea

3、ding: Scan the text and try to catch the main idea. The following words are for your reference to organize the idea: three waves; computer industry; wealth created; typical companies; Internet industry; remarkable; speed; way n Second reading: read the passage again and try to identify the structure

4、 of this passage. For your referenceFor your reference外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt7Book OneThis article introduces the three waves of the development of computer industry and the wealth created. Typical companies are also given as examples to illustrate its fortune-creation effect. As the third wave, Internet in

5、dustry is the most remarkable for the speed it brings up fortunes and the way it changes computer business. 外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt8Book One Para. 4-5 Para. 6-7Para. 1-3 Para. 8-11Main idea: Main idea: Main idea:Main idea:The first wave of computer industry emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. During this period

6、, many companies produced hardware product and made lots of money (HP, DELL, Intel, Apple, Cisco, etc).The second wave of wealth creation involved software and created several largest fortunes in the world. (Microsoft, Oracle, etc).The technical process of the Internet andthe creation ofthe World Wi

7、de Web, which is the third wave of computer industry.The internet industry has created some great fortunes and they mostly consist of tech-company stock.外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt9Book OneText StudyText Study外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt10Book One1 The recent boom in technological advances, formation of new businesses, and

8、personal fortunes is the third, and most dramatic wave generated by the computer industry in the last twenty-five years. The first wave involved tangible products“hardware”, as opposed to the computer programs that constitute software. In the 1960s and 1970s companies in the Santa Clara Valley, betw

9、een San Jose and San Francisco, produced silicon memory chips for computersthus the name Silicon Valley. Then they produced silicon logic chips, which direct a computers operation. Then many produced computers as well.2 The great fortunes from the hardware era include those of the Hewlett and Packar

10、d families, of Hewlett-Packard, which started making money in the pre-silicon era, with scientific instruments. The Packard Foundation, with assets of $ 10 billion, recently overtook the Ford Foundation as the nations third-largest private foundation. The dominant hardware company of the 1990s is In

11、tel, whose Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers other than the Macintosh. The assets of Gordon Moore, one of Intels Para. 1-2外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt11Book OnePara. 2-4 founders are estimated to be worth $15 billion, making him the tenth-richest person in the country. Apple,

12、 the first famous personal-computer company, is still based in Silicon Valley. So is Sun Microsystems, a hybrid hardware-software company whose products are used to run many Internet sites and which therefore has been enjoying boom times. Other nearby hardware companies that provide the necessary ph

13、ysical components for the Internet include Cisco Systems and 3Com.3 But the largest fortune based on hardware is that of Michael Dell, of Austin, Texas. At age thirty-four, owing to the success of his Dell Computers, he is the fifth-richest man in America, after three Microsoft executives and Warren

14、 Buffett, with assets of $ 20 billion. 4 The second wave of wealth creation involved software “application” software that people use for work or recreation, like word-processing programs or computer games, and “systems”外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt12Book OnePara. 4-5 software used to run businesses or, very often

15、, computer networks themselves. The difference between software and hardware provides a classic illustration of what economists mean by “increasing returns to scale”. Because the cost of producing additional units of softwarethe “marginal cost”is extremely low, once you become the market leader in a

16、 field, your profits grow astronomically.5 Microsofts unparalleled profit margin has given it the highest stock valuation of any company in the world, nearly $ 500 billion. It has created three of the five largest personal fortunes in the world. Apart from its effect on the stock market, it has prod

17、uced an estimated ten thousand millionaires, mainly in the Seattle area. The strongest software company after Microsoft is probably Oracle, which makes the database software used to manage information at many Internet sites.外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt13Book OnePara. 66 But both the hardware and the software rev

18、olutions were, in their wealth-creating effects, slow to emerge compared to what is underway now because of the Internet. Less than ten years ago, Tim Berners-Lee, a British physicist working at the research center CERN in Geneva, invented a scheme for linking data on a particular subject, or series

19、 of subjects, that were stored on different computers in different places. The Internet had existed for two decades before that, as a communications channel mainly among big computers at universities and research centers. But Berners-Lee took the crucial step in making information on the Internet ea

20、sy to find and use, through creation of the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee helped bring this about by writing the specifications for three basic elements of the Webs operation. One is the “uniform resource locator”, or URL. Another is “hypertext markup language”, or HTML, a way to describe how a websit

21、e should look on screen, and also a way to build “links” that will take a user to another site when clicked. The third is “hypertext transfer protocol”, or HTTP, which controls the flow of information from the sites to the users computer. 外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt14Book OnePara. 7-87 Six years ago, the first

22、commercial “browsers” to aid navigation through the World Wide Web appeared. A stillborn effort called Mosaic was followed by Netscape Navigator. Less than five years ago, in May 1995, Bill Gates suddenly recognized the way the Web might change the computer business and sent a memo called “The Inter

