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1、英語句子成分及句子結構句子結構-五種簡單的基本句型1 .主語+不及物動詞如She came. My head aches.2 .主語+及物動詞+賓語 如She likes English.3 .主語+系動詞+表語 如She is happy.4 .主語+ 雙賓動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語如He gave John a book.5 .主語+賓補動詞+賓語+賓語補語如 She makes her mother a ngry. The teacher asked me ti read a newspaper.英語句子基本構成成分:主語:可以作主語的成分有名詞(如boy),主格代詞(如I ,we, he

2、, she, they ), 數詞、動詞不定式,動名詞等。最常用的便是 名詞、代詞、動名詞、動 詞不定式。主語一般在句首。(1)名詞作主語English is very important.英語是彳艮重要的。The students all love their English teacher.'這些學生都愛他們的英語老師。(2)代詞作主語They go to school by bus.他們乘公共汽車上學。(3)動名詞作主語Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看電視太多對你的眼睛是有害的。It,s no use regretting i

3、t.后悔是無用 的。(4)動詞不定式(短語)作主語To see is to believe. 眼見為實。It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握一門外語是很必要的謂語:謂語由動詞構成,謂語時態、語態的變化都體現在動詞的變化上,一般在主語之后。(1)及物動詞作謂語We should help each other.我們應該互相幫助。All of the students like the novel.所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。(2)不及物動詞作謂語You' re driving too fast.你開車開得太快了。The teach

4、er came in , book in hand.老師走進教室,手里拿著書。(3)連系動詞作謂語He 100ks worried.他看起來很擔心。The box itself is not so heavy.箱子本身并不重。復合謂語:由情態動詞加動詞原形構成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. 由助動詞加動詞原形,現在分詞,過去分詞構成。如:Do you speak English ?They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.注意:謂語與主語在人稱與數方面要保持一致。賓語:賓語位于及物動

5、詞之后,一般同主語成分一樣,不同的是構成賓語的代詞必須是"代詞賓格” 如:me, us, him , her ,themI like Chinese food .我喜歡中國菜。I saw him yesterday.(代詞)昨天我看到他了。I enjoyed talking to you.我和你談話很高興。He wanted to have a cup of tea .(不定式短語)他想要一杯茶。We hoped that you would stay for a few days.我們希望你能多待幾天的。直接賓語和間接賓語一一有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語,一個指人,一個指物,指人的叫

6、作間接賓語,指物的叫直接賓語。合稱雙賓。例如:He gave me some ink .他給了我一些墨水。間接賓語直接賓語Our teacher told us an interesting story . 老師給我們講了一個有趣 的故事。間接賓語直接賓語表語:與連系動詞連用,構成系表結構,說明主語的身份或特征,一般由形容詞、名詞、動名詞、動詞不定式、分詞 等充當。如:The flower is beautiful .They are brother and sister . 他們是兄妹。Her father is sixty-five .她父親 65 歲。The poor boy was m

7、yself. 那個可憐的孩子就是我自己。All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport.你只需從機場打個的即可。My favourite sport is swimming我最喜愛的運動是游泳。定語:定語為句子的次要成分,起修飾限制名詞或代詞的作用, 可分為前置定語和后置定語。一般由形容詞性物主代詞、數詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞(短語)或句子充當。如:1) His father is a doctor.他父親是一名醫生。(代詞)2) Mr. Green hastwo sons. 格林先生有兩個兒子。(數詞)3) The g

8、irl under the tree is Kate.在樹下的那個女孩是凱特。(介詞短語)4) I bought a new dictionary.我買了 本新字典。5)This is a green cup.這是一個綠色的杯子。(形容詞)6) The people here are very friendly.(副詞)這里的人們非常友好。7) Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的東西嗎?(不定式)8) A barking dog seldom bites.吠狗很少咬人。(V-ing )9) The suggestion sent to the c

9、ommittee was adopted.(過去分詞)送往委員會的建議被采納了。10) Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? (定從) 你認識站在格林先生旁邊的那個人嗎?狀語:狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句,說明時間、地點、方式、原因、條件、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活,常見情況為:通常在句子基本結構之后,強調時放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞時,通常位于被修飾的詞之前;地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前;一些表示不確定時間(如:often )或程度(如:almost)的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態動

