1、u born in 1661, died in 1731u son of a London butcher named Foeu at 40, added the aristocratic prefix De-u a jack-of-all-trades as well as a writeru a radical Nonconformist in religionu a journalist and a pamphleteeru knew prison life (for writing the pamphlet The Shortest Way with Dissenters) Defoe

2、s Life 第1頁/共77頁第一頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Verses:Hymn to the Pillory 枷刑頌 (1702)Fictions:Robinson Crusoe (1719) Captain Singleton辛格爾頓船長(zhǎng) (1720) Duncan Campbell (1720) Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720) Colonel Jack (1722) Moll Flanders 摩爾弗蘭德斯 (1722) Journal of the Plague Year 大疫年紀(jì)事 (1722) The History of the Devil (17

3、26) Defoes Works第2頁/共77頁第二頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 Comments on Defoeu Along with Samuel Richardson, Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel (before his time stories were usually written as long poems or dramas) u often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel; but whether or not he

4、 deserves that honor is an open question (Robinson Crusoe is largely an adventure story rather than the study of human character)第3頁/共77頁第三頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。BackgroundBackgroundRobinson Crusoe was partly based on the was partly based on the actual deeds of Alexander Selkirk, an 18th actual deeds of Ale

5、xander Selkirk, an 18th century Scottish sailor who spent almost five century Scottish sailor who spent almost five years alone on a desert island.years alone on a desert island. T This novel is his novel is famous for its lovely details and its famous for its lovely details and its expression of be

6、lief in mansexpression of belief in mans ability when ability when left alone in natureleft alone in nature. .第4頁/共77頁第四頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Plot summaryCrusoe set sail on the sea voyage in 1651 against the wishes of his parents. After the tumultuous journey, his ship wrecked in a storm. His lust for the

7、sea remained so strong that he set out to the sea again. This journey ends in disaster too and Crusoe became a slave. After 2 years of slavery, he was rescued by a captain of Portuguese, with whose help, Crusoe became an owner of plantation in Brazil.第5頁/共77頁第五頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Years later, he joined a

8、n expedition to bring slaves from Africa. But he was shipwrecked, his companions all died, saved himself and three animals -the captains dog and two cats. Then he lived the lonely life in an isolated island. Years later, Crusoe saved a prisoner, named him Friday. Crusoe then taught him English and c

9、onverted him a Christianity. Four years later, they were rescued and returned to England. Crusoe lived on uninhabited for 28 years.第6頁/共77頁第六頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Saving Friday第7頁/共77頁第七頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 Building a fenced-in inhabitation第8頁/共77頁第八頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。每個(gè)成長(zhǎng)中的青少年，尤其是每個(gè)成長(zhǎng)中的青少年，尤其是男孩子都應(yīng)該讀讀它男孩子都應(yīng)該讀讀它 。

10、盧梭盧梭第9頁/共77頁第九頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。第10頁/共77頁第十頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。魯濱孫漂流記魯濱孫漂流記笛福笛福第11頁/共77頁第十一頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。魯濱孫漂流記一問世即風(fēng)靡全球又歷久不衰。至今已出了幾百版，幾乎譯成了世界上所有各種文字。據(jù)說除圣經(jīng)之外，魯濱孫漂流記是再版最多的一本書。在歐美國(guó)家是兒童的必讀書。魯濱孫漂流記魯濱孫漂流記第12頁/共77頁第十二頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。生存問題生存問題生存，還是毀滅，這生存，還是毀滅，這是一個(gè)值得思考的問是一個(gè)值得思考的問題。題。魯濱孫及時(shí)調(diào)整悲觀絕望的心態(tài)，決定在島上頑強(qiáng)地生存下去。第13頁/共