23、net Tidal Wave” to his lieutenants at Microsoft, saying that he now gave the Internet “the highest level of importance”. The companys strategy for developing products shifted within months, to create a browser that could compete with Netscapes and to make its other programs “Web-friendly”.8 Then, in

24、 August 1995, Netscape had the initial public offering for its stock, the beginning of the subsequent Net IPO boom. It is hard to think of the four-plus years since then as making up a distinct historic era, but most of the great Internet fortunes have been amassed during just that period. These inc

25、lude the holdings of Jeff Bezos, creator of Amazon. com ($ 78 billion); David Filo and Jerry Yang, of Yahoo ($ 3.7 billion each); etc. 外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt15Book OnePara. 9-109 The only thing more remarkable than how quickly these fortunes have arisen is how inexplicable some of them seem. Only a few Int

26、ernet ventures have anything quite as crude as a business model in which revenue exceeds expenses. America Onlinewhich gives access to e-mail and the Internetgenerates profits because it charges subscribers $ 21.95 a month. The online auction site e-Bay is also profitable, because it charges a commi

27、ssion each time buyers and sellers conclude a deal on its site. But most of todays Internet companies have substantial short-term losses, which stock market investors typically assume will turn into profits in some never-quite-arriving “Year Three” of the business plan.10 Theories vary about where t

28、hese profits will come from. Perhaps from online advertisingif anyone can figure out how to make it as attractive as ads in glossy magazines, or as unavoidable as ads on TV. Perhaps from some system of “microroyalties”, which will overcome the marked . of Web users to pay for information they retrie

29、ve. 外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt16Book One11 Thin as these rationales for profitability may ultimately prove to be, so far theyve been sufficient to make many people very rich. Virtually all of this wealth consists of tech-company stock, and ten years from now some or much of it may have melted away. But there i

30、s so much new wealth that some will remain. And there will be so much left over after even the wildest personal-consumption fantasies have been satisfied that it could eventually have great public impact. A few of the tech leaders feel confident enough in the performance of their wealth to have form

31、ed personal foundations and started making grants. But it is not yet clear whether the new Internet elite will choose to have the lasting legacy that earlier moguls did. Will the Internet billionaires do what it takes, through philanthropy, to be remembered the way Rockefeller, Carnegie, Mellon, Gug

32、genheim, Morgan, and Ford are? Or will their model be Jay Gould? Para. 11外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt17Book OneSentence AnalysisSentence Analysis外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt18Book One1. (Para. 2, Line 4-6) The dominant hardware company of the 1990s is Intel, whose Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal

33、computers other than the Macintosh.dominant: ruling or controlling; exerting authorityother than: exceptParaphrase: 譯文：譯文：90年代占統治地位的硬件公司是年代占統治地位的硬件公司是Intel公司，它所制作的奔騰和其他一公司，它所制作的奔騰和其他一些處理芯片用于除些處理芯片用于除Macintosh之外的大多數個人計算機。之外的大多數個人計算機。In the 1990s Intel was the controlling hardware company, its Pentium

34、 and other processing chips are used in most personal computers except the Macintosh.外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt19Book One2. (Para. 5, Line 1-2) Microsofts unparalleled profit margin has given it the highest stock valuation of any company in the world, nearly 500 billion.unparalleled: not equaled or matched; un

35、ique; peerlessmargin: share of profit in the total revenue of a company 利潤率Paraphrase:譯文：譯文：微軟公司舉世無雙的利潤率已雄踞全世界所有公司股票值之首，接近微軟公司舉世無雙的利潤率已雄踞全世界所有公司股票值之首，接近5,000億美元。億美元。Microsofts profit margin is so high that there is no other company whose profit margin can compete with it. And this high profit margin

36、 has made Microsoft the company with highest stock value in the world, about 500 billion dollars.外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt20Book One3. (Para. 6, Line 1-2) But both the hardware and the software revolutions were, in their wealth-creating effects, slow to emerge compared to what is underway now because of the I

37、nternet.The main structure of the sentence: “ were slow to emerge”， while “in their wealth-creating effects” and “compared to what is underway now because of the Internet” are pared to/with: in comparison or contrast with; as opposed to.underway: on starting; being in the course.Paraphrase:譯文：譯文：但是無

38、論是硬件革命還是軟件革命，與現在因特網上所發生的情況相但是無論是硬件革命還是軟件革命，與現在因特網上所發生的情況相比，其財富創造的影響力都顯得非常緩慢。比，其財富創造的影響力都顯得非常緩慢。But compared with the wealth-creating effect of the internet, both the hardware and the software revolutions were slow.外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt21Book One4. (Para. 11, Line 2-3) Virtually all of this wealth consists

