1、名 詞性 從 句分類用 法從屬連詞： that,whether 和 if在從句中只起連接作用，不作成分。主語引導詞連接代詞： what,who,whose,which,whatever,whoever在從句中作主語、 賓語、表語、定語在從句中作狀語從句連接副詞： how,when,where,why It+be+adj.+that 從句 .It+be+n/ 名詞詞組 +that 從句It 做形 It+be+過去分詞 +that 從句 .It+be+特殊動詞 / 動詞短語 +that 從句式主語從屬連詞： that,whether 和 if在從句中只起連接作用，不作成分。引導詞It 作形賓語式賓

2、語從句連接代詞： what,who,whose,which,whatever等在從句中作主語、 賓語、表語、定語連接副詞： how,when,where,why在從句中作狀語一些動詞后的賓語從句有賓語補足語時，需用it 作形式賓語。例如：find ，consider，suppose等。表示“喜歡”、“厭惡”等的動詞以及一些動詞短語常用it 做形式賓語。例如：hate,like,dislike,appreciate,enjoy,see to,depend on,rely on等。主句為一般現在時或一般將來時，從句的時態根據句意而定。主句為過去的某種事態，從句要用適當的過去時的某種時態。時態主句表

3、達客觀真理時，即使主句為過去的某種時態，從句也用一般現在時。引導詞從屬連詞： that,whether 和 if在從句中只起連接作用，不作成分。表語從句連接代詞： what,who,whose,which,whatever等在從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語。連接副詞： how,when,where,why在從句中作狀語。As if/as though 引導的賓語從句。 because,why 引導的表語從句。同位后跟同位語從句的名詞。例如： advice，demand，news，order ，request， suggestion.語從句引導詞： that ，whether ，how,wher

4、e,when 等。在句子中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組，它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。引導名詞性從句的詞叫做連接詞，包括：1. 連詞（在名詞性從句中只起連接作用，不作成分）2. 連接代詞（在名詞性從句中作主語、賓語或表語）3. 連接副詞（在名詞性從句中作狀語）所有的名詞性從句的語序都是陳述句語序。主語從句：是在主句中作主語的從句。它由連接詞引導，通常位于謂語動詞之前。連接詞：1. 連詞：在從句中不充當任何成分，常見的引導主語從句的連詞有that, wheth

5、er。That he got the first prize excited him much.他獲得一等獎一事使他非常興奮。It is doubtful whether we can get there on time.我們能否按時到達那兒還不確定。1）that 引導的主語從句：在從句中不作任何成分，也沒有實際意義。一般情況下 that 不可省略。That light travels in straight lines is known to all.眾所周知，光沿直線傳播。That you don't like him is none of my business.你不喜歡他不關我

6、的事。2）whether 引導的主語從句：常置于句首，表示 “是否 ”之意； if 一般不引導主語從句。Whether he can finish his task on time is of greatimportance.他是否能按時完成任務非常重要。Whether you can succeed or not depends on how hard you work at it.你能否成功取決于你努力的程度。連接代詞：在從句中起名詞或代詞的作用，常作從句的主語、賓語、表語或定語，有具體意義且不能省略。常見的連接代詞有 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoe

7、ver, whomever, whatever, whichever。What we should do with the problem is undecided.我們如何處理這個問題還未作出決定。 （what 引導主語從句，不表疑問意義）Whom the letter was from is still unknown.這封信是誰郵寄的還不清楚。連接副詞：在從句中起副詞的作用，常作從句的狀語，表示時間、地點、原因、方式等。常見的連接副詞有when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however等。Why he did that wasn'

8、t quite clear.他為什么做那件事還不十分清楚。Where we can look up his address is still a problem.我們在哪兒可以查他的地址還是個難題。注意： it 代替主語從句作形式主語that 從句作主語通常用it 作形式主語，而將that 從句置于句末。常見的 it 替代主語從句的句式主要有以下幾種：1）It +系動詞+ 形容詞+ that 從句It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個計劃注定要失敗。It is likely that there

9、will be a snowstorm tomorrow.明天很可能會有一場暴風雪。2）It +系動詞+ 名詞 + that 從句常見的用于此結構的名詞有： a pity（遺憾），a shame（遺憾，恥辱）， a fact （事實），an honor（榮耀）， a wonder（奇跡）， no wonder（難怪），good news （好消息）等。It's no wonder that you've achieved so much success.難怪你已取得了如此大的成功。It's a pity that you didn't attend their