10、詞之后,動詞之前。(1)時間狀語I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上 5:30 起床。Hearing the news, they felt very excited.聽到這個消息,他們感到很興奮。Jim went to Shanghai yesterday.(時間狀語,句末 )(2)地點狀語Pandas only live in China.熊貓僅生活在中國。I met him in the street.( 地點狀語)(3)程度狀語He is quite young. (修飾 adj., 放在 adj.前)(4)目的狀語We ll go

11、 to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.這個星期天我們將去沙灘野炊。He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.他從口袋里掏出一些零錢來買報紙。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.她早早地起床,以便能夠趕上這輛早班車。(5)方式狀語We usually go to school on foot. 我們通常步行去上學。Please do it as I told you. 請按我告訴你的去做。(6)讓步狀語Though

12、she has a 10t of money, she is unhappy.雖然她很有錢,而她并不幸福。No matter what happens, I will never lose heart.無論發生什么,我將決不失去信心。(7)條件狀語If you don ' t work hard, you ' ll fall behind the others.假如你不努力學習,你將落后于別人。Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better.如果給予更多的關心的話,這些花將長得更好。(8)原因狀語We didn

13、,t go to the park because of the bad weather.由于天氣不好,我們沒有去公園。Because he was 川 ,he didn ' t go to school.由于病了,他沒有去上學。(9)結果狀語The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.風是如此地猛烈,以致于我們寸步難行。He left early, so that he caught the train.他早早地離去,(結果)因此趕上了火車。(10)伴隨狀語The doctor hurried off, with

14、a medicine box under his arm.這位醫生匆匆離去,胳膊下夾著一個藥箱子。The teacher cameinto the classroom, followed by a group of his students.老師進到教室里來,后面跟著一群學生。補語:補語是起補充說明作用的成份。最常見的是賓語補足語。名詞、動名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞都可以在句子中作賓補。1) We call her Xiao L i.(名詞)賓語賓語補足語2) You must keep the room clean and tidy . (形容詞)賓語 賓語補足語3) J

15、ohn asked me to help him with his Chinese . (動詞不定式)賓語 賓語補足語4) I w川 have my hair cut tomorrow.(過去分詞)賓語 賓語補足語5) We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just n ow. (v-ing )賓語賓語補足語6) Rain makes plants grow.雨水使植物生長。(動詞原形)賓語 賓補注意:后跟名詞作賓語補足語的動詞有call, name, think, make, choose等,后跟形容詞作賓語補足語的謂語動詞有

16、 keep, find, get, think, make等。動詞不定式作賓語補足語時、當謂語動詞為感官動詞(如feel, see,hear, notice, watch, observe, sound,等), 使役動詞(如 let, have,make等),動詞不定式不帶to 。英語中的五種基本句型結構一、 句型 1: Subject ( 主語)+ Verb (謂語)這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞,所謂不及物動詞、就是這種動詞后不可以直接接賓語。常見的動詞如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump,arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, ha

17、ppen等。如:1) Li Ming works very hard. 李明學習很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.3) Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.5) The sun was shining.太陽在照耀著。二、句型 2: Subject (主語)+ Link. V (系動詞)+ Predicate( 表語)這種句型主要用來表示主語的身份、特點等。其系動詞一般可分為下列兩類:(1)表示狀態。 這樣的詞有: be, look, seem, s

18、mell, taste, sound, keep等。如:1) This kind of food tastes delicious.這種食物吃起來很可 口。2) He looked worried just now.剛才他看上去有些焦急。3) The dinner smells good.午餐的氣味很好。(2) 表示變化。這類系動詞有:become, turn, get, grow, go 等。如:1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天氣變得越來越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller t

19、han before.這棵樹比以前長得高多了。3) His face turned red.他的臉紅了。三、句型 3: Subject(主語)+ Verb (謂語)+ Object ( 賓語)這種句型中的動詞一般為及物動詞,所謂及物動詞,就是這種動詞后可以 直接接賓語,其賓語通常由名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句等來 充當。例:1) He took his bag and left.(名詞)他拿著書包離開了代詞)(不定式)2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.(當我遇到困難時,李雷總能給我幫助3) She plans to t