39、 of tech-company stock, and ten years from now some or much of it may have melted away.virtually: In fact or to all purposes; practically 事實上consists of: be made up of 由組成melt away: disappear gradually (逐漸) 消失Paraphrase: 譯文：譯文：實際上所有這些財富都是由技術公司股組成的，在今后實際上所有這些財富都是由技術公司股組成的，在今后10年中，其中年中，其中的一些股份或大多數股份會逐

40、漸散失。的一些股份或大多數股份會逐漸散失。 In fact all this wealth is made up of stock of technical companies. And some or a large part of this wealth is likely to disappear in ten year from now.外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt22Book One5. (Para. 11, Line 6-7) A few of the tech leaders feel confident enough in the performance of their w

41、ealth to have formed personal foundations and started making grants.The main structure of the sentence: “leaders feel confident enough to have formed.and started.”, “formed” and “started” are paralleled verbs. make grants (to): give a sum of money, or a track of land as a privilege to a worthy cause

42、. Paraphrase: 譯文：譯文： 一些技術公司的領導者對他們的財富感到信心十足，他們已建立個人一些技術公司的領導者對他們的財富感到信心十足，他們已建立個人基金并開始運作。基金并開始運作。 Some leaders of these technology companies is very confident in the performance of their wealth and they have started running their personal foundations.外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt23Book OneLanguage PointsLanguage

43、Points外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt24Book Oneamass vt. to gather together for oneself, as for ones pleasure or profit; accumulate 積聚，積累 e.g. He is planed to amass a fortune for a rainy day. 他正打算積蓄財富以備不時之需。 That country has amassed foreign debt. 該國外債成堆。vt. gather or heap together 把聚成堆 e.g. amass the wool into a la

44、rge ball 把羊毛團成一個大球外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt25Book Onen. a valuable item that is owned (常用復數) 資產 e.g. He has invested half of his assets in gold. 他把自己資產的一半投資于黃金。 Statement of assets and liability 資產負債表 liquid assets 流動資產 illiquidl assets 非流動資產n. valuable quality, person, or thing 寶貴（或有益的）的人（或東西）e.g. He is a na

45、tional asset. 他可是國寶。asset外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt26Book Onevt. suppose; to take for granted 假設，假定，想當然地認為，臆斷e.g. I assume that you have heard of the news. 想必你已經聽到了消息。 He assumed the report to be valid. 他猜那份報告是可靠的。vt. to undertake the duties of; to take upon oneself 承擔，擔任，就職 e.g. assume an obligation 承擔義務 assu

46、me ones post 就職assume外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt27Book Oneboomn. a sudden increase, atime of economic prosperity 快速發展，（經濟、工業等繁榮）繁榮（期）e.g. a business boom 商業繁榮 a big travel boom 旅游大發展 baby boom 嬰兒潮vi. to grow or develop rapidly; flourish 暴漲，激增，繁榮，迅速發展 e.g. Stocks may boom today, but drop tomorrow. 股票可能今天暴漲，明天又下跌

47、。 Chinas economy is booming. 中國經濟正在蓬勃發展。 外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt28Book Onen. the state of being reluctant; unwillingness 勉強；不情愿e.g. He said this with great reluctance. 他極為為難地這么說。v形容詞形式：reluctantreluctant: 1. unwilling; disinclined 不情愿的；不愿意的 e.g. reluctant to help 不情愿幫忙 2. exhibiting or marked by unwillingne

48、ss 勉強的 e.g. a reluctant smile 勉強的微笑 reluctance外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt29Book Onevt. to find and carry back; fetch 找回；取來e.g. some dogs can be trained to retrieve game. 有些狗可以被訓練來銜回獵物。 I ran back to my room and retrieved my bag. 我跑回房間取回自己的提包。vt.obtain information (stored in computer, etc.) （計算機）檢索 e.g. I have t

49、o retrieve some data. 我得檢索些數據。vt. regain possession of 使恢復，使再生 e.g. retrieve ones position 恢復立場 retrieve ones spirits 重振精神 retrieve ones fortune 重新聚斂財產 retrieve外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt30Book Onesubsequentadj.following in order or time; subsequent 相隨的；隨后的 (+to)e.g. subsequent action 隨后的行動 The story will be co

50、ntinued in subsequent issues of the magazine. 后面的幾期雜志將繼續連載這篇小說。 On the day subsequent to his visit, she disappeared. 他訪問的第二天，她失蹤了。 外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt31Book Onesubstantialadj. having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary 真實的，實在的e.g. People and things are substantial; dreams and gh

51、osts are not. 人和事物是真實的；夢和鬼魂是虛幻的。adj. of solid material or structure 堅固的，結實的e.g. The house is substantial enough to last a hundred years. 這房子很堅固，一百年也不會壞。adj. ample; sustaining 豐富的；大量的e.g. I had a substantial meal. 我飽餐了一頓。外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt32Book Oneadj. of real importance, value or validity 內容充實的, 有價值的,