10、wedding.你沒有參加他們的婚禮真是遺憾。3）It +系動詞+ 動詞的過去分詞+ that 從句It is said that no passengers were injured in the accident.據說在那次意外事故中沒有乘客受傷。It is announced that the plan has been successfully carried out.據宣布計劃已被順利實施。4）It +特殊動詞 + that 從句常用于這種結構的動詞有： seem（看上去），appear（顯得），happen（碰巧），matter（關系重大），turn out（結果），occur t

11、o sb. （某人突然想起）等。 It seems to me that he objects to the plan.在我看來，他好像反對這個計劃。It happened that I met an old friend on the street yesterday.昨天我碰巧在街上遇見了一位老朋友。II 賓語從句：在主句中起賓語作用的從句稱為賓語從句。賓語從句可分為動詞的賓語從句、介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。1. 連詞 that, if/ whether 引導的賓語從句引導賓語從句時， that, whether/if 都只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分。that 無實義，在句子

12、中可以省略；Whether/if 意為 “是否 ”，不可省略。He said (that) he couldn't finish his work before dusk.他說黃昏之前他完不成任務。Nobody knows whether/ if he likes school or not.沒有人知道他是否喜歡上學。注意： whether/ if 都意為 “是否 ”。一般情況下，它們可以互換，口語中常用但在以下情況中，只能用whether：1）與 or not 緊接連用時。如：Let me know whether or not you can come.if ，請讓我知道你是否能來

13、。2）作介詞的賓語從句時。如：We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting.我們對你是否會參加會議感興趣。3）引導主語從句、表語從句與同位語從句時4）在動詞不定式前時。如：I don t know whether to go.2. 連接代詞引導的賓語從句who, whom, what, which, whomever, whoever, whatever, whichever等引導賓語從句，并且在賓語從句中充當主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分 , 每個連接代詞都有自己特定的意義，一般不省略。Do you know who is i

14、n charge of the company?你知道誰負責這家公司嗎？（作主語）Can you tell me which boy is your son?你能告訴我哪個是你兒子嗎？（作定語）What do you think his job is?你認為他是干什么工作的？（作表語）連接副詞引導的賓語從句when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等引導賓語從句，并且在賓語從句中充當狀語，表示時間、地點、原因、方式等。（有時 how much, how many 等也可引導賓語從句。每個連接副詞都有自己特定的意義，一般不省略。）The

15、police asked me how the accident happened.警察問我事故是怎么發生的。 （方式狀語）I don't know when we will meet again.我不知道我們何時才能再見面。 （時間狀語）Do you know where Mr. Brown lives?你知道布朗先生住在哪兒嗎？（地點狀語）使用賓語從句的注意事項賓語從句的語序：在賓語從句中要用陳述句語序。He asked me when we could set out the next day.他問我第二天什么時候可以出發。Did you find out where she l

16、ost her car?你查出她在哪里丟的車了嗎？賓語從句的時態： 1）如果主句的謂語是一般現在時，其賓語從句的時態可以是任何適當的時態。She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.她說她周一至周五上班。 （從句時一般現在時）She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.她說要在桌子上留個便條。 （從句是一般將來時）She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei.她說她從來沒有去過峨眉山。 （從句是現在完成時）2）如果主句的謂語是一般

17、過去時，其賓語從句的時態一般要用適當的過去時態（客觀真理、事實除外）He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.他說昨天下午沒有課。（從句是一般過去時）He said that he was going to take care of the baby.他說他會去照看這個嬰兒。He said that they were having a meeting at that time.他說他們那時正在開會。 （從句是過去進行時）3）當賓語從句是表達客觀真理和規律的句子時，其時態仍用一般現在時。The teacher told us that

18、nothing is difficult if we put our heart into it.老師告訴我們，世上無難事，只怕有心人。He said that light travels much faster than sound.他說光比聲傳播得快。解題技巧： 1. 動詞 find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume等后有賓語補足語時，則要用 it 作形式賓語，而將 that 賓語從句后置。I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water

19、 every day.我認為每天多喝開水是有必要的。I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.我每天寫日記成了慣例。2. hate, like, take, owe, have, take for granted等表示 “喜歡；痛恨；認為 ”的動詞或動詞短語和 see to 表示 “注意，留意 ”后有賓語補足語時，要用 it 作形式賓語而將賓語從句后置。I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food.我討厭他們含著滿嘴食物說話。When you start the engine, you m

20、ust see to it that the car is in neutral.啟動發動機時，一定要使汽車的離合器處于空擋位置。3. 介詞后的賓語從句。She is always thinking of how she can do more for others.她總想著如何才能為別人做得更多。We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我們正討論是否讓學生加入我們的俱樂部。4. 賓語從句的否定轉移。將 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從

