1、1高初中語法知識銜接系列三 句子的種類句子的使用目的分類：一、陳述句（ Declarative Sentence ） 陳述句是用來說明事實、看法，描述動作、狀態，闡明道理、原因，等等。這是日常生活中見得最多的一種句 子。它在表達意思上有兩種形式，即肯定句形式和否定句形式。例如：Chinese is one of the major languages in the world . 中文是世界主要語言之一。It is not an easy job to learn English well . 學好英語不是件易事。She is doing her term paper . 她在寫學期論文。Th

2、is is a beautiful garden . 這是一座漂亮的花園。Wealth does not mean happiness .富有并不意味著幸福。Being over-slept , he was late for class today . 由于睡過了頭，他今天上課遲到了。二、 疑問句（ Interrogative Sentence ） 疑問句是用來提出問題的，按其所提出的不同問題可分為以下四種：1. 一般疑問句（ General Question ）一般疑問句是就某件事或某種情況的”是與否”提問。因此，它的回答不是Yes就是No;回答時所用的句子可以是完整句，也可以是省略句。另

3、一方面，凡是疑問句一般說來都應該是倒裝語序。例如：-Are you a student ? -Yes, I am a student .-Do you like dancing ? -Yes, I do .2. 特殊疑問句（ Special Question）特殊疑問句是對某件事或某種情況的某一方面的具體內容提問，因此， 對哪一方面的具體內容提問， 就需要使用相應的特殊疑問詞如： 時間（When）、地點（Where）、原因（Why ）、方式（How ）、人物（Who）、名稱（What）， 等等。另外，回答的內容也應該是具體的。-Who is in charge of English in yo

4、ur class ? -Zheng Zheng （is ）.-誰是你們班的英語科代表？- （是）鄭征。-Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today.-She is preparing for going abroad. 羅慧敏今天為什么沒有上班？她要出國,正在做準備。3. 選擇疑問句（ Alternative Question ）選擇疑問句可以對句子中的任何成分設置選擇問題，選擇部分由連詞or 連接。它貌似一般疑問句，其實兩者有區別，因為回答這種文句時既不能用Yes也不能用No，而是需要回答人說出具體的選擇。另外，連詞or 之前的部分讀升調，其后的部分讀降

5、調。例如：-Is your sister or brother going abroad ? -My brother is .（選擇主語） -是你的妹妹還是弟弟要出國？-我弟弟。-Are you going to school or back home . -（ Im） Going home .（選擇謂語） -你是去學校還是回家。-我回家。4. 反意疑問句（Disjunctive Question）當說話人對某種情況不甚有把握，或需進一步證實時，便可使用反意 疑問句。 反意疑問句的構成分兩部分。 第一部分是一個完整的陳述句; 第二部分是一個簡單疑問句。 第一部分 若是肯定形式， 第二部分則用否

6、定形式; 第一部分若是否定形式， 第二部分則用肯定形式。 還必須要保持前后 兩部分在時態、情態動詞等方面的一致性。例如： Sheis a college student , isnt she ?她是學生，對不對？He cannot speak French , can he ?他不會說法語是不是？三、 祈使句（ Imperative Sentence） 祈使句往往是用來表示說話人的請求、命令、要求、建議，等等。祈使句的主語常被省略，因為這個主語很明確地是聽話人 you 。當然，有時為了強調或表示某種感情，句子也會帶上主語。祈使句的謂語用動詞原形; 它的否定形式是句首用 Dont + 動詞原形，

7、 或是 Not to + 動詞原形。 例如： Be quiet , please !（大家）請安靜。Stand up !起立！ Dont smoke in the office .請不要在辦公室吸煙。 Not to be careless when youre driving a car . 開車時不要粗心大意。2四、 感嘆句（ Exclamatory Sentence ）感嘆句表示說話人的喜悅、氣憤、驚訝等強烈的情緒。這類句子中，有很多是由What 或 How 引起的。What 用來強調名詞， How 則強調形容詞、副詞或動詞。這類句子的構成只需將所強調或是說，所感嘆的對象 放到句首；句子無

8、需倒裝，句子要用正常語序。當然，如果不用這種句型，而句子(無論是那種句子)本身又 表示了上述的種種情緒，那么該句也就成了感嘆句。例如：What a fine day it is today ! 今天天氣多好??！How fine it is today ! 今天天氣多好??！What a lovely son you have ! 你有個多可愛的兒子啊！ 句子的結構分類如果按照句子的結構分類，英文句子可分為三個類別：簡單句(Simple Sentenee),并列句(CompoundSentenee)和復合句(Complex Sentence)。這里所說的結構，主要是指句子中主語和謂語之間所構成的關

9、系。一、 簡單句( Simple Sentenee)簡單句只有一個主謂關系。 句子可能有兩個或更多的主語, 也可能有兩個或更多的謂語, 但是句子中的主 謂關系只有一個。例如：China and Chinese people are ineredibly progressing in many aspeets . (兩個主語,一個謂語)中國和中國人民在 以非常的速度日益進步。Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paidmore and more attention by people . (兩個謂語,一個主語)計算機對人類社會意味著很多東西,

10、并越來越受到人們的重視。二、 并列句( Compound Sentenee)并列句有兩個或兩個以上的主謂結構。 這些主謂結構之間的關系是并列的、 對等的。 從語法上講, 所謂并列、對等 是指任何一個主謂結構都能獨立地表達意思,誰也不從屬于誰。盡管如此,這些主謂結構在意思或邏輯 上有一定程度的內在聯系。 否則, 它們就可能被分別寫成簡單句, 而沒有必要寫在一起構成并列句了。 在并列 句中,要使兩個或幾個主謂結構(或者說,分句)連接在一起,就要用并列連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行對等(即互不從屬)的分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面幾種：1.表示轉折意思 : but , yet , however , n

