1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上2017屆新課標高考英語閱讀理解猜測詞意（詞義）解題策略高考考情分析解讀：詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解題中的一種常見的題型。詞義猜測可以是對一個單詞的意義推斷，也可以是對一個短語或一個句子的意義推斷，既可以是生詞生義，也可以是熟詞新義，還可以是對替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。通過對近年新課標全國卷分析統(tǒng)計來看，詞義猜測題一般有12題?？疾橄鄬Ρ容^穩(wěn)定，但難度略有增加，需要在復雜的句式中通過上下文綜合分析才能得出答案。在詞義猜測題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)短文提供的語境，通過閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或詞組的含義。2016年全國卷

2、設問形式例子：(1)What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(2016年課標全國卷)(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean？(2016年課標全國卷)(3)What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to？(2015年課標全國卷)常見的命題形式有：The underlined word in the second par

3、agraph means “_”Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?The underlined word “_” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “_”What does the phrase “_”in Paragraph 1 mean?利用定義definition或同義解釋本學案結構：重述舉例利用構詞法word-building利用語境和邏輯關系單詞或短語反義（同義第一部分已講）根據(jù)語法知

4、識猜測意思猜測題因果利用構詞法word-building根據(jù)常識common sense判定代詞指代猜測題目句子猜測句意題目附：典故諺語知識儲備單詞或短語意思猜測題該題型著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義的能力，這也是一個從“已知”得出“未知”的過程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子)進行推理，有時還需要依靠常識和經(jīng)驗來猜測詞義?？疾榉秶婕皩δ硞€生詞或短語的含義的猜測、對某個熟詞進行生義的猜測或考查該詞能被哪個單詞或短語代替等。定義或者同義解釋：作者常常通過給某些詞匯下定義來幫助讀者理解詞義，尤其在一些科普類、社科類及與專業(yè)內(nèi)容相關的文章中，定義解釋作者所用詞的準確含義。下定義

5、時，作者通常使用信號詞，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。利用同義解釋猜詞同義解釋形式多樣，有的利用下定義，有的利用or，that is(to say)，in other words，namely等引出后面的解釋，有的利用破折號、同位語(從句)、定語從句或同義詞、近義詞等引出后面的解釋。1).Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 2).It will be very hard but very brittle that is , it will break ea

6、sily.3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.A. Having been abandonedB. Having been used to home lifeC. Having been used to life in the wildD. Having been weak and hungry4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.5). She is

7、bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. 7). The schools are reluctant to take time offeven teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting th

8、e day off. The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_.A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless同義詞（近義詞 ）在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了避免語言的單調(diào)、重復，有時會使用意思相同或相近的詞。因此，考生只要讀懂上下文，知道其中一個詞的意思，就能猜出另外一個詞的意思。并列關系(同義關系）提示詞：and, also, as as, the same as利用語境及前后的提示來猜測詞義 。例如.I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier.

9、 Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻者) to the time they can be implan

10、ted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.題目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1? A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor9).Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him. 10).Mark Tw

11、ain was not the authors real name; it was a pseudonym. 11).The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.12).If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 13).Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as

12、harmful. 利用構詞法猜詞英語中有大量的單詞是通過合成或加前后綴構成的，運用構詞法判斷生詞的意義是一種快速有效的解題方法。根據(jù)構詞法猜測詞義英語中的許多詞匯，特別是不斷出現(xiàn)的新詞大多是通過構詞法生成的。因此，掌握主要的構詞法有助于猜測詞義。根據(jù)詞根、前綴、后綴、復合、派生等猜測詞義。super- inter- mini- micro- -some anti- co- post- pre- -shippro- 表示“往前”progress 'prugres n./v. 進步 promote v.增進，促進，提高pre- 提前，領先 predict vt. 預測 prevent vt

13、. 預防；妨礙 preview n./v. 預覽；預習prevent 記：預先pre 走掉（-vent，似went）是預防 Timely repetition will prevent you from forgetting words. 及時重復才能預防忘記單詞。 timely adv. 及時地 repetition n. 重復per “每個，都，一直”person n. 人 percent n. 百分比 persist v. 堅持 persuade p'sweidvt.說服，勸服 記：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就 可以說服re-表示“再次，重復，往回，”repeat n./v.

