1、大作文的類型：?jiǎn)芜呏С?反對(duì)陳述利弊分析解決構(gòu)成：引言段 + 主體段 + 結(jié)論段一、引言段組成：開頭句（ opening sentence）+ 中心論點(diǎn) 步驟：引入話題，同義轉(zhuǎn)述，再根據(jù)寫作任務(wù)表達(dá)中心論點(diǎn)i、opening sentence 五種方法:（一） 、引人入勝 思路：用一個(gè)比較有趣的話題先吊起考官的胃口，并吸引他們往下看題目 1：many schools demand the students to wear uniforms. some peoplethink that such a practice can undermine their personality and ind

2、ividuality.范文：the issue of whether the practice of requiring students to wearschool uniforms will affect their personality and individuality is of greatinterest to many people.備選：be of great concern for many parents引起父母的關(guān)注be of great importance to many scientists對(duì)科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要be of great significance to

3、 both a and b對(duì)于 a和 b 都是非常重要的大作文的開頭探討雙方半支持半反對(duì)多重選擇題目 2.：人類如何定義和追求幸福，這樣的問題引起公眾廣泛的爭(zhēng)議。 范文：the question of how human beings can define and pursue happiness is amatter of much contention among the general public.備選：the question of _ has been widely debate in theworld of politics.（二） 、力排眾議 思路：先駁斥大眾的某個(gè)普遍但卻錯(cuò)誤

4、的觀念，指出其與現(xiàn)實(shí)不符，然后提出自己的想法 或正確想法，并在主體段列舉各種理由、證據(jù)以及活生生和例子來(lái)論證。套路：although it is + 副詞 + 過去分詞 + that .，this is .題目 1：the older generations have very traditional ideas about the correctways of life, thinking and behavior. however, some people think that theseideas are not helpful for the young generations to

5、prepare for modern life.范文 1：although it is commonly believed that conventional views about ahealthy lifestyle and proper conduct are no longer to young peoplesneeds today, this is actually not the case.題目 2：越來(lái)越少人照看年老的親屬，而是把他們送到專業(yè)人士那邊去。范文 2：although many people subscribe to the belief that their old

6、relatives can be taken better care of in a nursing home, this is in fact acommon misconception that we need to clear up. from my point of view,it is the younger family members who should really be responsible forlooking after these old people during the rest of their lives.釋義： 普遍認(rèn)為，但事實(shí)并非如下。although

7、it is commonly believed that , this is actually not the case.許多人認(rèn)同這樣的觀點(diǎn) ，但事實(shí)上這卻是一種我們需要去澄清的普遍錯(cuò)誤觀念。 although many people subscribe to the belief that ., this is infact a common misconception that we need to clear up.大眾觀念認(rèn)為.，但是現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況卻遠(yuǎn)比這種觀念復(fù)雜得多。although conventional wisdom has it that., the reality of th

8、e situation isoften far more complicated than that.釋義：subscribe to 訂閱、同意、預(yù)訂 conventional wisdom大眾觀念(三)、放眼世界 思路：從“時(shí)間”或“地點(diǎn)”的跨度著手，比如：過去怎么樣？題目 1：some people support the development in agriculture, such as farmingindustry and the scientific creation of new types of fruit and vegetables. othersoppose this

9、 development.discuss both views and state your opinion.范文：recentdecadeshavewitnessedamajortransformationinagriculturaldevelopment, where industrial technologies are being employed and newvarieties of crops are being created.yet, opponents of this development haveraised a number of difficult question

10、s. from my opinion of views, this is a reallycomplicated matter, and we need further investigations to understand thebigger picture.備選：recent decades have witnessed an increase awareness of釋義：understand the bigger picture 了解事物的全貌題目 2：with divorce rates and family breakdowns increasing globally, it i

11、sgenerally accepted that families today are not as close they used to be.范文 2：divorce and family breakdown were virtually unheard of just 100 years ago.now, however,almosthalfofallmarriagesfail.thisphenomenonissymptomatic of the growing distance between family members in society.(四)、兼收并蓄題目 1：誰(shuí)該為修路付費(fèi)

12、，個(gè)人還是政府？范文：some people hold the opinion that the government should makemore investments is expanding and improving road systems,whereasothers who are not so convinced present the counterargument that it is theresponsibility of the growing number of private car users to deal with thehuge costs. in my