52、 重要的e.g. They made substantial changes. 他們作了重大改變。 made a substantial contribution 做出了重大貢獻 外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt33Book OneUseful ExpressionsUseful Expressions外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt34Book Oneapart from aside from; in addition to; besides 除之外；此外e.g. Its a good piece of work, apart from a few slight faults. 除了一些小毛病之

53、外，這不失為一件出色的作品。 Apart from English, we study Russian and Spanish. 除了英語以外，我們還學俄語及西班牙語。外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt35Book Onebe opposed toagainst, not support 反對，不贊成e.g. Mr. White is totally opposed to any changes to the existing law. 懷特先生完全反對對現在的法律做任何修改。 Public opinion was opposed to the war. 輿論是反對那場戰爭的。v注：該習語后接的常

54、是change, plan, scheme等名詞。外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt36Book Onebring aboutcause (sth.); cause to happen 導致，使發生 e.g. Science have bring about many change in our lives. 科學為我們生活帶來了很多變化。 Indigestion may bring about this disease. 消化不良可能引起這種病。v注：該習語與come about 同義e.g. Peace can only come about if each side agrees to yi

55、eld to the other. 只有雙方同意向對方讓步，才能實現和平。外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt37Book Oneother than except, but, apart from 除了 e.g. Theres nobody here other than him. 這里只有他一個人。 we were given nothing other than dry bread and water for our evening meal. 我們晚餐只分到干面包和水。differently from 與不同 e.g. The truth is quiet other than what I

56、 think. 事實真相和我詳細的完全不同。 I dont wish her other than she is. 我不希望她改變現狀。v該習語多用于否定句或表示否定意義的句子。外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt38Book One(of sth solid, esp frozen) disappear by melting （尤指冰塊）融化 e.g. The snow soon melted away. 雪很快就融化了。disappear gradually （逐漸） 消失e.g. The cloud melted away, and the son came out. 烏云消散，太陽出來了。

57、Their money melted away on unexpected expenses. 一些計劃外的花銷把他們的錢耗光了。(cause to) dissolve in ecstasies; burst with joy （使）著迷，心花怒放e.g. My heart melted away in secret raptures. 我私下里心花怒放。 Your story melted away my sole. 你的故事真讓我著迷。melt away外語教學與研究出版社整理ppt39Book OneText TranslationText Translation外語教學與研究出版社整理

58、ppt40Book One譯文譯文 新生的億萬富翁新生的億萬富翁n1 最近所呈現的技術進步，新商務的欣欣向榮，以及個人財富的急劇增長是過去25年中計算機產業形成的第三次，也是最令人矚目的一次浪潮。第一次浪潮涉及有形產品硬件，它與構成軟件的計算機程序相對而言。本世紀六七十年代，圣何塞和舊金山地帶的圣克拉拉谷的一些公司為計算機生產出存儲器硅芯片，于是便有了“硅谷”的名字。接著他們又生產了用以指令計算機操作的邏輯硅芯片。隨后，許多公司也開始生產計算機。n2 在硬件時代獲得巨大財富的包括Hewlett and Packard家族，惠普公司該公司在硅時代前就通過經營科學儀器開始賺錢。總資產為100億美元

59、的Packard基金會最近超過了福特基金會，成為全美國第三大私人基金會。90年代占統治地位的硬件公司是Intel公司，它所制作的奔騰和其他一些處理芯片用于除Macintosh之外的大多數個人計算機。Intel 的創立人之一Gordon Moore 的資產估計為150億美元，這使他成為全國第十大富翁。美國第一家著名的個人計算機公司蘋果公司，至今仍然以硅谷為基地。Sun Microsystems也是如此它是一家混合型硬件軟件公司，其產品用于許多因特網網站的運行，因此一直處于興盛繁榮時期。其他幾個鄰近的硬件公司包括Cisco系統和3Com公司，它們向因特網提供必要的物質組成部分。外語教學與研究出版社

60、整理ppt41Book Onen3 但是從電腦硬件上取得最大財富的是得克薩斯州奧斯汀的Michael Dell。他今年34歲，由于Dell 計算機的成功，他成為美國第五大富翁，其資產為200億美元，排名緊隨微軟公司的三個高級經理和Warren Buffett之后。n4 財富形成的第二次浪潮涉及軟件包括人們用于工作或娛樂的“應用”軟件，就像文字處理程序或者計算機游戲之類，以及用于管理業務和計算機網絡自身運行的“系統”軟件。軟件和硬件的差異為經濟學家們所謂的“規模遞增收益”提供了一個經典例證。因為生產軟件附加部件的成本，也即“邊際成本”極為低廉，一旦你在某一領域占市場主導地位，你的利潤就會突飛猛漲