11、77頁第十三頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。吃喝住吃喝住穿是人穿是人生存所生存所依賴的依賴的物質(zhì)條物質(zhì)條件。件。物質(zhì)問題物質(zhì)問題計(jì)算時(shí)間、獲得的東西、缺乏的東西、打造木柵欄圍墻、每天覓食第14頁/共77頁第十四頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。人沒有精神寄人沒有精神寄托，靈魂就無托，靈魂就無所依附所依附。精神問題精神問題寫日記，思考處境；得出經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，希望得到理解；安心于荒島生活第15頁/共77頁第十五頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 在海難中，同船的在海難中，同船的 11 11人中，死了十個(gè)，就他人中，死了十個(gè)，就他一個(gè)人活著，這是上帝對(duì)他的特別關(guān)照。一個(gè)人活著，這是上帝對(duì)他的特別關(guān)照。 從船上獲得

12、大量維持生活的必需品，這是上從船上獲得大量維持生活的必需品，這是上帝對(duì)他的特別恩賜。帝對(duì)他的特別恩賜。 他日記本上列出的六大他日記本上列出的六大“好處好處”更體現(xiàn)了他要頑更體現(xiàn)了他要頑強(qiáng)活下去的理由。強(qiáng)活下去的理由。第16頁/共77頁第十六頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。魯濱孫雖身陷絕境, 但他說服自己頑強(qiáng)的活著, 并打定主意在島上獨(dú)自生活一輩子, 這需要巨大的勇氣。可以看出他是一個(gè)非常熱愛生命、珍惜生活的人。他活著也許并非為了什么, 僅僅是因?yàn)樽约菏且粭l生命, 既然是生命就應(yīng)該善待它。況且他活的積極、主動(dòng), 活出了尊嚴(yán), 這樣的人值得活著。魯濱孫是一個(gè)珍惜生命，熱愛生活；意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，生存信念執(zhí)著

13、；勇于創(chuàng)造，務(wù)實(shí)肯干的人。“在最不幸的處境之中，我們也可以把好處和壞處對(duì)照起來看，從而找到聊以自慰的事情。”可以概括為一個(gè)人在逆境中不要悲觀失望，而要努力看到積極的因素，從而改變自己被動(dòng)的局面。第17頁/共77頁第十七頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 魯濱孫記錄時(shí)間, 是為了清楚地了解自己是怎么活著的, 可以活多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。這表明了他對(duì)生存下去充滿信心。 記敘了他制作日歷, 記錄時(shí)間, 從船上獲得物品, 艱難地打造木柵欄圍墻, 以及每天在島上各處尋找食物。這樣寫, 從一個(gè)側(cè)面體現(xiàn)了人類創(chuàng)造生活的艱難, 也表現(xiàn)了魯濱孫勤于創(chuàng)造、務(wù)實(shí)肯干的精神。第18頁/共77頁第十八頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 日

14、記是為了記錄生活，撫慰心靈，而且要面對(duì)自我。魯濱孫記日記的行為，表明他作為一個(gè)文明人精神方面的需要，為了使自己的精神有所寄托，減輕心中的苦悶，便于深入思考當(dāng)前的處境。在荒島上，魯濱孫有理由相信上帝的存在（這部作品里多次提到圣經(jīng)及魯濱孫對(duì)上帝的祈禱，有了這個(gè)前提，魯濱孫就有了活下去的精神支柱，活的有理由，有意義。 本文沒有生動(dòng)的故事，作者是通過心理描寫來刻畫人物性格表現(xiàn)作品主題的。 用第一人稱來寫，便于展現(xiàn)“我”的內(nèi)心世界,使作品更具真實(shí)感,縮小了作品和讀者之間的距離。第19頁/共77頁第十九頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。壞處 我陷在一個(gè)可怕的荒島上我陷在一個(gè)可怕的荒島上, 沒有重見天日的希望。

15、沒有重見天日的希望。 我現(xiàn)在被剔出來我現(xiàn)在被剔出來, 與世隔絕與世隔絕, 困苦萬狀。困苦萬狀。 我與人類隔絕我與人類隔絕, 仿佛一個(gè)隱士。仿佛一個(gè)隱士。 我沒有衣服穿。我沒有衣服穿。 我沒有抵御野人和野獸襲擊的防御力和手段。我沒有抵御野人和野獸襲擊的防御力和手段。 我沒有人可以說話我沒有人可以說話, 也沒有人來解除我的愁悶。也沒有人來解除我的愁悶。第20頁/共77頁第二十頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 好處好處 但我還活著但我還活著, 沒有想我同船的伙伴們一樣沒有想我同船的伙伴們一樣, 被水淹死。被水淹死。 但我也從全體船員中被剔出來但我也從全體船員中被剔出來, 獨(dú)免一死獨(dú)免一死, 上帝既然用

