1、16. Unconventional Oil and Gas非常規油氣1.One of the universally<普遍地>accepted definitions<定義>for unconventional<非傳統的>oil and gas is that they are extracted<開采、萃取>using techniques other than the conventional method.In terms of<依據,在某方面> the chemical composition,unconventional

2、oil and gas are identical to<與相同,identical 同一的,同樣的>conventional.Unconventional oil consists of<包含>oil sands,extra heavy oil and shale oil,which need advanced<先進的> technology to be extracted.Unconventional gas is found in highly compact<致密的,緊湊的> rock or coalbeds and requires a

3、 specific set of production techniques.1.非常規油氣的一個廣為接受的定義是它們是以非常規手段開發的油氣。從化學成分上來看,非常規油氣和常規油氣是相同的。非常規石油包括油砂、超重石油和頁巖油,但需要先進技術開采。非常規天然氣存于高度致密的巖石或煤層中,需要使用特殊開采技術才能獲得。2.Oil Sands2.油砂3.Tar sands <焦油砂>are a combination of<結合>clay,sand,water,and bitumen<瀝青>,a heavy black viscous oil<粘性油&g

4、t;.Tar sands can be mined<開采> and processed<加工> to extract the oil-rich bitumen,which is then refined<精制,精練>into oil.The bitumen in tar sands cannot be pumped<注入>from the ground in its natural state<自然狀態>instead tar sand deposits are mined,usually using strip mining<

5、露天開采> or open pit<采石場,露天開采> techniques,or the oil is extracted by underground heating with additional upgrading.3.焦油砂是一種粘土、砂、水和沏青(一種重質黑色稠油的混合物。通過開采和加工焦油砂,可獲取富含石油的瀝青質,然后再將瀝青質煉制成石油。油砂中的天然瀝青無法從地下泵上來,但油砂沉積物可以開采出來,通常使用露天開采技術或地下加熱處理技術開采。4.Tar sands deposits near the surface can be recovered by op

6、en pit mining<露天開采>techniques.New methods introduced in the 1990s considerably improved the efficiency<效率>of tar sands mining,thus reducing the cost.These systems use large hydraulic<液壓的,水力的,水壓的> and electrically powered shovels<鏟,鐵鏟> to dig up tar sands and load them into en

7、ormous<巨大的> trucks that can carry up to 320 tons of tar sands per load.4.近地表的焦油砂沉積物,可以通過露天采礦技術進行開采。20世紀90年代引進的新方法大大提高了焦油砂的開采效率,從而降低了成本。這些方法包括使用大型液壓挖土機和電動挖土機挖掘焦油砂,然后裝載到巨型卡車上,這種卡車每次可負載多達320噸的焦油砂。5.After mining,the tar sands are transported<運送>to an extraction plant,where a hot water proces

8、s separates<分離>the bitumen from sand,water,and minerals<礦物質>.The separation takes place in <發生在>separation cells<分離間>.Hot water is added to the sand,and the resulting <產生>slurry<泥漿> is piped<以管子輸送> to the extraction plant where it is agitated<攪動,搖動,煽動,激動&

9、gt;.The combination of hot water and agitation<攪拌> releases bitumen from the oil sand,and causes tiny<微小的> air bubbles to attach to<附著> the bitumen droplets<小滴>,that float to the top of theseparation vessel<容器>,where the bitumen can be skimmed off<撇出去>.Further pro

10、cessing removes residual water<殘留水> and solids.The bitumen is then transported and eventually upgraded into synthetic crude oil<合成原油>.5.焦油砂挖出后,運至提煉廠,經過熱水處理,瀝青質便與砂、水以及礦物質分離開來,該分離過程一般在分離間進行。焦油砂加高溫熱水后產生泥漿,泥漿通過管道運至提煉廠,進行攪拌。經過熱水混合攪拌后,瀝青就從焦油砂中釋放出來;微小氣泡附著在瀝青質微滴的表面,使瀝青質微滴漂浮到分離器的上部,從而將瀝青質撇出去;然后再去

11、掉殘余水和固體殘留物,將瀝青質運走,最終精煉成合成原油。6.About two tons of tar sands are required to produce one barrel<桶>of oil.Roughly<大致>75% of the bitumen can be recovered from sand.After oil extraction,the spent sand and other materials are then returned to the mine,which is eventually reclaimed<回收的,再生的>

12、;.6.生產一桶原油大約需要兩噸焦油砂,焦油砂大約可以提取75%的瀝青質。采油結束后,廢棄油砂及其他物質都要運回礦場,使礦場恢復再生。7.In-situ<在原位置,在原處,現場> production methods are used on bitumen deposits buried too deep for mining to be economically recovered.These techniques include steam injection<注蒸汽法>,solvent injection<注溶劑法>,and firefloods<

13、;火燒油層法>,in which oxygen is injected and part of the resource burned to provide heat.So far steam injection has been the favoured method.Some of these extraction methods require large amounts of both water and energy(for heating and pumping.7.現場開采法適用于埋藏太深不宜開采,且開采不經濟的瀝青質沉積物。現場生產技術包括注蒸汽法、注溶劑法和火燒油層法(

14、注入氧氣,燃燒部分油砂提供熱量。目前為止注蒸汽法最受青睞。在這些提取方法中,有的需要大量的水和能量(用于加熱和泵送。8.Unconventional Gas8.非常規天然氣9.Unconventional gas refers to a part of the gas resource base that has traditionally<傳統上> been considered difficult or costly to produce.Here we focus on the three main categories<主要類別> of unconvention

15、al gas: shale gas,tight gas and coalbed methane<甲烷,沼氣>.9.非常規天然氣是天然氣資源中的一部分,人們一直認為其開發難度大,成本高。本文將重點涉及三種主要的非常規天然氣:頁巖氣、致密氣和煤層氣。10.Shale gas<頁巖氣>is natural gas contained within a commonly occurring rock classified as shale.Shale formations<頁巖層>are characterized by <以為特征>low permea

16、bility,with more limited ability of gas to flow through the rock than is the case with a conventional reservoir.These formations are often rich in organic matter and,unlike most hydrocarbon reservoirs,are typically<典型的> the original source of the gas,i.e. shale gas is gas that has remained tra

17、pped in,or close to,its source rock.10.頁巖氣是一種常見巖石即頁巖中的天然氣。頁巖層的特點是滲透率低,與常規油藏相比,氣體在頁巖中的流動能力較差。頁巖層富含有機質,與大部分油藏不同的是,頁巖層是典型的天然氣生油母質,也就是說頁巖氣是吸附在生油巖表面或聚集在其內部的天然氣。11.Coalbed methane<煤層氣>,also known as coal seam<煤層>gas,is natural gas contained in coalbeds.Although extraction of coalbed methane wa

18、s initially <最初>undertaken to make mines<礦場> safer,it is now typically produced from non-mineable coal seams.11.煤層氣,也稱為煤層甲烷,是煤層中的天然氣。最初開采煤層甲烷是為了使礦場更安全,但現在通常是從不可開采煤層中生產煤層氣。12.Tight gas<致密氣>is a general term for natural gas found in low permeability formations.Generally,we classify a

19、s tight gas those low permeability gas reservoirs that cannot produce economically without the use of technologies to stimulate<刺激,激發> flow of the gas towards the well,such as hydraulic fracturing<水壓壓裂>.Tight gas is often a poorly defined category<類型>with no clear boundary<分界線&g

20、t; between tight and conventional,nor between tight gas and shale gas.12.致密氣是對存在于低滲透率地層中的天然氣的通稱。這些低滲透率氣藏如果不使用水力壓裂等增產措施使氣體加速流向井底,生產就算不上經濟可行。致密氣的定義并不是很明確,與常規氣、頁巖氣之間的界限并不甚清晰。13.Although the development cycle for unconventional gas and the technologies used in its production have much in common with<

21、和一樣>those used in other parts of the upstream industry<上游工業>,unconventional gas developments do have some distinctive<與眾不同的,有特色的> features and requirements<要求,需求>,particularly<特別是> in relation to<關于> the perceived<察覺;感知,感到，認識到> higher risk of environmental dama

22、ge and adverse<不利的> social impacts.This helps to explain why the issue of unconventional gas exploitation< 開采> has generated so much controversy<爭議>. 13.盡管非常規天然氣的開發周期和生產技術與上游工業中其他類生產有很多共同點， 但非常規天然氣開發確實有其不同的特性和要求，尤其明顯的是所面臨的環境破壞風 險較高，以及由此帶來的不良社會影響等。這就解釋了為什么非常規天然氣開采引發 了如此多的爭議。 14.The main reason for the potentially<潛在的> larger environmental impact of unconventional gas operations is the nature of the resources themselves:unconventional resources are less concentrated< 集 中 > than convention