14、 重復 rewrite v. 重寫，改寫recall v.回想，記起；召回 recover v. 重新獲得，恢復report n./v 報告 表示“往上”的前綴 up-和in- “向下”的前綴 de grade n. 等級，級別，成績upgrade _ degrade _increase n./v 上升 增加 decrease n./v 減少，減小in-除了表示“往上”， 更重要的意思是“往里”。 和它音近的im-，en-，em- 都是“往里”的含義inside a.里面的import vt. 進口記：port港口，進到（im-）港口來，叫進口invite v. 邀請ink n. 墨水in-是

15、“往里”，那想想“往外”怎么說？往外 ex-，e-export v./n 出口 expand v. 擴張 exit v. 出口 'eksit experience n. 經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗 vt.體會 explain v.解釋 exhibit v. 展覽 ig'zibit; eg-表示否定的前綴： un- unfair,unhappy non-nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前) in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.) dis-disagree,disappear im-impolite,impossible (用在b,p

16、,m 開頭的詞前) il-illegal ir-irreal, irregular(B).表示錯誤或失當?shù)那熬Y: mis-misjudge, misdirect(誤導)(C).表示向背的前綴: pro-(親，支持) pro-Chinese, pro-American anti-（阻止，抗） antiwar, anti-Japanese war(D).表示程度、大小的前綴super- superstar,supermarket, superman, superpowerover- overhead, overeat, overusemini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-c

17、arunder- underground, underestimatesemi-(半，部分) semicircle, semiskilled, (E).表示時間的前綴 pre- prewar post- postwar fore-(前，預先) foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forecast(F).表示方位的前綴： sub- subway, submarine inter- international, interclass(年級之間的） trans-(橫過，通過，超越，進入) transplant, transatlantic （橫渡大西洋的）常見的

18、后綴-ment 名詞性后綴，表“行為，結果或具體物”move v.移動；搬家movement n.運動，活動agree v. 同意agreement n.同意，協(xié)議 manage v.管理 management n.管理-tion 名詞后綴，表動作，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)1. n. 行動 action 2. n. 污染 pollution3. n. 人口 population4. n. 手術 operation-ty 名詞后綴，加在形容詞后面,表示特性或情況1. n. 誠實 honesty2. n. 安全 safety3. n. 多樣；種類；變化 variety4. n 焦慮 anxiety 5. n.

19、殘酷 cruelty-able, 形容詞后綴 有”能夠、有某種特性”的意思1. adj. 舒服的 comfortable2. adj. 合適的 suitable3. adj. 時尚的，時髦的 fashionable4. adj. 有道理的，合理的，公道的 reasonable 5. adj. 可信賴的，可靠的 v. 信賴 rely reliable 6. adj. 大量的；可觀的 考慮 動詞是？ considerable adj.大量的，可觀的7. adj. 穩(wěn)定的 stable adj. 穩(wěn)定的 記：s-音似“死”；-table桌子。一個死的桌子，肯定是很穩(wěn)定的。8.adj 可用的，可得到的

20、 available adj 可用的，可得到的-ish 為形容詞和名詞后綴。1. adj. 愚蠢的 foolish2. adj. 自私的 selfish 記憶：一條自私的魚3. n. 垃圾 rubbish4. n. 英語 English5. adj. 英國的，英國人的 British-ful 形容詞后綴1. adj. 鮮艷的，多姿多彩的 colourful 2. adj. 高興的，愉快的 cheerful delightful 3. adj. 有希望的，有前途的 hopeful 4. adj 有意義的，意味深長的 meaningful5. adj. 奇妙的，極好的，精彩的 wonderful1

21、.動詞變名詞：-ation satisfaction, education, realization-ment development, movement, disappointment-al arrival, refusal-ee trainee（受訓者）, employee-er teacher, worker-or visitor, sailor wrong-doer 做錯事情的人補充學習over- : too much overcrowded(1)Overwork may cause diseases. (2)There was a dissatisfied look in the m

22、anager's eyes. 2.en- 動詞前綴 enable, endanger, enrich3.重要后綴 -ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -en等4.合成詞 For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-

23、earth. Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sent oversea

24、s during the war. For a time we wrote, and her letters were the highlight of those terrible endless years.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換（解釋意思）He is a man with broad shoulders. We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time. So when someone has hurt you, calm yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something

25、 that gives you pleasureKeep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who upsets you. Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (trouble 詞性與意義？) 真題演練 A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.利用語境及邏輯關系猜詞利用上下文語境和前

26、后句之間的并列、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、對比、解釋、定義和舉例等關系來猜測詞義。同時要特別留心某些詞語，如or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。利用上下文線索猜測詞義 (1)重述 作者為了使某一難詞或術語的含義更清楚，通常會使用常用、簡明的詞或詞組對其進行解釋，這就是重述。重述部分通過逗號與句子的其他部分隔開(有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號或括號)或用信號詞引導。常見的信號詞有

