1、 非謂語動詞非謂語動詞基本知識：1. 英語動詞的非謂語動詞形式有三種：不定式、動名詞和分詞。2. 非謂語動詞不能再句子中獨立作謂語，不受主語人稱和數的限定，所以也被稱作“非限定動詞”。3. 它們除了保留動詞的某些特征以外（如自己的賓語、狀語等），還具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的某些特征，在句中有廣泛的句法作用。另外，它們還有非謂語性的時態、語態變化形式和用法。非限定動詞在語法上雖無主語，但可以有自己的邏輯主語。動詞不定式一、 不定式的不同形式及常見用法主動形式被動形式意義一般式（not） to do（not） to be done與謂語動詞的動作同時或先后發生完成式（not） to have don

2、e(not) to have been done先于謂語動詞的動作發生進行式（not） to be doing謂語動詞的動作（情況）發生時，不定式表示的動作正在進行完成進行式（not） to have been doing先于謂語動詞的動作發生而又延續到謂語動詞的動作發生時仍在進行1. Teabings brain attempted to adjust his aim and fire again in rage.2. To be obeyed was natural to her.3. I wanted to have attended the meeting.4. He made up

3、his mind to be a doctor.5. He is believed not to be living in Shenyang.6. There are some problems to be solved at once.7. We knew him to have once been arrested by the police.8. I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down.二、 疑問詞+不定式結構疑問詞+不定式結構（起名詞作用），在句子中作主語，賓語，表語或同位語等。She was at a loss

4、what to do.(同位語)The problem is which to take first.(表語)Who to run to is what she wants to know.(主語)She showed them how to operate the machine.(賓語)注意：疑問詞+不定式“常在下列動詞后作賓語。advisediscoverforgetseetellaskdiscussknowsettlethink(=consider)considerexplainlearnshowunderstanddecidefind outrememberteachwonder三、

5、 不定式的復合結構不定式的復合結構由“for+名詞/代詞（賓格）+to do sth.”構成。名詞或代詞充當不定式的邏輯主語，是不定式動作的發出者。此結構在句子中作主語，賓語，表語，定語或狀語。This is for you to decide.(表語)I stepped aside for her to pass.(狀語)For foreigners to study Chinese is difficult.(主語)How would it be for me to look after the machine?(主語)I dont think it advisable for him t

6、o study medicine.（賓語）Wed better find some work for the children to do.(定語)注意： of+名詞/代詞（賓格）+to do sth.結構中只能充當主語，但不能放在句首充當主語。用“It is +形容詞（表人物特征）+of +名詞/代詞（賓格）+to do sth.”句型中。It was very thoughtful of her to come to see me when I was ill.四、 動詞不定式作主語動詞不定式作主語的用法To obey the laws is everybodys duty.To see

7、once is better than to hear a hundred times.1. 現代英語中，經常把代詞it放在句首作形式主語，而把真正的主語不定式放在句末。It feels good to be out here for a while.It only took us a year to complete the project.It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.2. It is +adj. +for +n./ pron.(賓格)+ to do sth.，形容“客觀情況”或叫作“描寫人或物的靜態特征”beautifu

8、ldangerouseasyimpossibleoldtallbigdifficulthardlongshortwidecommonessentialimportantnecessarysmallyoungIt is necessary for you to go there.It is impossible for her to buy the car with cash.3. It is +adj. +of +n./ pron.(賓格)+to do sth.,形容詞描寫人或物的特征或品質，或叫做動態形容詞。absurd荒唐的cruel殘忍的right正確的bold大膽的foolish愚蠢的

9、rude無禮的brave勇敢的good好的silly愚蠢的careful細心的grateful感激的stupid愚蠢的careless粗心的honest誠實的thoughtful考慮周到的clever聰明的kind善良的wicked邪惡的courageous有勇氣的nice正派的wise明智的considerate考慮周到的polite有禮貌的wrong錯誤的It was clever of the little boy to find his way home.It was very nice of you to think so much of us.4. There be句型用作 for

10、 there to be+n. 動詞不定式復合結構在句子中作主語。For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual.It is essential for there to be more houses built next year.五、 不定式作賓語不定式作賓語有下列幾種情況（一） 下列及物動詞常跟不定式作賓語agree同意expect想要pretend假裝afford負擔得起fail未能promise保證arrange安排forget忘記refuse拒絕ask要求guarantee確保resolve決心attempt試圖ho

11、pe希望seek尋求bother麻煩hesitate猶豫send傾向于care愿意learn學會threaten威脅choose選擇long渴望trouble麻煩claim聲稱manage設法try努力consent同意mean打算undertake承擔decide決定neglect忽視volunteer志愿demand要求offer提出want想做determine決心plan打算wish希望I didnt expect to find you here.She refused to be photographed at the conference.England failed to wi

12、n a place in the World Cup Finals in Spain.(二)it作形式賓語，不定式（短語）作真正賓語如果不定式作賓語而又跟賓補，這時要用it作形式賓語，而將不定式放在補語的后面。常用it作形式賓語的動詞有：believefindjudgeproveseetake(=think)considerguessknowrealizeshowThinkfeelimaginemakereportsupposeunderstandI find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to tell him.