16、神力上帝既然用神力把我從死亡里救出來把我從死亡里救出來, 一定也會(huì)救我脫離這個(gè)境地。一定也會(huì)救我脫離這個(gè)境地。 但我并未因?yàn)闆]有糧食但我并未因?yàn)闆]有糧食, 餓死在這不毛之地。餓死在這不毛之地。 但我是在一個(gè)熱帶氣候里但我是在一個(gè)熱帶氣候里, 即使有衣服即使有衣服, 也穿不住。也穿不住。 但我所流落的島上但我所流落的島上, 沒有我在非洲看到的那種野獸。假?zèng)]有我在非洲看到的那種野獸。假使我在那里覆了舟使我在那里覆了舟, 我又將怎樣？我又將怎樣？ 但上帝卻不可思議把我送到海岸附近但上帝卻不可思議把我送到海岸附近, 使我可以從里面取出許使我可以從里面取出許多有用的東西多有用的東西, 使我終身用之不盡。

17、使我終身用之不盡。第21頁/共77頁第二十一頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 壞處 好處 我陷在一個(gè)可怕的荒島上，沒有重見天日的希望。 我現(xiàn)在被剔出來，與世隔絕，困苦萬狀。 我與人類隔絕，仿佛一個(gè)隱士。 我沒有衣服穿。 我沒有抵御野人和野獸襲擊的防御力和手段。 我沒有人可以說話，也沒有人來解除我的愁悶。 但我還活著，沒有想我同船的伙伴們一樣，被水淹死。 但我也從全體船員中被剔出來，獨(dú)免一死，上帝既然用神力把我從死亡里救出來，一定也會(huì)救我脫離這個(gè)境地。 但我并未因?yàn)闆]有糧食，餓死在這不毛之地。 但我是在一個(gè)熱帶氣候里，即使有衣服，也穿不住。 但我所流落的島上，沒有我在非洲看到的那種野獸。假使我在那

18、里覆了舟，我又將怎樣？ 但上帝卻不可思議把我送到海岸附近，使我可以從里面取出許多有用的東西，使我終身用之不盡。第22頁/共77頁第二十二頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。FridayFriday is loyal to Robinson. he has no temper and he is outgoing ,kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a child to father, whenever and whatever it is, Friday prefers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson.

19、Robinson has saved a poor savages life and soul ,he feels very happy. in this lonely island ,it is Friday who release Robinson deep inner pressure. but he feels superior to Friday, he asks Friday to call himself “master”, that implies his ambition to dominate and colonize other savage tribes. excuse

20、 to colonization by the white.第23頁/共77頁第二十三頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。The book proved so popular that the name of the two main protagonists have entered the language. The term “Robinson Crusoe” is virtually synonymous with the word” castaway” and is often used as a metaphor for being rejected.Idioms from the bo

21、ok第24頁/共77頁第二十四頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as My man Friday, from which the term Man Friday originated, referring to a dedicated personal assistant, servant, or companion.第25頁/共77頁第二十五頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Everyone can be abandoned on the desert island like Robinson, the

22、truth is even we are now living around in a hustle and bustle of large crowds, we still have a lot of moment to be alone, to work our own path of life all alone. but luckily, what Robinson Crusoe shows us is: solitude is not a horrible thing; the really sad thing is we can not stand on our own feet

23、in the misery of that endless loneliness.Deeper meaning 第26頁/共77頁第二十六頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 He is considered one of the greatest fiction writers of 18th-century England. Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute (careful and exact) details in such a vivid way that his stories

24、could be both credible and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, while leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is

25、 common English at its best. Adventures of Robinson Crusoe第27頁/共77頁第二十七頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 The story of Robinson Crusoe is well-known throughout the world. It tells of how Robinson Crusoe, an English mariner, having shipwrecked on an island, managed to struggle for live for 28 years there and rescued a