11、everthelessEverything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself 一切都是身外之物,只用健康屬于自己。He has learned English for only one year, yet he ean eommunieate with people in English. 他才學一年英文,但已能用英文與人交往了。John has his shorteomings; however, that doesnt mean he is not qualified for the job . 約翰有缺點

12、,但這不等于說他不勝任這份工作。2.表示因果關系 : or , so , therefore , heneeYoud better take an umbrella with you, for its going to rain. 要下雨了,你最好帶把傘。Ive got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now. 我要去開個會,我得走了。You are in the right , therefore we should support you . 你是對的,所以我們該支持你。The town was built on the side of a hil

13、l, henee its named Hillside. 這個小鎮建在山旁,所以叫 山旁 。3.表示并歹 U 關系：and , or , eitheror , neither / nor , not onlybut(also), both and, as well asShe eame to my house yesterday evening, and Iwent to hers . 昨晚她來我家了,我卻去她家了。Do it this way or youll be in trouble . 你就這么辦,不然你會有麻煩的。Either you tell him the truth , or

14、I do it . 不是你告訴他事實,就是我來告訴。He doesnt know your address, neither / nor do I. 他不知道你的地址,我也不知道。三、 復合句( Complex Sentenee)復合句明顯地不同于簡單句, 因為它有兩個或兩個以上的主謂結構。 從表面上看, 它與并列句相似。 其實不然, 后者的幾個主謂結構之間的關系是并列的、對等的；而復合句中的主謂結構之間的關系不是并列的、對等的, 其中只有一個主謂結構是主要的, 其他的主謂結構都從屬于那個主要的主謂結構。 那個主要的主謂結構稱作句子的主句(Main Clause);其他的主謂結構稱作句子的從句

15、或子句( Subordinate Clause)。 復合句里的從句種類較多,引起不同的從句要用不同的從屬連詞。關于從屬連詞的具體使用將在從句的3有關章節里再作介紹。另外,這里所說的從屬 關系,是指從句只有和主句在一起才能有意義；從句若從主句4那里獨立出來就無法表達意義了。請看下列句子：Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at moviesas well . 許多人在家里是邊看電視邊談話，所以他們認為在電影院也可以如此。Whether he comes or

16、not does nt make any differe nceto me.（主語從句）他來與不來對我都一樣。disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.（賓語從句）什么是貨幣以及怎樣計量貨幣經濟學家之間存有分歧。China is not what it used to be . （表語從句）中國不是它過去的樣子了。Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals ?（同位語從句）有沒有什么證據說

17、明植物性食品不同于動物性食品Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government.（定語從句）稅款是人們支持政府而交的錢。句子的種類專項訓練一、單項填空。1. _ interesting news it is !A. How anB. What anC. HowD. What2. Call a taxi,_you will miss the train.A. andB. thoughC. because D. or3. Can you tell me _ she is waiting for?A. whyB. wh

18、oseC. whomD. which4. You must make your new house clean and safe_you move in.A becauseBwhenC beforeD. until5. I m going to Hangzhou for a holiday this weekend.-_you are there , could you buy me some green tea ?A. Because B. WhileC. AfterD. Though6. April 1st is the day_ is called April Foolthe weste

19、rnscDouanytiens.A. thatB. whoC. whenD. where7. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister.A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing8. This is the only book_I have.A .whichB. thatC. who D. how9. Did Jack come to our party yesterday ? No, he_ .A. wasn t invented B. didn t

20、invite C. isn t invitedD.hasn t invited10. _do you go to Hong Kong? Sorry, I ve never been there.A. How longB. How often C. How farD. How soon11. You can t imagine_when they received these nice Christmas presents.A. how they were excitedB. how excited they wereC. how excited were theyD. they were ho

21、w excited12. When I looked into the room, I found Philip himself_ in bed.A. liesB. lieC. layD. lying13. Did you have anyone_ the trees? Yes, I have the trees_.A. to water, waterB. to water, watered狀語從句）There is5C. water, to be watered D. water, watered14. The schools in Shanghai are not different fr

22、om_.A. Beijing schools B. that of Beijing C. Beijing D. those in Beijing615. Have you ever been anywhere for a trip ? A trip ? I_away from my hometown even once.A. wentB. have gone C. have never been D. have been16. If you go to the park tomorrow morning, _.A. so will heB. so he willC. so he does D.

23、 so does he17. It s hard to keep the house_ h_wthirtee kids.A. cleaningB. to cleanC. cleanedD. clean18._ The students are sorry to hear that the famous singerforhalf an hour.A. has leftB. has goneC. has been away D. has gone away19. The painting_ to a museum in New York in 1977.A. sellsB. soldC. was

24、 soldD. is sold20._ Two thirds of the work in our officeby the computer last year.A. are done B. is done C. were done D. was done21.Some students throw rubbish everywhere in our school. They must _ it any moreA. stop from doing B. stop to doC. be stopped from doingD. be stopped to do22. I know Mr. W

25、hite is very angry with me. What does he say? He says you_ away if you re late again.A. are sendingB. has been sent C. are going to send D. will be sent23.This is_that all of us believe it s very important.A. such useful information B. so useful an informationC. so useful informationsD. such a useful informationA. so many moneyB. such muchmoneyC. so many moneyD. so much money2