21、句的否定詞轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語用否定式，而從句的謂語用肯定式。I don't think I know you.我想我并不認識你。I don't believe he will come.我相信他不回來。注意：反意疑問句的主語一般與賓語從句的主語保持一致，附加問句用肯定形式。（主語是第一人稱且為一般現在時）I don't suppose that's his fault, is it?我認為這不是他的過錯，是不是？5. 賓語從句中的特殊疑問形式（又稱雙重疑問句）在某些賓語從句中，賓語從句的連接代詞或連接副詞常被移到主句之前，構成特殊疑問形式，其構成為：Wh

22、-/ How do you + vt. + 賓語從句的其他部分？常見的用于此結構的動詞有 think, believe, consider, suppose, imagine, expect, guess, say等。What do you think we will do next?你認為我們下一步該怎么辦？Who do you guess will be our new headmaster?你猜誰會是我們的新校長？6. 賓語從句中引導詞 that 不可省略的情況一般情況下，賓語從句中的引導詞that 可省略，但下列情況下一般不省略that：1）介詞 except, but, beside

23、s等后跟 that 引導的賓語從句時。The American stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.那個美國人站著一動不動，只是嘴唇還微微在動。2）that 引導的賓語從句和主句之間有插入語時。I think, first of all, that we must believe in ourselves.我認為，尤其重要的是，我們必須對自己有信心。He said, in his opinion, that Lei Feng was a good example of serving the people heart a

24、nd soul.他說，在他看來，雷鋒是一個全心全意為人民服務的好榜樣。3）賓語從句為主從復合句且從句位于主句之前時。He said that if he came back early, he could come for the meeting.他說如果回來的早的話，他會來參加會議的。Mary said that, as she was not well, she could not get the highest score in the midterm exam.瑪麗說，因為身體不好，她無法在期中考試中得最高分。4）當 it 作形式賓語， that 引導的賓語從句后置時。We have

25、made it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems.我們已經表明，我們將學會處理各種難題。We took it for granted that they would accept the proposal.我們想當然地以為他們會接受這個建議的。5）有多個 that 引導的從句時，第一個 that 可以省略，而其他的 that 常不可省略。I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say good

26、bye to us. 我認為今天下午天會放晴，他們會來向我們告別的。6）當 when, who, what, where, why, how等引導的從句與 that 引導的從句作主句謂語動詞的并列賓語時。I know what the time is and that the wind remains low.我知道現在是什么時候，且風依然不大。I'm sure where he lives and that he is living a happy life.我非常清楚他住在什么地方，而且他生活得很幸福。賓語從句用法小結：一是關鍵引導詞，不同句子詞相異：陳述句子用 that；一般疑問

27、是否（ if, whether）替；特殊問句更好辦，引導還用疑問詞。二是時態常變化，主句不同從句異：主句若為現在時，從句時態應看意；主句若為過去時，從句時態向前移。三是語序要記清，從句永保陳述句。III 表語從句表語從句是在主句中作表語的從句，常跟在be, look, seem等系動詞后。常見的引導表語從句的連接詞有 that, whether; 連接代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what,whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever;連接副詞 when, where, how, why引導。1. that, whether引導的表語從

28、句that, whether 引導表語從句時只起連接作用，不作任何成分； that 無實義， whether 意為 “是否 ”。The fact is that we should depend on ourselves.事實是我們應該依靠自己。The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the project.問題是我們能否降低這項工程的開支。注意：當主語為表示 “計劃、建議、命令、要求、主張 ”等的名詞時，其表語從句謂語動詞應用 “(should+)動詞原形 ”。My suggestion is that we (should) ha

29、ve a discussion about this matter instead of just laying it aside.我提議我們應當討論一下這個問題，而不應把它放在一邊。The doctor's advice is that you (should) lie in bed for a few days.醫生建議你臥床休息幾天。2. wh- 詞和 because引導的表語從句wh- 詞包括連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, 和連接副詞 when, where, why, wher

30、ever, whenever等，此類詞大多表示疑問意義，偶爾表示陳述意義。 because引導的表語從句表示陳述意義。The question is how we can persuade him to go.問題是我們如何才能說服他去。That was where we camped last time.那就是上次我們野營的地方。3. as, as if, as though引導的表語從句此類表語從句常跟在特定動詞后面，如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the bac

31、k door.聽上去好像有人在敲門。You look just as you looked 10 years ago.你看上去和十年前完全一樣。I feel as though the house is shaking.我感到好像房子在晃動。4. reason作主語時的表語從句reason作主語時，其表語從句需用that 引導，一般不用why 或 because引導。（但 reason的定語從句常由why 引起）The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless.他沒有通過考試的原因是他太粗心了。（ w

32、hy 引導定語從句， the reason是先行詞； that 引導表語從句， the reason作主語）The reason for the car accident is that the driver was drunk.這次交通事故是司機酒后駕駛導致的。（ that 引導表語從句， the reason用作主語）IV 同位語從句同位語從句是用以解釋說明某一名詞內容的從句，所以它總是跟在某一個名詞的后面。該名詞被稱作先行詞。1. 同位語從句的連接詞： that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。 that, whether 不作成分， that

33、 無實際意義， whether 表示 “是否 ”；其他連接詞具有實義，同時在同位語從句中作一定成分。（引導同位語從句的連接詞一般都不省略）We have proof that this man committed the crime.我們有證據證明是這個人犯的罪。I have no idea why she quit her present job.我不知道她為什么辭職。2. 可跟同位語從句的名詞： advice 建議belief 信念，相信doubt 懷疑explanation解釋 fact 事實fear 害怕feeling 感覺hope 希望 idea 想法，主意news 消息possib

34、ility 可能性thought 想法 wish 愿望question 問題promise 答應，諾言reply 答復 suggestion建議 order 命令 problem 問題 I have no idea when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他們什么時候回答定居。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個問題。The problem why the earth is becoming warmer and warmer is sti

35、ll under discussion.地球為什么變得越來越暖這一問題仍在討論之中。There is a feeling in me that we'll never know what a UFO is.我內心有種感受，我們將永遠不知道UFO 是什么。3. 同位語從句與定語從句的區別：1）先行詞不同：同位語從句的先行詞常是一些具有具體信息內容或一定內涵的名詞，如 idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt,truth, possibility, promise, order 等，

36、而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或是整個主句。Word came that he had been abroad.據說他已經出國了。（同位語從句）The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.你找的那位醫生在房間里面。 （定語從句）2）從句表達的含義與功能不同：定語從句是對其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇；而同位語從句是對前面抽象名詞的進一步說明和解釋，屬于名詞性從句的范疇。The news that our team has won the game is true.我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。（同位語從

37、句，補充說明news 的內容）The news that he told me yesterday was true.（定語從句， news 在從句中作 told 的賓語）3）引導詞的不同：有些引導詞如 how, whether, what可以引導同位語從句，但不能引導定語從句。The question whether we need it has not been considered.我們是否需要它這個問題還沒有考慮。 （同位語從句）I have no idea what has happened to him.我不知道他發生了什么事。 （同位語從句）4）that 引導的同位語從句與定語從

38、句的區別引導詞 that 引導定語從句時，在從句中作主語或賓語，指物時還可以用 which 代替，作賓語時常常省略； that 在同位語從句中僅起連接作用，不充當任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which 來代替。The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.我們昨天收到了應派幾個人去幫助其他小組的命令。（同位語從句，是對order 的具體解釋， that 雖不作成分，但不能省略）The order that we received yesterday was

39、 that we should send a few people to help theothergroups.我們昨天收到的命令是我們應該派幾個人去幫助其他小組。（定語從句，是名詞order 的修飾語， that 在從句中作 received 的賓語，可以省略）練習考法：考查名詞性從句引導詞的選擇1. I think what impresses me about his painting is the col;our he uses.2. Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?-Yeah,

40、 but I have no idea why he did it;thats one of his favourite universities.3.The best moment for the football star was when he scored the wining goal.4.Some people believe whatever has happened or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.5.”Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea”.This i

41、s what my mother used to tell me . 6,His favourite food is fried snacks and soft drinks.It is no surprise that losing weight is just his dream.7.That he misunderstood my position on the question is obvious from his remarks.8.Success partially depends on whether you have the patience to do simple thi

42、ngs perfect.9.Now many hometown is not at all what a traveller who visited it ten years ago can expect.10.Mr. White is opposed to repairing the old building and thatswhere I dontagree.11.Whenever a natural disaster happens, we should offer whatever help we could give to those victims.12.Last night o

43、n my way home I saw an old lady driving a BMW car at what I thought was a dangerous speed.13.Faced with difficulties, you should believe your confidence is what makes a difference.14.What seems strange to us is that the troublesome boy is getting along well with all his teachers.15.After a long jour

44、ney, those young men finally reached what called the paradise.16.What you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.17.What I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for parents.18.What struck me most was in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son.19.From space, the earth looks blue.This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.20.Experts believe that/不填 people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.21.It remains to be seen whether/if the newly formed committees