27、：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等等。典例 In the library, I found my way into the“Children's Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beag

28、le. I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child. (2) 舉例作者常常會通過對某一難詞給出具體的例子，幫助讀者理解該詞的詞義。舉例常用的信號詞有：such as, such .as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。典例 Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspire

29、d negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. 1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English

30、 Learning, or Readers Digest.(3)對比轉(zhuǎn)折法：根據(jù)反義詞或?qū)Ρ汝P系猜測詞義。有時作者會用表示對比或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號詞連接意思相反的兩個詞或句子，這時就可根據(jù)反義詞線索猜測詞義。表示對比或反義的信號詞/詞組常見的有：(whether).or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand， but, however, although , though，while(

31、然而), rather than, instead of 等標志詞。典例 If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.73The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “_”. Acheerful BaverageCseriou

32、s Dtemporary舉例：He had been getting better, However , during the night his condition deteriorated.A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. Though Toms face has been wa

33、shed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends. She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.對比Time is something from which we cant escape.

34、Even if we ignore it, its still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Whos in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. The underlined word “ally

35、” most likely means somebody or something that is _.A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps youB. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you（4）因果關系法：根據(jù)前后句因果關系猜測詞義。Signal words: because，since ,so, suchthat, sothat, for, ect. I could see nothing because t

36、he light was too faint . I feel that since you are my superior（上司）， it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “      ” .Afull of respect     B rude and too confident  Clacking in experien

37、ce  Dtoo shy and quiet 詞語再應用1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting2). My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly 3). The river is

38、 so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow。4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.5).The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport

39、 again.因果Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists. What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably m

40、ean?A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.B. Take away everything you bring in.C. Carry all the necessary food.D. Look after your personal belongings.再如：真題演練典例 There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,

41、 but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.30What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? AA practical idea. BA vain hope.CA brilliant plan. DA selfish desire. 典例 This of course crea

42、ted a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. S

43、mall wood­frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily.63The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “_”AchangeBliftCrepair Ddecorate根據(jù)語法知識猜測詞義在英語句子中，同位語或同位語從句、定語從句等都起著解釋說明、補充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜測詞義的線索。典例 Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There we

44、re great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_ one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.65What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?ACountries where their people need help.BPowerful states with higher civiliza

45、tion. CSplendid empires where people enjoy freedom.DGovernments ruled with absolute power. 根據(jù)生活常識斷定生活常識經(jīng)驗：根據(jù)自身的直接或間接的經(jīng)驗，運用自己已有的常識, 以及英美國家的風俗習慣、宗教信仰、社會生活等將生詞推測出來。1). Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.The word “pruning” means_A. Regula

46、r cutting of the plants B. Frequent wateringC. Regular use of chemicals D. Growing the plants high in the mountain2). Husband：Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about lighting the fireplace? a). dying b). frozen c). hurt3). The objects around you are visible

47、 because they interact with light .Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects aro

48、und it，so you can see it easily.The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means _AsilentlyBgraduallyCregularly Dcompletely4). My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lo

49、t of clothes that wouldnt fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stati

50、ons signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didnt get any channels showing allnight movies or I would never have gotten to bed.Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_Aended all their programsBprovided fewer channelsCchanged to commercialsDshowed allnight movie

51、s 代詞指代猜測題代詞指代題要求考生依據(jù)語境的邏輯關系，判斷畫線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對象，包括考查it(指動物、無生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的復數(shù)名詞)，he/she等人稱代詞的指代意義，以及指示代詞this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意義，以考查考生對文章中敘述的特定的人、物、事件的再認能力。常見的命題形式有：The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “_”. What does “that/those/them” in Paragraph 3 refer

52、to? Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.What does the underlined wo

53、rd “They” refer to?_AFlooded waters. BWildlife journeys.CSafari camps. DUnique rides. 直接要求考生指出代詞所指的具體內(nèi)容 例 However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at le

54、ast 10,000 hours studying and practicing. In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to _.A. being good at somethingB. setting a practical goalC. putting in more timeD. succeeding in life 間接考查考生對代詞指代內(nèi)容的把握 因為代詞在上下文或上下句中起語義的銜接作用，在解答某些細節(jié)題時，如果不弄清代詞的指代內(nèi)容，就很難選出正確的答案。解題中，考生需要利用代詞的回指或預指來理清上下句的銜接關系，從而找到問題的答案。It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform