1、 The kinds of attribute(定語定語):1.He is an1.He is an honesthonest boy. boy.2.We love 2.We love ourour country. country.3.Whats your 3.Whats your telephonetelephone number? number?4.Marx found it important to 4.Marx found it important to study the situation study the situation in Russiain Russia. . 修飾修

2、飾, 限定限定5.The foreigner 5.The foreigner who visited our who visited our school yesterdayschool yesterday is from Canada. is from Canada. The positions of the attribute: （定語的位置）（定語的位置）1. This is a flower basket.2. This is a basket full of flowers.3. This is a basket that I want to put flowers in.（單個的詞

3、作定語時要放單個的詞作定語時要放于被修飾詞的前面，短語或從句作于被修飾詞的前面，短語或從句作定語時要放于被修飾詞的后面。）定語時要放于被修飾詞的后面。）She is the girl who can speak English very well.The Attributive clause 1The Attributive clause 1定語從句定語從句在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句從句叫做定語從句先行詞先行詞引導詞引導詞關系詞關系詞關系關系代詞代詞關系關系副詞副詞who whomthat whichwhosewhen where why1

4、 The woman is a teacher.2 The woman lives next door.The woman who/that lives next door is a teacher. The nurse is kind. The nurse looks after my sister. The nurse who/that looks after my sister is kind. Kevin is reading a book. The book is too difficult for him.Kevin is reading a book which/that is

5、too difficult for him. The book is on the shelf. You bought the book last year. The book (which/ that) you bought last year Is on the shelf. I met him on the street. That man is your brother. That man (whom/who/that) I met on the Street is your brother. It is about a big white shark. It attacks swim

6、mers .It is about a big white shark which/that attacks swimmers.The boys who/that are playing football are from Class One. (主語)The man (who/whom/that) you met just Now is my teacher.(賓語)Plane is a machine which/that can fly.(主語)This is the pen (which/that) he bought yesterday.(賓語)I know the doctor.H

7、is daughter studies abroad.I know the doctor whose daughter studies abroad.Have you seen my book?The books cover is red.Have you seen my book whose cover is red.1. The student _father works in the factory is sitting there.2. I like the rooms _windows face south.3.This is the desk _legs were broken.

8、whosewhosewhose關系代詞關系代詞指人和物時都用指人和物時都用whose,表示表示先行詞的所屬關系先行詞的所屬關系, ,在定語從句中作定在定語從句中作定語語, ,可理解為可理解為“的的” This is the room./ Lu Xun once lived in the room. The person is Mr.Li./ You just talked with him.This is the room (that/which) Luxun once lived in.This is the room in which Luxun once lived.This perso

9、n is Mr.Li (that/who/whom) You just talked with.This person is Mr.Li with whom you just talked. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.Ive read all the books that are not mine. (1) 先行詞為先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something,anything, little, much 等不定等不定代詞時。代詞時。(2)先行詞被先行詞被all, every, no,

10、some, any, little, much等修飾時。等修飾時。This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the very book that belongs to him.(3)先行詞被序數詞或最高級修飾時。先行詞被序數詞或最高級修飾時。(4)先行詞被先行詞被the only, the very, the last修飾時。修飾時。 who或或which的問句中。的問句中。 Who is the girl drove the car? Which is the book you bought last week? (6) 主句以主句以

11、There be 引導時引導時 There are 200 people didnt know the thing. (7) 當先行詞在定語從句中作當先行詞在定語從句中作be表語時表語時 She isnt the girl she was 10 years ago.Exercises: All _ we need is to be supplied with food and clothing. A. what B. that C. which D. whom 2.The man_talked to you just now is an engineer.1. A. who B. whose

12、C. which D. what3. Can you tell me the name of the factory_ you visited last week? A. what B. in where C. / D. when4. I dont like the way_ you speak to her. A. that B. in that C. who D. whose5. The most important thing_ we should pay attention to is the first thing_I have said. A. which; that B. tha

13、t; which C. which; which D. that; that6. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons_ none of us has ever heard of. A. which B. who C. whom D. that1. This is the best hotel in the city _ I know. A. It B. where C. that D. Which2. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady_ comes fro