13、 opinion, both sides of the argument have theirown reasons, and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of thiscontroversy.(五)、 異軍突起題目 1：談個(gè)人科技的發(fā)展與貧富差異范 文1 ：withthehugeexpansionofhightechnologiesavailabletoindividuals, it is sometimes argued that economic and cultural gapsbetween the rich and

14、poor are being further widened.題目 2：淡大型超市和商場(chǎng)的急劇擴(kuò)張.范文 2：with the unprecedented explosion of large supermarkets andshopping malls, a lot of small local shops have quietly disappeared whilethe remaining ones are struggling for hopeless survival.釋義：unprecedented explosion前所未有的爆發(fā)范文 3：with the continuous

15、and gradual evolution of mass media, manyserious crimes are now described in greater detail on newspapers,television and the internet, raising considerable public concern overpersonal safety and social stability.范文 4：with the mass extinction of endangered and rare species, manycountries have taken h

16、arsh measures against illegal hunting, unregulateddumping of industrial waste and rampant destruction of their naturalhabitats by human developers.ii、中心論點(diǎn)(一）單邊支持/反對(duì)類型提問：do you agree or disagree with this statement?范文 1： （反對(duì)）in my opinion, these subject are not only useful but also fascinating, andit

17、 is simply too early for primary schoolchildren to study science andtechnology.（二）半支持半反對(duì)型提問：to what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?范文 2：from my point of view, （三）探討雙方型(可以參考前文“兼收并蓄”套路)提問：discuss both sides and give your own opinion范文 3：1.to my way of thinking, both sides of the a

18、rgument have their ownreasons, and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of thiscontroversy. 雙方都有理，需要仔細(xì)分析才可了解爭(zhēng)議起因2.to my way of thinking, both these views can be justified to someextent. 一定程度上都有道理3.to my way of thinking, both these views contain some elementsof the truth, which will be disc

19、ussed in detail in the following essay.注：which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句很自然過渡到主體段（四）分析解決型提問： in what ways could mobile phones and internet be useful to olderpeople? how canold people be encouraged to use this high technology? to my mind, （五）陳述利弊型提問：does the usefulness of this method of learning outweigh its limitation

20、s?（advantage = usefulness，disadvantage = limitations） to the best of my knowledge, （六）多重選擇型（少見）提問：what others factors should be considered? of these factors, do youthink anyone ismore important than others?as far as i am concerned, 二、主體段拓展八法（一） 、舉例論證(exemplification)samplesample 1 1：亞洲國(guó)家正以驚人的速度變得西方化

21、 .以中國(guó)為例,當(dāng)青少年去看電影的時(shí)候,他們 一般都選擇好萊塢大片而不選擇國(guó)產(chǎn)電影.范文 1：the asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate.take china for example, when youngsters go to the movies, it is common forthem to choose hollywood blockbusters over domestic films.sampler 2sampler 2：談大學(xué)教育的兩大功能：就業(yè)與求知范文 2：to begin with, i

22、t is really helpful for university students to be taughtsome job-related skills that have already become a major focus of highereducation. a typical example can be found in the effort to develop theirinterpersonal skills now required by a growing number of companies as one ofthe most essential quali

23、ties of any job candidate.句型：anan interestinginteresting / / strikingstriking / / typicaltypical exampleexample ofof isis providedprovided byby thethestory of sb. whostory of sb. whosample 3sample 3：動(dòng)物是人類的朋友.例如，海豚經(jīng)常從沉船里營(yíng)救船員.范文 3：animals are humans companions. to illustrate, dolphins often rescuesail

24、ors from sinking samplesample 4 4：大量證據(jù)表明，破裂家庭的子女出現(xiàn)情感、行為障礙或觸犯法律的可能性是完整家庭子女的 23 倍。范文 4：a large body of evidence proves that children from broken familiesare two or three times as likely as those in intact families to have emotional orbehavioral problems or get into trouble with the law.sampler 5sample

25、r 5：個(gè)人教育與社會(huì)發(fā)展之間的關(guān)系（特別是）范文 5：decent education for every individual contributes significantly to theoverall well-being of society, especially/particularlyespecially/particularly whenwhen their personalachievements amount to a driving force of social progress.sampler 6sampler 6：學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)壓力（特別強(qiáng)調(diào)）范文 6：it is

