1、（ 時態和語態）一 動詞的時態時態是謂語動詞所表示的動作或情況發生時間的各種形式。英語動詞有16 種時態，但是常見的只有九種： 一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在進行時、過去進行時、現在完成時、過去完成時、過去將來時、現在完成進行時。（一） 一般現在時（do / does）1 具體用法1） 表示經常性或習慣性動作We always care for each other and help each other. 我們總是互相關心互相幫助。He goes to school every day.2） 表示現在的特征或狀態He is very happy.Do you sing? A lit

2、tle.3） 表示普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比聲速快。Actions speak louder than words. 行動勝過言語。* 常與一般現在時態連用的詞或短語主要有： often, usually, sometimes, every day, every morning/afternoon, on Sundays/weekends 等等。I often go to the cinema on Sundays. 我經常星期天去看電影。He goes to work early every day. 他每天上班很早。（二）一般過去時（

3、did ）（ 1 ）表示過去某一特定時間所發生的、可完成的動作或狀態，常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如：We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.（ 2 ）表示過去習慣性動作。例如：He always went to class last.I used to do my homework in the library.（三）一般將來時（ will / shall do）1 ）表示將來打算進行或期待發生的動作或狀態。例如：I shall graduate next year.2）一般將來時有

4、時可以表示一種傾向或習慣性動作。如Crops will die without water.You won t succeed wiothut their support.3） 幾種替代形式：* be going to +v 在中廣泛使用，表示準備做或將發生的事情。例如：I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money.* be to +v 表示計劃安排要做的事，具有"必要" 的強制性意義。例如：I am to play tennis this afternoon.* be about to +v

5、表示即將發生的事情。例如：He was about to start.* be due to +v 表示預先確定了的事， 必定發生的事。例如：The train is due to depart in ten minutes.5 ） 少數動詞如： begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等的一般現在時可用來表示將來的動作。 （多用來表示按計劃事先安排好即將發生的動作，句中通常還有一個表示將來的時間狀語）例如：The meeting begins at seven.The train starts at n

6、ine in the morning.（四）現在進行時（ is / are doing）1） 表示現在某時或某段時間內正在進行的動作。常與現在進行時連用的詞組是 now ， right now ， at the mother ， for the time being ， for the present, 或某個具體的時間（幾點鐘） 。He is writing a letter now.She is visiting Beijing this week.2） 有時用來代替一般現在時態，表示一個經常性動作或狀態，這時是為了表示一種感情（如贊嘆，厭煩，滿意，不滿等）He is always thi

7、nking of his work. （ 表示贊許 ）The boy is always talking in class. （表示不滿）3） 有時用來表示一個在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作（這時多有一個表示未來的時間的狀語）We are leaving on Friday. 我們星期五動身。How many of you are coming to the party?（五）現在完成時（ have / has done ）（ 1 ） 現在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的， 剛剛完成的動作 （常與 yet ， already， just 連用） ， 或者過去某一時刻發生的，持續到現在的情況（

8、常與for ， since 連用） 。例如：I have just finished my homework.Mary has been ill for three days.（ 2 ）常與現在完成時連用的時間狀語有：since, for, during, over 等引導出的短語；副詞already, yet,just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently 等； 狀語詞組 this week （morning, month, year）, so far, up to now, many times, up to the present 等。例

9、如：So far, she hasn't enjoyed the summer vacation.There have been a lot of changes since 1978.（ 3 ）完成時態可用在下列結構中：*This （That, It） is （was） the first （second.） time + 定語從句；*This （That, It） is （was） the only （last） + n + 定語從句；*This （That, It） is （was） + 形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時， 從句的謂語動詞通常用現在完

10、成時； 如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去 時，從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時。例如：（ 1 ） This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.（ 2 ） There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.（ 六）過去進行時（was / were doing）過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發生時或發生后， 另一個過去的動作正在進行， 或表示過去反復的習慣，

11、常與always ， continually ， constantly 等動詞連用。例如：1 ） We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.2 ） Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.（七）過去完成時（ had done）（ 1 ）表示過去某時間前已經發生的動作或情況，這個過去的時間可以用 by， before 等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示；或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經完成。例如：1） We had just had our

12、 breakfast when Tom came in.2） By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.（ 2 ） 動詞 expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire 等用過去完成時， 表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現。例如：I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.另外兩種表示"過去想做而未做的事&qu