13、I feel it an honor to be asked to speak here.I think it better for you to do the work another way.(三)不定式作介詞賓語英語中有少數幾個介詞可以跟不定式（短語）作賓語，如：about, but, except, besides(不常見)等。but, except的含義為“除之外”，如果介詞前有實意動詞do,介詞后的不定式要省略to.The water is about to boil.The child did nothing except weep.The enemy had no choice

14、 but to lay down their arms.I hardly remember what I did besides read.He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.(四)be, hope, intend, mean, plan, want, wish等動詞的過去式及would like, sound lie與動詞不定式的完成式連用，表示過去想做而未做的事。I wanted to have attended the

15、meeting.I was to have met her at the station, but I forgot.He would like to have attended the party, but he was ill.I wished to have helped you, but I had no money then.(五) “there be”句型用作“there to be+ n.”的不定式結構在句子中作賓語She was waiting for there to be another interview.The villagers want there to be a

16、bridge over the river.Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the question?注意：動詞是let時，there to be省略to,用there be形式。Let there be no mistake about the program.Let there be an end of this misunderstanding.Dont let there be any noise in the room.六、 不定式作表語（一） 表示目的、理由、功能、意圖等名詞作主語，或want引導的名詞性從句作主語時，

17、后面作表語的不定式用來說明其內容。這樣的名詞有：advice建議idea想法、計劃problemam目標intention意圖、意向reasonambition志向mistake錯誤ruledifficulty困難objective目標stepduty任務、責任purpose目的suggestionfunction功能plan計劃taskgoal目標principle原則wishHis advice was to stay calm and say nothing.A big problem is how to get rid of these things.My idea is to cli

18、mb the mountain from the north.What I would suggest is to start work at once.Our aim is to build China into a powerful, modern, socialist country.(二)句子的主語和表語都表示動作時，通常二者都用不定式或都用動名詞To see is to believe.(Seeing is believing.)To teach is to learn.(Teaching is learning.)To be kind to the enemy is to be c

19、ruel to the people.(三)當主語部分由實義動詞do時，作表語的不定式可以省略toWhat he wanted to do was (to) wash his hands of it.All she seems to do is (to) gossip with her neighbours.The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.(四)不定式to let(出租)，to blame(責備)等作表語時，可用主動形式表示被動意義The house is to let. She is to blame.Someth

20、ing is still to find out.(五)“there be”句型作“for there to be+ n.”的不定式結構句子中作表語What John was waiting for was for there to be complete silence.七、 不定式作賓語補足語（一） 有些動詞在賓語之后能跟不定式結構作賓語補足語。在這種結構的句子中作表語。常見的可用帶to的不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有：advise勸告get使prefer寧愿allow允許instruct指示remind提醒ask要求invite邀請request要求beg請求intend打算要teach教c

21、ause引起lead使有念頭tell告訴command指揮leave委托做train訓練compel強迫like喜歡tempt引誘encourage鼓勵mean意欲urge激勵entitle給權利oblige迫使use使用expect期望order命令want想要forbid禁止permit允許warn警告force迫使persuade說服wish希望It was a place she had never allowed me to see before.I didnt mean you to hear it.Ill get someone to repair the recorder fo

22、r you.Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself.They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs.(二)在think, consider, believe, find(= consider), feel(= think), know, declare, guess, prove, suppose, imagine, announce, claim, elect, judge, name, realize, report, understand等動詞后，常跟“to be +形容詞/名詞/反身代

23、詞”結構作賓補，但是to be常可以省略We consider him ( to be) a good officer.We thought her ( to be) quite a clever girl.We took your silence to mean that you agreed.Everyone reported him to be the best man for the job.Scientists think laser ( to be) one of the most useful tools in use today.(三)詞組動詞后跟不定式作賓補arrange f

24、or安排provide for提供、預防、撫養ask for要求prepare for準備call on( upon)訪問、請求rely on指望、相信care for喜歡、照料vote for投票count on指望、依賴wait for等待depend on (upon)取決于wish for希求、想要long for渴望I will arrange for you to come.We are longing for the holiday to come.You cant depend on him to come punctually.We cant count on another