14、m Beijing. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose3. Is there anything else_ you require? A. which B. that C. who D. whatrevision4. Whats the name of the man_? you borrowed his car B. which car you borrowed C. whose car you borrowed A.D. his car you borrowedwhose car = the car of whom 1.The school at which

15、/where I studied for only two years was three km. away.2. Find out the attributive clauses in Reading, until today we have reached a stage at which/where we have almost no rights at all. 3. The parts of town in which/where they had to live were decided by white people.4. The day on which/when Nelson

16、 Mandela helped me was one of my happiest.5. However, this was a time during which/when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg. 6. Do you know the reason for which/why he was late?= Do you know the reason? /He was late for the reason.See Page 91 and put the attributive clauses into t

17、wo separate sentences總結總結關系副詞關系副詞: where, when, why: where, when, why時間時間 when = when = in/at/on/during whichin/at/on/during which地點地點 where = at/in/on where = at/in/on whichwhich原因原因 why = for whichwhy = for which 1.when 在從句中作時間狀語，先行詞多在從句中作時間狀語，先行詞多為表時間的名詞為表時間的名詞time,hour,morning,day,month等。等。 2.wh

18、ere在從句中作地點狀語，先行詞在從句中作地點狀語，先行詞多為表地點的名詞多為表地點的名詞place,house,school,country等。等。 3.why 在從句中作原因狀語，只跟在在從句中作原因狀語，只跟在reason 后。后。注意：關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇使用。注意：關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇使用。1.取決于從句中的謂語動詞。若及物動詞后面無賓取決于從句中的謂語動詞。若及物動詞后面無賓語，就要用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要用關系副語，就要用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要用關系副詞。詞。 This is the village where I stayed last year. This i

19、s the village ( which/that) I visited last year. I will never forget the days when I worked with him. I will never forget the days (which/ that) I spent in the country.2.當定語從句中缺主，賓，表，定語時，用關系代詞；當定語從句中缺主，賓，表，定語時，用關系代詞；如定語從句中缺狀語時，應用關系副詞。如定語從句中缺狀語時，應用關系副詞。The woman who/that lives next door is a teacher.

20、The book (which/ that) you bought last year is on the shelf.Have you seen my book whose cover is red.She isnt the girl she was 10 years ago.3.介詞介詞(under, with, for)+ which(指物）指物）/ whom(指指人），關系代詞不能省略。人），關系代詞不能省略。1.The person _ you should write to is Mr.Ball.2.The person to _ you should write is Mr.Ba

21、ll.3.The games _ he competed in were swimming and shooting.4.The games in _ he competed were swimming and shooting.who/that/whomwhomwhich/thatwhich5.October 1,1949 is the day _we will never forget.6.Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing/7.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _family was po

22、or.8.The pen_ he is writing now was bought yesterday.with which that/whichwhich/thatwhose9.He is the man _ you can turn for help. 10.This is the tree under _ we used to play games.11.The farm_ we worked ten years ago isnt what is used to be.12.A biologist is a man _ has a great knowledge of biology.

23、 to whomwhichon whichwho/that13.The poor boy _lost both his parents last year lives with his grandfather .14.This is the factory _ he worked ten years ago.15.This is the factory _ make toys.16.He is the boy _family was poor.who/thatwhere/in whichwhosewhich /that1. 標點限制性定語從句與先行詞之標點限制性定語從句與先行詞之間不用逗號隔開

24、間不用逗號隔開,非限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間一般用逗號隔開。先行詞之間一般用逗號隔開。My cousin whose father is a teacher wants to be an actor.My cousin , whose father is a teacher , wants to be an actor. Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Clause A. He is a man who I can ask for help. B. His father, who works in Beijing, came back yest

25、erday.2.功能限制性定語從句和先行詞關系密功能限制性定語從句和先行詞關系密切，如果去掉從句，剩余部分意義不完整；切，如果去掉從句，剩余部分意義不完整；非限制性定語從句只是先行詞的附加說明，非限制性定語從句只是先行詞的附加說明，如果去掉從句，意義仍然完整。如果去掉從句，意義仍然完整。3. 先行詞限制性定語從句的先行詞一般為單先行詞限制性定語從句的先行詞一般為單個名詞或代詞；非限制性定語從句的先行詞既個名詞或代詞；非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可以是單個名詞或代詞，也可以是整個句子。可以是單個名詞或代詞，也可以是整個句子。This is the house which we bought las

26、t month. (先行詞為先行詞為the house) I bought this house, which made my family very shocked.(先行詞為逗號前的先行詞為逗號前的整個句子，即我買房子這件事）整個句子，即我買房子這件事）4. 關系詞關系詞-that 不能引導非限制性定語從句不能引導非限制性定語從句He failed in the exam, that made his mother angry.He failed in the exam, which made his mother angry.非限制性定語從句中通常使用下列關系非限制性定語從句中通常使用下

27、列關系代詞和副詞代詞和副詞 先行詞指人：用先行詞指人：用who, whom 引導引導 指事，物：用指事，物：用which, whose，as引導引導指時間，地點：用指時間，地點：用when,where引導引導非限制性定語從句中關系詞不能省非限制性定語從句中關系詞不能省略略1 Yesterday I met LiPing, who seemed to be very busy.2 He bought me a book, whose cover had been lost.3 Do you know Tom, whom we talked about?4As I excepted, he did

28、nt believe me.5Well graduate in July, when we will be free.6Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held. 1. I have a sister who works in a hospital.我有一位在醫院工作的姐姐。我有一位在醫院工作的姐姐。（不只一（不只一位姐姐）位姐姐）2. I have a sister, who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在醫院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在醫院工作。（只（只有一位姐姐）有一位姐

29、姐）有時同一個限制性從句變為非限制性從句有時同一個限制性從句變為非限制性從句會改變全句的意思。會改變全句的意思。(1) What surprised me was not what he said but the way _ he said it.(2) Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2019山東）山東）(that/in which)wherePractice(3) _ is often the case, we have worked out the produ

30、ction plan.(4) This is the very house _ he lived.(5) Next winter, _ you will spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be another exciting holiday.(6) Thats the reason _ he was late.Aswherewhichwhy(7) The pictures brought the days back to the old _ they swam in the river.(8) Robert and his songs _ were famous

31、in the U. S. are also popular in China.(9) They are always smoking, _ of course, will do harm to their health.(10) The situation _ you use the words is very clear in fact.whenthatwhichwhere The reason why he explained at the meeting surprised us. 2. I can remember the days when we spent together.why

32、(that)when(that /which)Correct the mistakes3. The way in which you talked about is very important for us.4. Put the book in which you can it easily.in which(which /that)in whichwhere It is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown，will open next year.（2019四川）四川） A. they both B. whi

33、ch both C. both of them D. both of which I have many friends, some _ are businessmen. (2019全國全國) A. why B. from which C. who of D. of whom If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (2019上海上海) A. that B. which C. when D. where I walked in our garden, _ T

34、om and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2019遼寧遼寧) A. which B. when C. where D. that Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. (2019安徽安徽) A. when B. which C. what D. that Jim passed the driving test, _ surpri

35、sed everybody in the office. （2019浙江浙江） A. which B. that C. this D. itThe English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. (2019全國全國) A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on whichThere were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. (2019全國全國) A. where B. w

36、hich C. when D. that By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, _ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. （2019湖南）湖南） A. who B. which C. what D. that Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy (嫉妒嫉妒) him. (2019天津

37、天津) A. who B. that C. what D. which Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally (就我就我個人而論個人而論) I doubt (懷疑懷疑) very much. (2019全國全國) A. it B. that C. when D. which Last week，only two people came to look at the house， _ wanted to buy it. (2019安徽安徽) A. none of them B. both of them C. non

38、e of whom D. neither of whom The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. (2019遼遼寧寧) A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of thatGrammarThe Future Passive Voice一般將來時的被動語態一般將來時的被動語態構成形式：助動詞構成形式：助動詞will/shall +be+及物動及物動詞的過去分詞詞的過去分詞1. 描述事物將受到某種影響或某種處理。描述事物將受到某種

39、影響或某種處理。2. 描述人物將被動地接受某種行為或某描述人物將被動地接受某種行為或某 種處理。種處理。 The people of Beijing will plant more trees and build new road.John will take his dog back. More trees will be planted and new roads will be built by people of Beijing.Johns dog will be taken back by him.注注: Its negative structure: will + not + be

40、 + 過去分詞過去分詞 I will not develop my picture until next week.My pictures wont be developed until next week. Will+ subject+ be+過去分詞。過去分詞。 Wh- +will+ subject+ be+過去分詞。過去分詞。 29屆奧運會將在北京召開嗎？屆奧運會將在北京召開嗎？ 29屆奧運會將何時在北京召開？屆奧運會將何時在北京召開？Will the 29th Olympic Games be held in Beijing? When will the 29th Olympic Ga

41、mes be held in Beijing?1. All those old buildings _ down tomorrow. A. will be knocked B. will knock C. will have knocked D. knock A2. The mistakes in the exercises will _ the teacher. A. cross B. be crossing C. be crossed by D. cross by C3. It is said that a new robot _by him in a few days.A. design

42、ed B. has been designed C. will be designed D. will have been designedC4. Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _ if we leave it here.A. would be fined B. will be fined C. will being fined D. will have been finedBTranslation這條裙子太漂亮了這條裙子太漂亮了! 會有很多女孩會有很多女孩兒喜歡的！兒喜歡的！2. 他一到達這個城市就會被

43、認出。他一到達這個城市就會被認出。 What a beautiful skirt! It will be loved by many girls.He will be recognized as soon as he arrives at this city.3. 這項工作很快就完成了。這項工作很快就完成了。4. 我們不會受到邀請。我們不會受到邀請。 The work is going to be done soon.We will not be invited.The Present Perfect Passive Voice(1) 把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主把主動語態的賓語變為被動語

44、態的主語。語。(2) 把謂語變成被動結構把謂語變成被動結構 (be過去分詞過去分詞) (根據被動語態句子里的主語的人稱和根據被動語態句子里的主語的人稱和數，以及原來主動語態句子中動詞的數，以及原來主動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定時態來決定be的形式的形式)。主動語態變被動語態的方法主動語態變被動語態的方法(3) 把主動語態中的主語放在介詞把主動語態中的主語放在介詞by之之后作賓語后作賓語, 將主格改為賓格。例如：將主格改為賓格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bik

45、es in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory. 1._ a new library _ in our school last year? A.Is; built B.Was; bulit C.Does; build D.Did; build 2.An accident _ on this road last week.A.has been happened B.was happened C.is happened D.happened3. Neither of them _ in China. A.is made B.

46、are made C.were made D.made 4. When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A.did; use B.was; used C.is; used D.are; used5. The Great Wall _ all over the world. A.knows B.knew C.is known D.was known現在完成時的被動語態表示動作發生在過現在完成時的被動語態表示動作發生在過去去, 到現在已經完成或對現在仍有影響。到現在已經完成或對現在仍有影響。 現在完成時的被動語態現在完成時的被動語態The struct

47、ure of the present perfect passive voice is: have/ has beened 雙賓語動詞變被動語態可將其中的一個雙賓語動詞變被動語態可將其中的一個賓語變為主語，賓語變為主語， 另一個保留不動。另一個保留不動。主動：主動：I have given him the key.被動：被動：He has been given the key.被動：被動：The key has been given to him.主動：主動：My friend has bought her a book.被動：被動：She has been bought a book.被動：

48、被動：A book has been bought for her. 帶復合賓語的動詞變被動語態時帶復合賓語的動詞變被動語態時, 只能將只能將賓語變為主語賓語變為主語, 原來的賓補保留不動原來的賓補保留不動,改稱改稱主語補足語主語補足語, 作主補可以是名詞作主補可以是名詞/ 形容詞形容詞/ 現在分詞現在分詞/過去分詞過去分詞/不定式不定式,其中不定式必其中不定式必須加須加 to I have painted the wall blue.The wall has been painted blue. Jenny had found a wallet lying on the floor befo

49、re she left the room.A wallet had been found lying on the floor before she left the room.We have considered the things settled.The things have been considered settled.He has told them to help you.They have been told to help you.I have made her work harder.She has been made to work harder. 并不是所有動詞都有被

50、動語態并不是所有動詞都有被動語態 1) happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, last等不及物動詞或詞組無被等不及物動詞或詞組無被動語態。如：動語態。如： 誤誤 Great changes have been taken place in China since 1978. 正正 Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.2) open, break, drop等不強調動作發出者等不強調動作發出者時常用主動語態。時常用主動語態。 誤誤 Something bad has bee

51、n happened to him 正正 Something bad has happened to him 析析 被動語態誤用。被動語態誤用。happen為不及為不及物動詞，不及物動詞沒有被動物動詞，不及物動詞沒有被動語態。語態。 誤誤 The door has been opened of itself 正正 The door has opened of itself 析析 有些動詞如有些動詞如open, break, drop 等既可以作及物動詞，又可以作不及等既可以作及物動詞，又可以作不及物動詞，若不強調誰是動作的發出者，物動詞，若不強調誰是動作的發出者，我們通常用主動語態。我們通常用

52、主動語態。 of itself意思是意思是“自動地自動地”。因此。因此, 此句不可用被動語態。此句不可用被動語態。 誤誤 I have introduced to Mr Li 正正 I have been introduced to Mr Li (by Mr Wang) 析析 introduce為及物動詞為及物動詞, I是是introduce的承受者。的承受者。 1. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being

53、decided D. has not been decidedPractice 4. Some new oilfields _ since 1976. A. were opened up B. has opened up C. have been opened up D. had been opened up -_ I go out to play, mum? -No, you_. You should do your homework first. A. Might; wouldnt B. May; had better not C. Must; mustnt D. Need; mustnt

54、B2. -Where is Emma? -I cant say for sure where she is, but she_ be out shopping. A. can B. should C. must D. mayD3. The room is in a terrible mess; it _ cleaned. A. cant have been B. couldnt be C. may have been D. would beA 1 Children under 12 years of age in that country _ be under adult supervisio

55、n when in a public library. (2019 上海）上海） A must B may C can D need2 Whats the name？ A Khulaifi. _ I spell that for you？（？（2019 北京）北京） A Might B Would C Can D Shall 3 You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _ be so rude to a lady. (2019 上海）上海） A might B need C should D would4 Hows your tour ar

56、ound the North Lake? Is it beautiful? It _ be, but it is now heavily polluted. （2019 全國全國I） A. will B. would C. should D. must 5 I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I have driven her there. （2019 陜西）陜西） A. could B. must C. night D. should6. Where is my dictionary? I remember I pu

57、t it here yesterday. You it in the wrong place. A. must put （2019 江西）江西） B. should have put C. might put D. might have put7. 一一What does the sign over there read? 一一“No person _ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area” （2019 四川）四川） Awill Bmay Cshall D. must8. She looks very hap

58、py. She _ have passed the exam. I guess so. Its not difficult after all. （2019 江蘇）江蘇） A. should B. could C. must D. might 1. ought toshould should 和和ought to 都為都為“應該應該”的的意思，可用于各種人稱。意思，可用于各種人稱。ought to 的的語氣稍重一些。語氣稍重一些。 You ought to (should) follow your teachers advice.should 和和ought to 后面跟動詞不定式的后面跟動詞

59、不定式的完成式完成式,其肯定句表示其肯定句表示”過去應該做而過去應該做而未做未做”, 其否定句則表示其否定句則表示”過去不該做過去不該做但做了但做了”。You should/ought to have made the decision a week ago.I shouldnt have made such a foolish mistake. 注意注意2.注意對注意對need問句的回答問句的回答: -Need I finish the work today? -Yes, _. No, _. No, _.you mustyou needntyou dont have to判斷正誤判斷正誤:

60、How dare you say such a thing? How dare you to say such a thing?He darent to speak English before such a crowd, did he?He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease.Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.These dishes need be cleaned care