1、 一、Translation concerning negationAims: to understand the features of Chinese and English as regards negation, the application of negation in the process of translationKey points: the application of negation in the process of translation Difficulties: affirmative in Chinese but negative in English,

2、negative in Chinese but affirmative in English Teaching procedures:Negation being an important conception in ones expression of thoughts, expressions of negations is to be found in any tongue. This is naturally true of Chinese and English. However, the ways of indicating negation are quite different

3、 in the two languages. This frequently causes a lot of trouble to translators, who if not careful enough, would often make mistakes.1. Features of the two languages as regards negation1. Both languages have negatives or expressions formed with negatives. In modern Chinese, the much-used negative wor

4、ds are: 不,沒,別. These words express three different meanings: 不signifies denial of a statement;沒denial of a being or occurrence(,非and 否can be put under this category);別dissuasion or prohibition(甭,勿,and 莫 can be put under this category)The often-used negatives in English are “not”, and “no”, in additi

5、on to “nothing”, ”nobody” “none”, “without”, “ neithernor”, “never”, etc.Chinese negatives are generally capable of producing derivatives, particularly the word 不, 無and 非. Their derivatives are equivalent to English words formed by adding affixes, e.g. 不法unlawful, 不便inconvenient, 無邊boundless,非正規irre

6、gularsIn English, apart from using negatives to express negation, words with a negative sense can be formed by adding affixes to root words. The affixes thus used are mainly “less” suffix “un” “in”, and “non”However, English words formed with affixes with a negative, while adjective and nouns formed

7、 with “un” such as “unavoidable” and “unbelief” are negative, for instance, verbs formed with affixes such as “unclasp” and “uncork” affirmative. In Chinese, words formed with negatives are generally negative in sense but in some cases they assume new meaning like 非常, which practically means 很.In En

8、glish, the same word formed with a different affix differs in meaning (compare discord with uncord). Sometimes, words formed with different affixes with a negative sense would produce words with different implications-derogatory and the other non-derogatory. For instance, immoral means 不道德,and is th

9、erefore derogatory while unmoral means 非道德,無道德觀念的,and is therefore non derogatory.2.英語為肯定式,漢語譯作否定式(affirmative in English but negative in Chinese)You are quite a stranger here.Wet paint Keep off the lawnI failed to understand your meaning.A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful aft

10、erwards.一個人做了不該做的事,日后往往會懊悔.Another person runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere.另一個人跑步則是為了避而不做別的事,不對如何生活作出決定,不去感受自己生活碌碌無為.3. 英語為否定式,漢語譯為肯定式(affirmative in Chinese but negative in English)Where is the wretch

11、ed girl? Why do you not come when I call you?Pierre: hey, what the ! You old fool.Lena: dont talk to me that way! I am not your wife.Even so, I still insist that for the individual himself nothing is more important than his personal, interior sense of right and wrong and his determination to follow

12、that rather than to be guided by what everybody does or merely the criterion of “social usefulness.”即便如此,我仍然堅持認為,對個人而言,最重要的莫過于這種根植于個人心靈深處的是非感，以及堅決按這種是非感行事的決心，而不是隨波逐流，或僅僅以是否“對社會有益”為準則。I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man.4. Double negativeThere is no rule that has no exception.（條條規

13、則都有例外）There is not any advantage without disadvantage.（有利有弊）It never rains but it pours.(不鳴則已，一鳴驚人)The sea food goes against my stomach.His speech leaves no room to improvement.The music is like nothing on the earth.In Chinese, there to be found not a few instances where double negation is used for

14、euphemism purposes, e.g. 不無理由，（there might be some reason), 未嘗不可（it is not impossible). Expressions of another kind of negation, called “pleonastic negation”(多余否定），exist both in English and Chinese. In English we often come across sentences like the following:1. I asked if I could not do anything fo

15、r him.2.Try and think whether you have no friends to help you.The negative “not” in the first example and “no” in the second seem to be superfluous. But their use here is idiomatic. In translation it will not do for the first example to render word for word and say ,我問他我是否不能幫他做點什么。Similarly, it is n

16、ot right to translate the second example as 想一想你是不是沒有什么朋友幫助你。The proper rendering would be 想一想你是不是有什么朋友幫助你。1.人來人往，好不熱鬧。What a busy place with so many people coming and going.2. 她腳一滑，差點沒摔倒。She slipped and nearly fell.Idiomatic usageFar fromYour work is far from satisfactory.Far from admiring his pain

17、tings I dislike them intensely.Far from advocating nuclear war, China is the only nuclear power to have undertaken never to use nuclear weapons first.中國根本沒有鼓吹核戰爭,是唯一承諾不首先使用核武器的大國.Free fromThe Southeast Asian countries want to build a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality, free from any form or manne

18、r of interference by outside powers.Free from anxiety Free from arrogance and rashness人人有不挨餓的權力.Every person has the right to be free from hunger.Tooto 不要總譯為太以致He is too exited to speak.In the past few years, some countries had strikes too many to list.This book contained too much gossip, too many d

19、istortions and falsehoods to warrant comment.這本書里無聊的話太多,歪曲和弄虛作假之處太多,不值一評.He is too ready to speak.I am only too delighted to accept your kind invitation.Not tooto and cannot tooA teacher should not too proud to learn from his students.He was too experienced not to know it .We cannot praise him too m

