1、*Francis Bacon弗蘭西斯培根*Introduction*Chinese name:弗蘭西斯培根*Birth and death:15611626*Nation: UK*Status: The most important British Renaissance essayist and philosopher*Family backgroundFather: NicolaMother: AnniAncle:William Entered University of Cambridge and participated in political activities in his e

2、arly years. A representative of the new aristocracy(新貴族). Served as Elizabeths minister.（掌璽大臣） She was born to a noble(貴族). She has a great influence on Bacons education and religion. An important Minister of the court. Jealous of Bacons talent and refused to Bacons job.*Experiences12 years old: Uni

3、versity of Cambridge 3 years later: France1579: His father died1582: Lawyers qualification1584:Elected as member of Parliament*Experiences1602:James Stuart(詹姆士一世) to the throne、high position1621:Accused of corruption by the Congress1626:died *Renaissance文藝復(fù)興*Renaissance is developed in Europe in the

4、 14th century to the 16th century ,a ideological and cultural movement, bring a revolution, science and art to uncover the prelude（序幕） of the modern European history, is considered to be one of the middle ages and modern dividing line. *James Stuart*James Stuart is the only son of the queen of Scots

5、, Mary Stewart. From the beginning of the 14th century ,she has ruled Scotland.*Five months after birth, his father passed away .TheyexpelledfromScottishnobles, then they exile in England.*On March 24, 1603, queen Elizabeth I of England died, he inherited the throne of England, said James I of Engla

6、nd.nDeathnInMarch,attheendof1626,Baconpasted London.Atthattime,hewasinvolvedinthestudyofhotandcoldtheoryanditspracticalapplication.Whenpassingthroughthesnow,hesuddenlywantedtomakeanexperiment,hekilledachicken,put thesnowintothechickenbelly,inordertoobservetheeffect.Butbecauseofhisweak,unabletobear t

7、hecold,diedonthemorningofApril9,1626. *worksu論說文集論說文集 Essaysu關(guān)于自然解釋的關(guān)于自然解釋的序言序言 ConcerningtheInterpretationofNature u論時(shí)代勇敢的產(chǎn)兒論時(shí)代勇敢的產(chǎn)兒TheMasculineBirthofTimeu自然的解釋自然的解釋 TheInterpretationofNature u論事物的本質(zhì)論事物的本質(zhì) ThoughtsontheNatureofThings *worksu 論人類的知識(shí)論人類的知識(shí)Humana ThoughtsonHumanKnowledge u論學(xué)術(shù)的發(fā)展和價(jià)值論學(xué)

8、術(shù)的發(fā)展和價(jià)值 theDignityandAdvancementofLearning u新工具新工具 NovumOrganum u偉大的復(fù)興偉大的復(fù)興 GreatInstauration u小林子小林子 ForestofMateriao *Evaluation*ThemostimportantBritishRenaissance（文藝復(fù)興）philosopher,essayist.*Hagel(黑格爾黑格爾): what Bacon really cares about is reality, not theory.*Feuerbach(費(fèi)爾巴哈費(fèi)爾巴哈): Bacon is a modern

9、 natural science direct or perceptual founder.*Marx:“thetrueancestorofBritishmaterialismandthewholemodernexperimentalscience,thefatherofexperimentalphilosophy”.*Contribution*Philosophy:Toputforwardaseriesofprinciplesofmaterialistempiricism,tomakesystematicinductivelogicandtoemphasizetheroleofexperim

10、entinunderstanding.*Law:Law:Baconsgreatjudgecareerplayedanimportantroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofequitylaw. *MottoKnowledge is power. Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a supper.No personal wealth can become the ultimate value of life.The sum of behavior is to retain a mans own dignity without int

11、ruding upon the liberty of others. Representative works*新工具*學(xué)術(shù)的進(jìn)步*新西大島*培根隨筆*Essays*Of Studiesu Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. u Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of

12、 business.u讀書足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長(zhǎng)才。讀書為學(xué)的用途是娛樂、裝飾和增長(zhǎng)才識(shí)。u其怡情也，最見于獨(dú)處幽居之時(shí)；其傅彩也，最見于高談闊論之中；其長(zhǎng)才也，最見于處世判事之際。在娛樂上學(xué)問的主要的用處是幽居養(yǎng)靜；在裝飾上學(xué)問的用處是辭令；在長(zhǎng)才上學(xué)問的用處是對(duì)于事務(wù)的判斷和處理。u For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best fr

13、om those that are learned.uTo spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar.* u練達(dá)之士雖能分別處理細(xì)事或一一判別枝節(jié)，然縱觀統(tǒng)籌、全局策劃，則舍好學(xué)深思者莫屬。因?yàn)楦挥诮?jīng)驗(yàn)的人善于實(shí)行，也許能夠?qū)€(gè)別的事情一件一件地加以判斷；但是最好的有關(guān)大體的議論和對(duì)事務(wù)的計(jì)劃與布置，乃是從有學(xué)問的人來的。u讀書