13、ot; 的表達方式是：1） was / were + to have done sth, 例如：We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.2） intended （expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired） + to have done sth, 如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.（ 3 ）過去完成時常用于以下固定句型：1） hardly, scarcely,

14、 barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如：Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.2） no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如：No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.3） by （the end of ） +過去時間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如：The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.（八 ）一般過去將來時1. 一般過去將來時的

15、形式Should / would+ 動詞原形was / were + 動詞 -ing 形式2. 一般過去將來時常用于賓語從句中，其主語的謂語動詞為過去時態，可表示從過去某時看來將要發生的事情，如：He said that he would speak at the meeting.He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.（九）現在完成進行時（ has / have been doing）現在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態一直延續到過去某一時刻。例如：I have been looking for my lost

16、book for three days, but I still haven't found it.運用動詞時態要注意的幾個問題（一）在時間和條件等狀語從句中不要用將來時態，如We ll give him the book if he wants it.He decided to fight back if he was hit again.I ll call you as soon as I ve finished my work.（二 ） 時態的一致（時態的呼應） ，如We saw that the smoke was coming from a window.I didn t k

17、now if she would come.He admitted that he had been on the march.* 不進行時態調整的情況：1 ）從句說的是一種普遍真理，如：Long ago, people didn t know the earth moves round the sun.2）當從句的謂語改成過去時可能造成誤會，如Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?（三）瞬間動詞在完成時態中的使用，如：誤 ： I have received her letter for three months.正 ： I received her

18、 letter three months ago.正 ： It is three months since I received her letter.（四）注意某些要求一定時態的句型* was/ were doing sth. when did sth.I was reading a book when the bell rang* was/were about to do sth. when did sth.We were about to leave when the telephone rang.She was about to go out when it started to ra

19、in* 表示做事做了第幾次或共幾次，要用完成時態，如：It s the first time I ve seen her.We have been there three times.* It is / has been since It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.* hardly when We had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain.Hardly had w

20、e got in the crops when it began to rain.* no sooner than I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.No sooner had I come into the room than the door was closed.二動詞的語態語態也是動詞的一種形式， 英語有兩種語態： 主動語態和被動語態。 主動語態表示主語是動作的執行 者，而被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。1 ） We use electricity to run machines. （主動語態）2 ）

21、 Electricity is used to run machines. （被動語態）1 不能用于被動語態的動詞和短語（ 1）在英語中，不及物動詞不能用于被動語態，但有些不及物動詞（包括短語）容易引起誤用。of。（ 2）某些表示狀態或特征的及物動詞，如：動語態。2 被動語態的時態形式常用的被動語態有下表所列的幾種時態形式。時間 一般時進行時如： appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consistbecome, contai

22、n, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit 也沒有被完成時am being asked is being asked are being asked was being asked were being asked現在 am asked is asked are asked過去 was be asked were be asked將來shall be askedwill be asked過去should be asked將來would be askedshall have been asked will have been asked should have been

23、 askedwould have been asked3 短語動詞的被動語態短語動詞轉換為被動語態時，通常被看作是一個動詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如：1 ） So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.2 ） All the rubbish should be got rid of.4 "get + -ed 分詞 " 的被動語態"get + -ed 分詞 " 結構強調動作的結果， 而非動作本身， 常用來表示突發性的， 出乎意料的偶然事件。 例如：The boy got hurt on his way

24、 home from work.另外， "get + -ed 分詞 "還可用于談論為自己做的事，是主動的行為而不是被動的行為。例如：get dressed （穿衣服）get divorced （離婚）get engaged （訂婚）get confused （迷惑不解）get lost （迷路）get washed （洗臉）get married （結婚）5 被動語態與系表結構的區別（ 1） The novel was well written. （系表結構）（ 2） The novel was written by Diskens. （被動語態）6. 不能用于被動語態的及

25、物動詞，如： have, fit, hold, lack, costI have a computer.The hall can hold 200 people.7. 主動性式表被動意義當feel、 look、 smell、 taste、 sound 等后面接形容詞時；當 cut、 read、 sell、 wear、 write 等詞帶狀語修飾語時；當動詞表示 “開始、結束、關、停、轉、啟動”等意義時。This kind of cloth washes easily. 這種布易洗。These novels won ' t sell Welfe小說不暢銷。My pen writes sm

26、oothly. 我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。The door won ' t lock不上。The fish smells good. 魚聞起來香。當 break out、 take place、 shut off、 turn off、 work out 等動詞表示 “發生、關閉、制定 ”等意思時。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off. want, require, need 后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義。be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。在“ be +形容詞+ to do 中，不定