20、ravel in the coming May Day.她打算在即將到來的“五一”外出旅游。4) She likes watching TV.(動名詞)她喜歡看電視。5) I don ' t know what I should do next.( 從旬)我不知道下一步該干什么。注意:英語中的許多動詞既是及物動詞,又是不及物動詞。四、句型 4: Subject(主語)+ Verb(謂語)+ Indirect object(間接賓語)十 Direct object (直接賓語)這種句型中,直接賓語為主要賓語,表示動作是對誰做的或為誰做的, 在 句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名詞來充當;

21、問接賓語也被稱之為第 二賓語,去掉之后,對整個句子的影響不大,多由指“人”的名詞或代詞 承擔。引導這類雙賓語的常見動詞有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach,show, bring, send 等。如:1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 她 爸爸給她買了一本詞典作為生日禮物。2) The old man always tells the children stories about theheroes in the Long March.老人經常給孩子們講述長征途中那些英雄的

22、故事。3) Sandy gave the dog some food.桑迪給狗喂了些食物。上述句子還可以表達為:1 ) Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2 ) The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.3 ) Sandy gave some food to the dog.五、句型 5: Subject(主語)+ Verb (動詞)+Object(賓語)+ Complement(補

23、 語)此句型的句子的共同特點是:動詞雖然是及物動詞,但是只跟一個賓語還不 能表達完整的意思,必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語,才能使意思完整。賓語補足語:位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系,它們一起構成復合賓語。賓語補足語的主要作用或者是補充、說明賓語的特點、身份等;或者表示 讓賓語去完成的動作等。擔任補語的常常是名詞、形容 詞、副詞、介詞短 語、分詞、動詞不定式等。如:1) You should keep the room clean and tidy.(形容詞)你應該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。2) They painted the door green.( 形容詞)

24、他們把門漆成綠色。3) We made him our monitor .(名詞)我們選他當班長。4) What makes him think so?(動詞原形)他怎么會這樣想?5) His father told him not to play in the street.( 不定式) 他父親告訴他不要在街上玩。6) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball .(現在分詞)7) I saw a cat running across the road.(現在分詞)我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.8) Yesterday I had a

25、picture taken with two Americans.(過去分詞)昨天我跟兩個美國人合了張影。9) I found it difficult to learn English.(形容詞。It充當形式賓語,to learn English是真正的賓語。)我發現學英語很難。簡單句五種基本句型巧記歌訣:英語句子萬萬千,五大句型把線牽。句型種類看動詞,后接成分是關鍵。系詞之后接表語,不及物后無需連。及物又可分三類,單賓雙賓最常見。還有賓語補足語,各種搭配記心問。Exercises:指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。1. We all study hard at English .A.主語 B.

26、 謂語 C. 賓語D.表語2. Betty likes her new bike very much.A. 主語 B. 謂語 C.賓語 D.表語3. My brother is a policeman .A. 主語 B. 謂語 C.賓語 D.表語4. Were you at home last night ?A.定語 B. 狀語 C.賓補 D. 表語5. Winter is the coldest season of the year.A 定語 B. 狀語 C.賓補 D. 表語6. He often walks in the park.A.定語 B. 狀語 C. 賓語 D. 表語7. Mary

27、 asked me to help her yesterday.A.定語 B. 狀語 C. 賓補 D. 表語8. He bought me a nice present last week.A.賓語 B.直接賓語C.間接賓語D.賓補9. His parents are doctors.A.賓語 B. 表語 C. 謂語 D. 定語 10. I' ll get you some tea now.A.賓語 B.直接賓語C. 間接賓語D.賓補11. My mother told us an interesting story last nightA.表語 B.直接賓語C. 間接賓語D.賓補12

28、. He has read the book twice.A.主語 B. 謂語 C. 表語 D.賓語13. They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.A.表語B.謂語C.賓語D.定語14. Do you have something to eat ?A.狀語B.定語C.賓語D.賓補15. We made him our monitor .A.賓語 B.定語 C. 狀語 D.賓補Exercises:指出下列句子的基本類型1. They are listening.2. My mother is fifty now.3. I have bought three books.4. My friend gave me a birthday present.5. I painted the wall white.6. The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.7. They arrived at six o ' clock.8.

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