26、not uncommon that school teachers nowadays tend to exertundue academic pressure on young students,withwith particularparticular emphasisemphasis ononconsistently good performance in all sorts of tests and examinations.sampler 7sampler 7：這點(diǎn)可以通過 來(lái)說(shuō)明sampler 7：it is evident from the information supplied

27、 that male are far morelikely to commit crimes. this point can be illustrated/emphasizedemphasized byby the factthat male offenders accounted for 96% of prison inmates.（二） 、引用論證思路：引用“科學(xué)證據(jù)、研究成果、學(xué)術(shù)刊物、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)”sample ：?jiǎn)T工和雇主能否都獲益于“在家上班”范文：there is some incontrovertible to suggest that both employees andempl

28、oyers can benefit a lot from the growing trend of telecommuting.according to a recent article publishedpublished inin thethe world-famousworld-famous naturenaturejournaljournal, while the average telecommuter can save a considerable portionoftheir travel expenses, it is estimated that their companie

29、s can cut operationalcosts by almost one third if 25% of the staff are allowed to work at home.句型：0according to a recent article published in the world-famous timetimemagazine,magazine, 0according to a recent survey conducted by a group of americanamericanresearchers of theresearchers of theuniversi

30、ty of chicago, university of chicago, 國(guó) 家americanbritishcanadianaustralian大 學(xué)university of southern californiayale universityuniversity of oxforduniversity of cambridgeuniversity of torontoyork universityuniversity of sydneyuniversity of queensland（三） 、遞進(jìn)論證模板：to begin withto begin with in the second

31、 placein the second place lastlylastlysample 1：科學(xué)研究應(yīng)由政府還是私人機(jī)構(gòu)開展范文 1 1： there are many reasons for entrusting scientific research to thegovernments rather than private companies. 支持 1to begin with, manylarge-scale and long-term research projects require substantial funding thatonly national governmen

32、ts can afford. 支持 2in the second place, first-ratescientists who enjoy international reputation are largely concentrated ingovernment-sponsored research institutions. 支 持 3lastly, since mostprivate companies are profit-orientated, the findings and conclusions fromtheir research are more likely to be

33、 skewed or biased and even represent theinterests of a small group.剖析：支持 1：大型、長(zhǎng)期的研究項(xiàng)目需要大量的資金，通常只有政府有這樣的財(cái)力； 支持 2：一流科學(xué)家大量集中在由政府資助的研究機(jī)構(gòu)中；支持 3：私人機(jī)構(gòu)大都以利益為導(dǎo)向，故而得出的結(jié)果可能是歪曲或帶有偏見的，甚至代表某些小團(tuán)體的利益。注意：不要用 last but not least，否則引起考官反感，直接用 lastly 即可!句型： （適用說(shuō)明缺點(diǎn)）0one major problems/advantage/measure ofone major probl

34、ems/advantage/measure of0another big risk/benefit/sound approach is thatanother big risk/benefit/sound approach is furthermore,furthermore, there is a third undesirable development undesirable developmentsample 2：由廣泛使用手機(jī)所帶來(lái)的社會(huì)、健康和技術(shù)問題范文 2 2：it has become increasingly apparent that the widespread use

35、 of cellphones gives rise to a number of problems in modern society. 支持 1oneonemajor problems ofmajor problems of using mobile devices too regularly is that they are posinga potential threat to human health in form of the microwave radiation emitted.支持 2anotheranother bigbig riskrisk isis that cell

36、phone technology is often manipulatedand even abused to extract and sell users personal information to thoseunscrupulousunscrupulous marketing companies. 支 持 3furthermore, there is a thirdfurthermore, there is a thirdundesirableundesirable developmentdevelopment: since cell phones can provide crimin

37、als withincreased mobility and accessibility to critical data, the number of unsolvedunsolvedcrimescrimes is steadily on the rise.剖析：支持 1：健康層面 - 微波輻射對(duì)健康構(gòu)成潛在的危害 支持 2：技術(shù)方面 - 技術(shù)濫用，個(gè)人信息被作為商品賣支持 3：社會(huì)層面 給犯罪分子作案增加了便利，導(dǎo)致懸案增加釋義：pose a potential treat(risks) to 構(gòu)成潛在的危害（威脅）unscrupulous肆無(wú)忌憚的undesirable不受歡迎的，可能招