25、 country to help us.(四)感官動詞或使役動詞后作賓補的不定式在表示感覺的動詞以及使役動詞后面作賓補補足語的不定式要省去to。但如果這些動詞用作被動語態，不定式的to不省略。這樣的動詞有：五看：see，watch, notice, observe, look at兩聽：hear, listen to一感覺：feel三使役:have, make, letWhat would you have me do?Did you feel the earth move?We were made to wait for two hours.Who did the teacher have

26、do the experiment?Was anybody noticed to come in?find也有此種用法;help后面作賓補的不定式to可以省略。I help mother ( to) do housework.We found some metals melt at the low temperature.Mrs. White found her husband surrounded by letters and papers and look very worried.八、 不定式作定語（一） 不定式用在the first, the second, the last, the

27、 only, the next或其他序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞或作定語She was the last to leave the party.He would be the last to agree to the plan.Kate was the only person to escape the accident.(二)不定式和它修飾的詞表現為主謂關系，動賓關系，同位關系或動狀關系等。I didnt have the energy to open my lips anymore.That will be the only thing to do now.He is not a man

28、 to bow before difficulties.He gave me a week to make up my mind.Soon came the order to start the general attack.We got instructions to leave the city.We are in need of nurses to look after the children.She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.注意： 當不定式作定語與修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動賓關系時，如果不定式時不及物

29、動詞，它后面就應當有必要的介詞（介詞后不要再跟賓語）She has a lot of things to attend to.There is nothing (for us) to worry about.She is a very nice person to work with.Lets first find a room to put the things in.(三） 有些名詞后常可用不定式作定語，常見的名詞有：ability能力eagerness渴望resolution決定agreement同意failure失敗readiness愿意ambition雄心impatience渴望ri

30、ght權利anxiety焦急intention打算reason理由attempt意圖movement運動tendency傾向chance機會need需要threat威脅claim宣稱plan計劃time時間decision決定promise答應wish希望determine決心refusal拒絕way方法effort努力reluctance不情愿As the day progressed, I considered was to get out of whatever was going down at the Cullen House tonight.The principal announ

31、ced his intention to retire.Thank you for giving me the chance to make the speech.They made a decision to put off the meeting until next month.Your ability to analyze the problem really surprises us.（四）“介詞+which+不定式”這一結構作定語，which 代替前面的中心詞She had no time left in which to pack her things.You have a nu

32、mber of topics from which to choose.Each household has a small farm on which to grow crops.I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people.He has no pencil with which to write.(= He has no pencil to write with.)九、 不定式作狀語不定式作狀語可以修飾動詞，形容詞或副詞等，表示目的，結果，原因，條件等。（一） 不定式作狀語表示原因afraidboreddisapp

33、ointedfuriousluckysorryangrycleverdispleasedgladmadshockedanxiousconsideratedissatisfiedhappyoverjoyedsurprisedastonishedcontenteagerhesitantpleasedthankfulamazedcruelexcitedhorrifiedproudwildashameddelightedfoolishimpatientrudewrongEntering the annex, the boy was surprised to find it deserted.She w

34、as eager to see her friends.Im ashamed to have to trouble you.We are surprised to hear of you failure.Im anxious for there to be plenty of discussion.Im very glad to see her in such good health.注意：在這個句型中，不定式的邏輯主語往往是句子的主語。如果不定式有自己的主語，即句子的主語不是不定式的邏輯主語，就要用“for to do”結構，表語有時可以是名詞。例如：She trembled to thin

35、k of it.She wept to see him in such a terrible state.Everybody is anxious for you to accept the position.He was an idiot not to have realized it.(二)不定式作狀語表示條件不定式結構表示條件，通常置于句首；否定不定式表示條件多置于句尾。這時謂語常含有will, would, shall, should, can, must等。To be successful, one must do ones best.One would be careless no

36、t to see the mistake.To hear him talk in that manner, you would think hes a foreigner.I should have been sorry to have missed the chance.You will regret one day for your son to marry her.(三)不定式作狀語表示目的不定式作目的狀語既可放在句首也可放在句尾。為了加強語氣，也可以用“in order to do”或”so as to do”結構作目的狀語，“in order to do”既可放在句首也可放在句尾。

37、“so as to do”只能放在句尾；其否定形式不能用 “ not to do”,而必須用“in order not to do”或 “so as not +to do”Brown accused Bill of steering state business to the Rose Firm to increase my income.They ran over to welcome the foreign guests.Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.To learn a language well, you must ma

38、ke painstaking efforts.In order to/To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.He shouted and waved his hands to/ in order to/ so as to be noticed.He worked hard in order for his son not to miss the chance of going to college.注意：for there to be結構作目的狀語：For there to be life, there must be air and wa

