1、中國人民大學2004年博士研究生入學考試試題 LISTENING TEST (20 points)(略）客觀題部分請用鉛筆將此部分的答案填涂在答題卡上，否則無效！ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding lette

2、r with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET . Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced _. A. previously B. virtually C. primarily D. domestically The sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that produced domestically.”Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answ

3、er ABCD1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages _patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressiveC. harmonious D. amiable 2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their

4、 eyes and _ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenancesC. concessions D. junctions3. People innately _ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justifyD. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Eart

5、h is a kind of zoo or wildlife _ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenanceC. storage D. reserve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence _ a breathtaking 15

6、 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated 6. Melissa is a computer _ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. A. genius B. virus C. disease D. bacteria 7. The _ emphasis on examinations is by far t

7、he worst form of competition in schools. A. negligentB. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The boy seemed more _ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived. A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated D. attributed 9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never _ a chance to

8、 practice his Chinese. A. passed on B. passed up C. passed by D. passed out 10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his _ can be distributed. A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogies Part B (5 points ) Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phras

9、e underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET . Example: The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these le

10、tters within one hour. A. careful B. industriousC. clever D. capableIn this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to “capable”. Therefore you should choose D. Sample Answer ABCD11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of th

11、e baby. A. depict B. advocateC. criticize D. analyze 12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival. A. confirm B. achieve C. match D. exaggerate 13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic i

12、ndustrial wastes. A. imminentB. recyclableC. smelly D. poisonous 14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction. A. allies B. delegates C. voters D. juries 15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff betwee

13、n our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling. A. frightening B. promising C. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown. A. secret plan B. bold attack C. clever design D. joint effort17. Evidence, reference,

14、and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions. A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligent D. meticulous 18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being ra

15、ped or wanton violence against civilians in the region. A. intriguingB. exasperating C. demonstrativeD. unprovoked 19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest. A. illegal B. night-time C. brutal D. abusive 20. Though sometimes t

16、oo lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness for the limelight. A. mercurial B. gallant C. ardent D. frugal Cloze (10 points ) Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the

17、square bracket on Answer Sheet I. Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, _21_ into a hobby and lately has _22_ into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates _23_ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started

18、their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep _24_ of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they _25_ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and _26_. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo. During 1994, they _27_ yahoo into a customized database designed t

19、o _28_ the needs of the thousands of users _29_ began to use the service through the closely _30_ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them _31_ locate, identify and edit material _32_ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is _33_ to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious

20、Orale”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the _34_ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first _35_ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was _36_ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”. In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in

21、Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files _37_ to larger computers _38_ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to _39_, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo _40_ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web. 21. A

22、. became B. grew C. turn D. intend 22. A. madeB. saw C. looked D. turned 23. A. in B. on C. about D. for 24. A. touchB. contactC. trackD. record25. A. foundedB. foundC. arguedD. reported26. A. unwieldyB. toughC. tamableD. invaluable27. A. exchangedB. shankC. soldD. converted28. A. explainB. serveC.

23、discoverD. evaluate29. A. whichB. thatC. actuallyD. eagerly30. A. relativeB. interactiveC. boundD. contacted31. A. fluentlyB. efficientlyC. exactlyD. actually32. A. transmittedB. purchasedC. soldD. stored33. A. aboutB. boundC. goingD. supposed34. A. fableB. modelC. nameD. brand35. A. supportedB. res

24、idedC. livedD. launched36. A. connectedB. lodgedC. introducedD. linked37. A. overB. awayC. insideD. beneath38. A. housedB. caughtC. hosedD. hidden39. A. averageB. normalC. ordinaryD. equal40. A. attainsB. detainsC. maintainsD. contains Reading Comprehension (20 points) Directions: Read the following

25、 passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I. Passage 1 Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how

26、to break habits. One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 min

27、utes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time stude

28、nts spend working on a single activity. The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children ca

29、n fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their sk

30、ills. The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made

31、several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes. Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continu

32、e to run a few more laps after the class has begun. The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students to find interesting books and read them while in the center

33、. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students. In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead pro

34、jector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course. 41. The purpose of this passage is to _. A. inform B. persuade C. debate D. narra

35、te42. Guthrie identified three methods for _. A. educating students B. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired action D. forming good hobbies 43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the chil

36、d enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it. B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored. C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with na

37、rrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting. D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys. 44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their

38、 hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example? A. The threshold method. B. The fatigue method. C. The incompatible response method. D. The punishment

39、method. 45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that _. A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incomp

40、atible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneously C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it D. The fatigue method is that in presence of

41、stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted response Passage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreig

42、n countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results. Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising. General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly l

43、esson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name t

44、o Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically. Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.

45、 When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi. Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translationsother aspects of culture must be

46、 researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders. When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. For example, an American designer tried to introduce a ne

47、w perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries. Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more cons

48、cientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions. The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders. The proce

49、ss used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings

50、. In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another. 46. The best title of this passage might be _. A. Culture Is Very Important in Advertising

51、 B. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations C. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different Countries D. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles 47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage? A. hesitation B. mistake C. stutter D. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to

52、 summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocks B. Faulty translations C. Avoid cultural oversights D. Prevent blunders 49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean _. A. an animal used in perfume for its smell B. a piece of fabr

53、ic used both in perfume and at funerals C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals 50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to _. A. fire the translators who don't know the target language B. use

54、 the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders C. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes D. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3 It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay,

55、 stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace. Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad te

56、mpers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top-and on the way upexecutives are exceedingly dedicated. The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is proba