38、致麻煩的unsolved crimes（四） 、對(duì)比論證（comparison and contrast）思路：正面思維枯竭時(shí)，可以換位思考（ “逆向思維”） ，通過 a a 烘托出 b b的優(yōu)/ /缺點(diǎn)題目：探討老師應(yīng)該教會(huì)學(xué)生辯明是否？還是只負(fù)責(zé)課程教授而不管其他方面提綱：正面論述 1 道德品質(zhì)的教育比知識(shí)更重要（遞進(jìn)法）正面論述 2 良好的行為可以促進(jìn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步（遞進(jìn)法）正面論述 3 最新的研究證據(jù)表明：優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生往往兩面俱佳（引用法） 反面論述 1 放棄道德行為的教育會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多問題（對(duì)比法）懸案范例：., teaching students how to distinguish r

39、ight from wrong is matter of utmostimportance in education, especiallyespecially during their formative years.【支持 1】tbegin with, such moral education is often regarded by most teachers as muchmore important than teaching them academic knowledge. 【支持 2】ininadditionaddition, being fully aware of the d

40、ifference between right and wrongeffectively improves their own behavior, which can inin turnturn facilitatefacilitate theirtheirlearninglearning processprocess. 【支 持 3】according to a recent study conducted by ateam of canadian researchers of university oftoronto, many top students inhigh school not

41、 only perform well academically, but they alsogenerally showdecent behavior in a consistent way.【支持 4】inin sharpsharp contrastcontrast, notproviding young students with a proper moral education is a sure recipe fordisaster because a number of serious problems may result from this failure.釋義：facilita

42、te their learning process促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)（facilitate 便利、促進(jìn)）a sure recipe for disaster災(zāi)難性的后果（五） 、因果認(rèn)證(cause and effect)思路：分為兩類講事物原因；事情結(jié)果。模板 1 1：bebe 動(dòng)詞 + + 過去分詞 + + 介詞0be (directly) linked to .0be (strongly) related to 0be (unquestionably) tied to0be (closely) connected with 0be (largely) associated with 模板 2 2：

43、0as0since0due to0owing to0hence0thus0therefore0as a consequence/result/consequently0thereby:以此達(dá)到目的(不能用在句首,而且后面是加動(dòng)名詞)題目 1 1：生態(tài)問題正在被惡化,因此,我們必須采取措施解決環(huán)境問題.范文 1：the ecological problems are being aggravated; thereforetherefore, it isimperative that we take measures to combat the pollution of the 題目 2 2：政府

44、應(yīng)該提高公眾的環(huán)保意識(shí),以此來(lái)促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展并且創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更適合人類生 存的環(huán)境.范文 2：the government should raise the public awareness of environmentalpreservation, therebythereby promoting sustainable development and creating amore livable environment.模板 3 3：0lead to (從句)0give rise to (從句)0contribute to (從句)0result in (從句)題目 3 3：many peop

45、le use distance-learning programs (study material post,tv, internet, etc) to study at home, but some think that it cannot bring asbenefits as attending college or university. to what extent to you agree ordisagree with this opinion?解析：屬于半支持半反對(duì)類型：主體段一 ：提出 反對(duì) 理由寫 distance learning 的好 處(benefits) 主體段二：

46、提出支持理由 寫 distance learning 的壞處之一(problem1) 主體段三：提出支持理由 寫 distancelearning 的壞處之二(problem2)范文 3 3：(主體段二)【主題句】despite the convenience and relatively low cost of distancelearning, it would be wiseit would be wise for us to consider it downsidefor us to consider it downside.【支持 1】one ofthe biggest proble

47、ms is that it cannot create an environment that is conduciveto the students learning process, especially the much-needed interaction withtheir professors and classmates.【支持 2】this may result in a terrible senseof disconnection and even social isolation among the learners.【支持 3】incomparison, attendin