39、ter.(四)不定式作狀語表示結果1.too+adj./adv.+ to do，太而不能，too 后面的形容詞或副詞多表示性質或特征，起一種消極作用，主語可用人或物。The boy was trembling, his eyes closed as if he was too frightened to watch death coming closer every second.It was too late for there to be any buses.The doctor was too busy to answer the telephone.The problem was to

40、o complicated for us to solve.Ive come too late to prevent him from going there.His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.We found the room too small to hold so many people.注意：1)下列句子中的too to，不表示結果，也無否定意義，而表示“非常，很，實在，太”。表示“樂意、愿意、容易”等，不定式表示原因。這樣的形容詞有：eager, easy, glad, happy, kind, pleased,

41、ready, willing等。這些形容詞在句中常起積極作用，too前可以有all, but, only等副詞修飾，句中主語多為人。I shall be only too pleased to get home.Its too kind of you to have told me that.We are all too willing to help you.We are but too glad to meet you.You are too ready to find fault with others.( You are very fond of finding fault with

42、others.)2)not too to表示肯定，含義為“不太可以；并不太所以能”Chinese is not too difficult to learn.We are never too old to learn.He is not too weak to go to work.3)too not to含義為“太不能不”，表示雙重否定。He was too angry not to say that.He is too wise not to solve the problem.2.adj/adv.+ enough +to do，意為“足以”The sound disturbed me,

43、but not enough to stop my advance.The ice is thick enough to walk on.That looks almost good enough to eat.She spoke slowly enough to make us hear her clearly.We found the newly-built hall big enough to hold 2000 people.3.(only)+ to+不定式（短語）表示未曾料到的或不愉快的結果。She woke early (only) to find it was raining.S

44、he awoke to find herself locked in a room.He earned a lot of money only for his son to squander.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.注意：to do有時也可表示愉快的結果He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.5. so+adj./adv.+ as to do, 或such+ n.+as to do含義為“如此以致”表示結果His illness

45、 is not such as to cause anxiety.Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?She spoke so quickly as to make us not understand what she expressed.There is such a rapid increase in population as to cause a food sthortage.十、 不帶to 的不定式不帶to 的不定式有下列幾種情況：（一） 在感官動詞：see, watch, observe, look at, notice,

46、 hear, listen to, feel以及使役動詞let, make, have等后面作賓補的不定式要省略to。如果這些動詞用作被動語態，不定式的to不省略。I felt the house shake.Look at the teacher do the experiment.He was made to leave school by his fathers death.(二)當介詞but, except, besides的前邊有實義動詞to時，其后邊作介詞賓語的不定式可以省略toHe will do anything except lend you money.There was

47、nothing for them to do but remain silent.What do you like to do besides climb mountains?They had no choice except/but to give up the plan.(三)當主句部分由實義動詞do時，作表語的不定式省略toWhat we can do is (to) continue to wait.The thing for them to do is (to) manage to raise enough money for the project.注意：當作表語的不定式（短語）放

48、在句首時，to必須省略。Get back to the worksite was the only thing he could do.(四)在cannot but, cannot help but, cant choose but, had better, would rather, would sooner, had best, would rather than, would sooner than, might/may (just) as well等表示“與其不如，寧愿而不；最好”等短語后用不帶to的不定式。Harry couldnt help but smile.Hadnt you

49、better take an umbrella?I would sooner resign than work under that boss.She cannot help but weep at the painful news.You may just as well as tell us what you really want to do.Lets finish the work now rather than leave it off till tomorrow.We had best sum up our past experiences before going on.(五)在

50、用and, rather than, or, than等連接兩個不定式并且作用相同時，常省略第二個不定式toShe started to shout and cry.I decided to write rather than telephone.Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?I would rather/sooner stay at home than go out with them.(六)省略to的固定詞組。如：let fall(放開)， let go( 放開)， make do(湊合)， make believe(假裝

51、)， hear say/ hear tell（聽說）等He made believe he was rich.I hear tell youre getting married.Can you make do with canned food tonight?(七)why和why not 后常接不帶to的不定式構成問句。這種結構的肯定式表示不滿或委婉的批評，否定式則表示建議Why not do it right now?Why worry about such trifles?Why leave the door open?Why give up the plan?Why not come and see me tomorrow?十一、不定式的主動形式表示被動意義（一） 不定式與它修飾的名詞有動賓關系并與該句主語有主謂關系時，不定式用主動語態。I want a book to read.They have many difficulties to overcome.注意：如果不定式與主語沒有邏輯上的主、謂關系，不定式用被動。Ill go to Shenyang. D