26、black man, whom he named Friday, from the cannibals (person who eats human flesh). Later, Robinson got hold of a ship and sailed home. The books “realistic” touch and ingenuity (originality) aroused great interest from the readers both in England and abroad.第28頁/共77頁第二十八頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 The story was

27、 based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, who was put ashore on an uninhabitated island and spent 5 years there. Defoe was probably familiar with several versions of this tale, and added many incidents from his own imagination to his account of Crusoe, presenting it as a true story. The story starts

28、with Robinson Crusoes running away from home. An inexperienced teenager and a young man full of bright fancies about the future, he naturally chooses going to sea, because in those days it meant a chance to live a chivalrous life, to see the wonders of the world and to make a fortune. 第29頁/共77頁第二十九頁

29、，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 After many setbacks and adventures on the sea, he settles down in Brazil as a planter. But the call of the sea is so strong that he soon embarks on another voyage, this time, to Africa. Unfortunately a frightful storm blows the boat off its course and shipwrecks it near an island.第30頁

30、/共77頁第三十頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 Of all the ships crew Robinson alone escapes to the shore after strenuous efforts. After salvaging from the wrecked ship some stores of necessities such as bread, rice, barley, corn, planks, lead and gunpowder, an axe and two saws, which he later manages to bring to the islan

31、d with a self-made raft. After several futile attempts to leave the island, Robinson settles himself down to a hard and lonely life. 第31頁/共77頁第三十一頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 He grows crops, domesticates animals and builds comfortable homes himself. His life takes a turn for the better when he saves from the han

32、ds of savages a young Negro, whom he names Friday. Robinson teaches him English and educates him in such a way that Friday soon becomes a loyal servant and an indispensable help to him. Finally they are picked up by an English ship and return to England. Thus ends the first part of the story.第32頁/共7

33、7頁第三十二頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a nave and artless （simple, innocent） youth into a shrewd and hardened (strong-minded) man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedl

34、y against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. 第33頁/共77頁第三十三頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggl

35、ing against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.第34頁/共77頁第三十四頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class and his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. I

36、n most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy (不屈的) middle class. 第35頁/共77頁第三十五頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。36Life on the islandCharacters of RobinsonRobinsons companionsTools and foodCrusoe Visits the WreckThe FootprintCrusoe Saves Friday fromthe Cannibals Plot overviewBackgroundPericopes第3

37、6頁/共77頁第三十六頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。u Defoes masterpiece u consisting of three volumes, only the first one very popular, published in hundreds of editions and scores of languagesu based on the experiences of Alexander Selkirk, a captain lived alone in an island for 5 yearsu creating a visual picture that mani

38、fests how human history has developed from the primitive to the feudal and then to the capitalistic in the 18th centuryAbout Robinson Crusoe 第37頁/共77頁第三十七頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。u a glorification of bourgeois qualities of individualism, private enterprise, and even of laboru its details told in a simple, str

39、aightforward style, adding to the realistic effect of the storyu starting the tradition of realistic description and presenting authentic details which are important for the later development of the novel.About Robinson Crusoe 第38頁/共77頁第三十八頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。uat the early stage, an individual laborer, a

40、nd then a master, until at last an exploiter, a colonizer.uan image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th centuryuan embodiment of the spirit of individual enterprise and colonial expansion.ua man struggling against nature and human fate, with indomitable will . The hero: Robinson CrusoeThe hero

41、: Robinson Crusoe 第39頁/共77頁第三十九頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is loyal to Robinson. He has no temper and he is outgoing, kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a child to father. Whenever and whatever it is, Friday prefers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson.

42、Friday 第40頁/共77頁第四十頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Friday Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Fridays behavior s behavior doesndoesnt disappoint him, Fridayt disappoint him, Friday proves proves his loyalty. Robins

43、on has saved a his loyalty. Robinson has saved a poor savagepoor savages life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is Friday s life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is Friday who who releaserelease Robinson deep inner pressure. Friday Robinson deep inner p

44、ressure. Fridays appearance makes s appearance makes Robinson not so confused. He becomes Robinson not so confused. He becomes positivepositive to life . to life . In fact, everyone living in noisy society will have the feeling of loneliness, In fact, everyone living in noisy society will have the f

45、eeling of loneliness, Robinson is a member in the real society and he is the model of ourselves. Robinson is a member in the real society and he is the model of ourselves. Friday is the Friday is the inner true egos inner true egos in our hearts. He leads us to find the directions and in our hearts.