48、g college or university is a more pleasant and excitingexperience for young students as they can combine academic learning with awide variety of social and extracurricular activities.備注：本段寫作模式為“1+3”，即一個(gè)主題句+三個(gè)支持句。 【主題句】以 despite 為引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句開始，總結(jié)主體段一中分析的好處，可視為“轉(zhuǎn)折法； 支持 1】為“遞進(jìn)法”； 【支持 2】為“指代法”+“因果法”； 【支持

49、3】采用了“對(duì)比法”。（六） 、指代法思路：用詞出現(xiàn) this,this, that,that, these,these, those,those, it, they,it, they, suchsuch 等代詞，與其他方法配合應(yīng)用模板 1 1：thisthis isis clearlyclearly shownshown inin thethe followingfollowingexample:example: .( .(從句) +) +舉例法題目 1 1：淡新聞報(bào)紙對(duì)人們思想的巨大影響適用于傳媒/網(wǎng)絡(luò)類話題范文 1：when it comes to how public opinion

50、is formed, newspapers areunquestionably one of the strongest powers. thisthis is clearly shown in thefollowing example: many high school students in america who take the satare in the habit of citing articles from a wide variety of influential newspapersin their writing.模板 2 2：this has already been

51、proved by the case ofthis has already been proved by the case of + +舉例法題目 2 2：談越來(lái)越多年輕人失業(yè)的社會(huì)問題范文 2：there is no denying that chronic youth joblessness is a contributingfactor of social instability. thisthis has already been proved by the case ofincreased criminal activities among unemployed or underem

52、ployed urbanyoungsters, many of whom even regard these wrongdoings as a way to makea living.（七） 、轉(zhuǎn)折法套路：0however, . 從句0yet, 從句0nevertheless, 從句0nonetheless, 從句0in spite of,.（八）、小結(jié)法思路：在其他方法無(wú)法使用或很難使用的時(shí)候，可以考慮用“小結(jié)法”來(lái)湊數(shù) 注意：無(wú)論多少個(gè)主體段，但 “小結(jié)法”只可用在其他一個(gè)，不可多用。構(gòu)成：歸納句（歸納主體段的主要論點(diǎn)） ；收尾句（以下四法）三、結(jié)尾段四法詞匯：0in general0on

53、 the whole0generally0in summary0in conclusion0to summarize0to conclude0to sum up歸納觀點(diǎn)：0from the above comparison and contrast, anyone can safely concludethat0when the advantages and disadvantages are carefully compared, themost striking conclusion is self-evident.0judging from all evidence offered, w

54、e may reasonably come to/draw theconclusion that0from what has been discussed above, we may safely arrive at theconclusion that通用句型：0it is true that to do brings about both positive and negative results.0but we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the leastextent. besides, compared w

55、ith the positives effects, the disadvantageswould not so much.0what we must do is make sure that the positive ones are encouragedandthe negative ones are eliminated as far as possible.0all these opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to choose thebest of them. in my opinion, such matters m

56、ust be left to individualsconscience.（一） 、建議法思路：針對(duì)一個(gè)問題提出自己的建議或提出一種妥善的解決之道模板：0therefore, it is (strongly) suggested that （從句）0it is urgent (necessary) that appropriate (effective/proper) actionsit is urgent (necessary) that appropriate (effective/proper) actions(measures/steps/method) should be taken

57、 to correct (improve) 0both government and ordinary citizens should join hands to make this0world a better place to live in, not only for ourselves, but also for0future generations.題目：many parents complain that computer games have no value to theirchildren studies. on the contrary, those online game

58、s have produced a lot ofnegative on their mental and physical development. do you agree or disagreewith this view?結(jié)尾段范文：in summary,in summary, from both physiological and psychological points ofview, computer games are indeed valueless and may exert negative impact onthe development of young childre

59、n. therefore,therefore, it highly recommended thatparents and schools should be alert to this problem, and restrict childrensaccess to those computer games.（二） 、未來(lái)法思路：對(duì)事物將來(lái)的發(fā)展前景（正面/ /負(fù)面、積極/ /消極）做出合理預(yù)測(cè)，指出趨勢(shì)模板：0therefore（thus）, it is projected（predicted） that （從句）0with the advent/advantage of , it is

60、forecast that（從句）0my prediction about is that （從句）0personally speaking, i envision a future when （從句）題目 1 1：some people think that visitors to other countries should respect thelocal customs and imitate the local behaviors. however, other people whodisagree with them think that the host country shou