20、uch .A book may be compared to your neighbor, if it be good, it cannot last too long, if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.Not becauseThe engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.Dont scamp your work because you are pressed for time.In that city, we had never suffered discrimination bec

21、ause we were Jews.He didnt half like the girl.I couldnt feel better.I couldnt agree with you more.If that isnt what I want!He cant see you quick enough.Half, nearly, possible 和not用在一起時的理解Paper tiger is not half so fierce as it is painted.Not half=not at allThe show is not half bad.= It is a very goo

22、d show.The earth does not pull the kitten to it nearly as much as it pulls a big rock.地球對小貓的引力根本不像對一塊兒巨石那么大His last three novels are not nearly so good as the earlier ones.Such a state could not possibly have waged war against its neighbor without the backing from other countries.Exercises1.But that

23、s very extraordinary. It seems against nature.2. The Theory of Relativity put forward by Einstein is now above many peoples understanding.3. She is too careful not to have noticed it.4.Life may well turn out to be the true, rather than exception.5.Bite off more than one can chew.6. There is no evil

24、without compensation.7. They never work without helping each other.8. He was in an uncomfortable predicament.9. It was inconsiderate of him to mention the matter in her hearing.教學目的：了解和掌握在翻譯時正面表達和反面表達的靈活使用。二、教學過程：1英語為肯定式，漢語譯作否定式(affirmative in English but negative in Chinese).You are quite a strange

25、r here.這兒的人都不認識你Free-frost refrigeratorWet paint!He yelled “freeze!”Keep off the lawn!I failed to understand your meaning.我弄不懂你的意思。A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards.一個人做了不該做的事， 日后往往會懊悔。But I could see that my arguments were hopeless. Those pigeons would have to go.

26、但我發現我的爭辯是徒勞的，這些鴿子留不住的。2. 英語為否定式，漢語譯作肯定式 (affirmative in Chinese but negative in English).Where is the wretched girl? Why do you not come when I call you?這死丫頭去哪里了？怎么叫你半天才來？Pierre: hey, what the! You old fool.Lena: dont talk to me that way! I am not your wife.皮埃爾：哎，怎么，你這傻女人！莉娜：嘴里放干凈點！我又不是你老婆The United

27、 Nations organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.到目前為止，聯合國辜負了世界人民寄予的希望。Such a chance was denied to me.我沒有得到這樣一個機會。I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man.拜讀了你的大作，沒想到你這樣年輕。The lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience.演講者講得太深奧，聽眾聽

28、不懂。I am at my wits end to keep this child quiet.我實在沒有辦法讓這孩子安靜下來。0. 雙重否定 (double negative )There is no rule that has no exception.任何規則都有例外。There is not any advantage without disadvantage.有一利必有一弊。It never rains but it pours.不下則已，一下傾盆。The sea food goes against my stomach.不合我口味。His speech leaves no room

29、 to improvement.他的演講完美之至。Thats all Greek to me.這我一竅不通。The music is like nothing on the earth.此曲只應天上有4、一些習慣表達的譯法：Far from:Your work is far from satisfactory. 你的工作一點兒也不令人滿意。Far from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely. 我不但不欽佩反而十分討厭他的畫。Far from advocating nuclear war, China is the only nucl

30、ear power to have undertaken never to use nuclear weapons first.中國根本沒有鼓吹核戰爭，是唯一承諾不首先使用核武器的核大國。Free from:The Southeast Asian countries want to build a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality, free from any form or manner of interference by outside powers.東南亞國家要求建立一個和平、自由和中立的地區，不受外來國家任何形式和方式的干涉。Free fro

31、m anxiety: 常譯為“無憂無慮”；Free from arrogance and rashness.: 不驕不躁。The vast discrepancies in wealth and standard of living show clearly that such a country can make no claim to be building a state free from the exploitation of the laboring masses.財富與生活水平懸殊的差別清楚地表明，這樣的國家不能自稱為是在建設一個勞工大眾不受剝削的國家。人人有不挨餓的權力。Eve

32、ry person has the right to be free from hunger.如果你有小汽車，就不用去坐火車或擠公共汽車。If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses.Tooto 不要總譯為 “太。以致”He is too exited to speak. 他激動得說不出話來。In the past few years, some countries had strikes too many to list.在過去幾年中，有些國家里的罷工多得不勝枚舉。This book contained too

33、 much gossip, too many distortions and falsehoods to warrant comment.這本書里無聊的話太多，歪曲和弄虛作假之處太多，不值一評。The military structure of the puppet clique is getting too broken to be propped up.這個傀儡集團的軍事結構太支離破碎了，無法把它支撐起來。Notice: he is too ready to speak. 他太喜歡講話。I am only too delighted to accept your kind inv

34、itation.我接到你的盛情邀請太高興了。Teachers are but too glad to sing with students.教員非常高興和學生一起唱歌。Not too to相當于 not so that not/ 而too not to等于sothatcannot butWe are never too old to learn.我們不至于老得不學習。/我們活到老，學到老。A teacher should not be too proud to learn from his students.教師不應驕傲得不向學生學習。He was too experienced n

35、ot to know it.等于he was so experienced that he cannot but know it.他很有經驗，不會不知道這點/ 或“他很有經驗，一定會知道這點”  （不得不，必定）I cannot but complain about the food. 我不得不抱怨這食物。Cannottoo等于it is impossible for us to over+原形動詞。如 we cannot praise him too much =It is impossible for us to over praise him.我們怎樣稱贊他都不會過分。A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too ear