46、 He leads us to find the directions and helps us to overcome the difficulty.helps us to overcome the difficulty.Friday 第41頁/共77頁第四十一頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Characteristic of the style and language simple language, concise description, and well-knit plot construction.第42頁/共77頁第四十二頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Features of Da

47、niel Defoes novels Daniel Defoe is remembered chiefly, for his novels. The central idea of his novels is that man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of various crimes and vices.第43頁/共77頁第四十三頁，編輯于星期六：

48、十九點(diǎn) 分。 Daniel Defoes intention is that the readers should regard his novels as true stories. For this reason, he deliberately avoids all arts, all fine writings, so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible (似乎真實(shí)的) events. Daniel Defoes novels all take the form of memoirs or p

49、retended historical narratives, everything in them giving the impression of reality.第44頁/共77頁第四十四頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Theme 第45頁/共77頁第四十五頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。第46頁/共77頁第四十六頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。 Characterization of Crusoe Defoe traces the development of Crusoe from a nave and artless youth into a clever and hardened ma

50、n tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. Crusoe is a hero with undaunted will and power. Crusoe represents a typical of the English bourgeoisie at the early stages of its development, practical, religious and mindful of his own profits. Crusoe is condemned as an image of a colonist, for h

51、e supports Negro-slavery and teaches the first word “master” to Friday. 第47頁/共77頁第四十七頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Friday 第48頁/共77頁第四十八頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。experiencing may actually be his ideal state.第49頁/共77頁第四十九頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Writing style第50頁/共77頁第五十頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。第51頁/共77頁第五十一頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。第52頁/共77頁第五十二頁，編輯于星期六：十九

52、點(diǎn) 分。第53頁/共77頁第五十三頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。第54頁/共77頁第五十四頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Click to add title in here Click to add title in here Crusoe save a prisoner, naming his new companion Friday after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English.Last part:第55頁/共

53、77頁第五十五頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is extremely grateful and becomes Robinsons devoted servant. He learns some English and takes on the Christian religion. For some years the two live happily. Click to add title in here Part 5:第56頁/共77頁第五十六頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson

54、 Crusoe Click to add title in here Then, another ship of savages arrives with three prisoners. Together Crusoe and Friday are able to save two of them. One is a Spaniard; the other is Fridays father. Their reunion is very joyous. Both have come from the mainland close by.Click to add title in here F

55、ollowing:第57頁/共77頁第五十七頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here With the help of his new workers, Crusoe increases his agricultural capacity. After a few months, they leave to bring back the rest of the Spaniards men. Crusoe is happy that his island is being peopled.What will happen

56、next following:第58頁/共77頁第五十八頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Before the Spaniard and Fridays father can return, a boat of European men comes ashore. There are three prisoners. While most of the men are exploring the island.What will happen next following:第59頁/共77頁第五十九頁，編輯于星期

57、六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Crusoe saves them. He learns from one that he is the captain of a ship whose crew mutinied. Robinson says he will help them as long as they leave the authority of the island in his hands, and as long as they promise to take Friday and himself to Eng

58、land for free. So they fight with their enemies wisely. following:第60頁/共77頁第六十頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is loyal to Robinson. He has no temper and he is outgoing, kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a child to father. Whenever and whatever it is, Friday pre

59、fers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson. Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Fridays behavior doesnt disappoint him, Friday proves his loyalty. Robinson has saved a poor savages life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is Friday who release Robinson deep inner

60、pressure. Fridays appearance makes Robinson not that confused. He becomes positive to life . Friday 第61頁/共77頁第六十一頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。第62頁/共77頁第六十二頁，編輯于星期六：十九點(diǎn) 分。Robinson Crusoe I had been telling him how the devil was gods enemy in the hearts of men, and used all his malice and skill to defeat the good d