27、式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代”被動。This kind of water isn t fit to drink.The girl isn t easy to get waliothn.g另外：be to blame（受譴責），be to rent （出租）也用主動形式表被動。Choose the right answer1. They friends since they met in Shanghai.A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had2. The secretary is going to report to th

28、e manager as soon as he .A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving3. We all know that ice .A. feel coldB. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold4. -This cloth well and long.- OK. I ll take it.A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lastedC. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lastin

29、g5. Helen her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband home.A. has left; comes B. left; had comeC. had left; came D. had left; would come6. It every day so far this week.A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining7. - Are you going to the movies tonight?- Yes, I my work by tha

30、t time.A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished8. - Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?- No, it for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been rainingD. has rained9. You won t know

31、 if the coat fits you until you it on.A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried10. My dictionary , I have looked for it everywhere but still .A. has lost; don t find B. is missing; don t findC. has lost; haven t found D. is missing; haven t found11. - How long each other before they married?-

32、 For about a year.A. have they known; getB. did they know; were going to getC. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got12. - Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.- Oh, how nice of you. I you to bring me a gift.A. never think; are goingB. never thought; were goingC. didn tthink;

33、are goingD. hadn t thought; were going13. When Jack arrived he learned Mary for almost an hour.A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away14. - I m sorry to keep you waiting.- Oh, not at all. I here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will15. The police found that the ho

34、use A. has broken into; has been stolenC. has been broken into; stolen16. - Have you moved into the house?- Not yet. The rooms .A. are being painted B. are paintingand s lot of things .B. had broken into; had been stolenD. had been broken into; stolenC. are painted D. are being painting17. If the ci

35、ty noises from increasing, people shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 yearsfrom now.A. are not kept ; will have toB. are not kept; have toC. do not keep; will have toD. do not keep, have to18. - the sports meet might be put off.- Yes, it all depends on the weather.A. I ve been told B. I ve told

36、 C. I m told D. I was told 19. I don t think Jim saw me; he into space.A. just stared （ 凝視 ） B. was just staringC. has just stared D. had just stared20. - my glasses?- Yes, I them on your bed a minute ago.A. Do you see; sawB. Had you seen; have seenC. Have you seen; sawD. Would you see; saw21. - We

37、could have walked to the station; it was so near.- Yes. A taxi at all necessary.A. wasn t B. hadn t been C. wouldn t be D. won t be22. - Who is Jerry Cooper? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.A. Don t you meet him yetC. Didn t you meet him yet23. - Nancy is not coming tonight.- But she !

38、A. promisesB.promised24. it with me and IA. When left B. Leaving25. It is clear that his poor educationB. Hadn t you mheitm yetD. Haven t you met him yetC. will promise D. had promised ll seaenwdhoa. t I cC. If you leave D. Leavehim back.A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held26.

39、- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?- I yet, but I taking a train.A. haven t decided; am considering B. haven t decided, considerC. didn t decided; am considering D. hadn t decided; have considered27. The pen I I is on my desk, right under my nose.A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. thi

40、nk , had lost D. thought, have lost28. - Have you heard about the new school?- No, when and where to build the new one yet.A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn t decided D. haven t decided29. - Sorry, I m late.- That s OK. I long.A. haven t waited B. don t wait C. haven t been waiting D. did

41、n t wait 30. - Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.- Oh! I thought she in the back.A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat31. I my face when suddenly someone at the door.A. washed, knockedB. washed, was knockingC. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked32.

42、 I at the station half an hour ago, but the train yet.A. arrived, hadn t come B. was arriving, hadn t comeC. arrived, hasn t come D. had arrived, didn t come33. - Why did you come by taxi?- My car broke down last week and I still it repaired.A. haven t had B. didn t haveC. don t have D. won t have34

43、. I m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you sick.A. are B. were C. would be D. had been35. The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so.A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down36. - Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last Augus

44、t?- I to go, but I got sick at the last minute.A. was planningB. had been planning C. planned D. have planned37. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life so happy.A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt38. - How are you today?- Oh, I as ill as I do now for a very long time

45、.A. didn t feel B. wasn t feeling C. don t feel D. haven t felt39. The reporter said the UFO east to west when he saw it.A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel40. - I think that you need practice on playing the violin.- violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I ll make it every