14、費(fèi)時(shí)過多易惰，文采藻飾太盛則矯，全憑條文斷事乃學(xué)究故態(tài)。在學(xué)問上費(fèi)時(shí)過多是偷懶；把學(xué)問過于用作裝飾是虛假；完全依學(xué)問上的規(guī)則而斷事是書生的怪癖。 u They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by e

15、xperience.u讀書補(bǔ)天然之不足，經(jīng)驗(yàn)又補(bǔ)讀書之不足，蓋天生才干猶如自然花草，讀書然后知如何修剪移接；而書中所示，如不以經(jīng)驗(yàn)范之，則又大而無當(dāng)。學(xué)問鍛煉天性，而其本身又受經(jīng)驗(yàn)的鍛煉；蓋人的天賦有如野生的花草，他們需要學(xué)問的修剪；而學(xué)問的本身，若不受經(jīng)驗(yàn)的限制，則其所指示的未免過于籠統(tǒng)。 * Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use, but that is a wisdom without them, and abo

16、ve them, won by observation.*有一技之長(zhǎng)者鄙讀書，無知者羨讀書，唯明智之士用讀書，然書并不以用處告人，用書之智不在書中，而在書外，全憑觀察得之。多詐的人渺視學(xué)問，愚魯?shù)娜肆w慕學(xué)問，聰明的人運(yùn)用學(xué)問；因?yàn)閷W(xué)問的本身并不教人如何用它們；這種運(yùn)用之道乃是學(xué)問以外，學(xué)問以上的一種智能，是由觀察體會(huì)才能得到的。 *Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.*

17、Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested;that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read whoely, and with diligence and attention.*讀書時(shí)不可存心詰難作者，不可盡信書上所言，亦不可只為尋章摘句，而應(yīng)推敲細(xì)思。不要為了辯駁而讀書，也不要為了信

18、仰與盲從；也不要為了言談與議論；要以能權(quán)衡輕重、審察事理為目的。*書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。換言之，有只須讀其部分者，有只須大體涉獵者，少數(shù)則須全讀，讀時(shí)須全神貫注，孜孜不倦。有些書可供一嘗，有些書可以吞下，有不多的幾部書則應(yīng)當(dāng)咀嚼消化；這就是說，有些書只要讀讀他們的一部分就夠了，有些書可以全讀，但是不必過于細(xì)心地讀；還有不多的幾部書則應(yīng)當(dāng)全讀，勤讀，而且用心地讀。 * Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others, but that would be only in th

19、e less important arguments, and the meaner sort of book; else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.*Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. *書亦可請(qǐng)人代讀，取其所作摘要，但只限題材較次或價(jià)值不高者，否則書經(jīng)提煉猶如水經(jīng)蒸餾、淡而無味矣。有些書也可以請(qǐng)代表去讀，并且由別人替我作出摘要來；但是這種辦法只適于次要的議論和次要的書籍；否

20、則錄要的書就和蒸餾的水一樣，都是無味的東西。 *讀書使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。閱讀使人充實(shí)，會(huì)談使人敏捷，寫作與筆記使人精確。 *And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit;and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.* *因此不常作筆記者須記憶特強(qiáng)，不常

21、討論者須天生聰穎，不常讀書者須欺世有術(shù)，始能無知而顯有知。因此，如果一個(gè)人寫得很少，那末他就必須有很好的記性；如果他很少與人會(huì)談，那么他就必須有很敏捷的機(jī)智；并且假如他讀書讀得很少的話，那么他就必須要有很大的狡黠之才，才可以強(qiáng)不知以為知。* Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics,subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able tocontend.Abeunt studia in mores.*Nay, there is no

22、stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fitstudies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head, and the like.*讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯：凡有所學(xué)，皆成性格。史鑒使人明智；詩歌使人巧慧；數(shù)學(xué)使人精細(xì)；博物使人深沉；倫理之學(xué)使人莊重；邏輯與修辭使人善辯。“學(xué)問變化氣質(zhì)”。*人之才智但有滯礙，無不可讀適當(dāng)之書使之順暢，一如身體百病，皆可借相宜之運(yùn)動(dòng)除之。不特如此，精神上的缺陷沒有一種是不能由相當(dāng)?shù)膶W(xué)問來補(bǔ)救的：就如同肉體上各種的病患都有適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)來治療似的。滾球利睪腎，射箭利胸肺，慢步利腸胃，騎術(shù)利頭腦，諸如此類。踢球有益于結(jié)石和腎臟；射