1、The Hidden Side of Happiness1、 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, white-water rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better. Their refr

2、ain might go something like this: I wish it hadnt happened, but Im a better person for it. 颶風(fēng)、房屋失火、 癌癥、 激流漂筏失事、 墜機、 昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊， 沒人想找上這些事兒。 但出人意料的是， 很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。 他們 可能都會這樣說 :“我希望這事沒發(fā)生，但因為它我變得更完美了。 ”2、 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulatio

3、ns, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There is a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive reactions to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the to

4、ughest or the bravest. In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives have in some ways improved.我們都愛聽人們經(jīng)歷苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事， 可能是因為這些故事證實了一條真正的心理學(xué) 上的真理，這條真理有時會湮沒在無數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報道中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內(nèi)在的奮發(fā)向上的能力會進(jìn)發(fā)出來。對那些令人極度恐慌的經(jīng)歷作出 積極回應(yīng)的并不 僅限于最堅強或最勇敢的人。 實際上， 大約半數(shù)與逆境抗?fàn)庍^的人都說他們的生活從此在某 些方

5、面有了改善。3、 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesnt kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic str

6、ess is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound or even eventually thrive.諸如此類有關(guān)危機改變一生的發(fā)現(xiàn)有著可觀的研究前景， 這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長這一新學(xué)科的研 究領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證實了曾經(jīng)被視為陳詞濫調(diào)的一個真理:大難不死，意志彌堅。創(chuàng)傷后

7、壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。 在遭遇了即使最可怕的經(jīng)歷之后， 也只有一小部分成年 人會受到長期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會恢復(fù)過來甚至最終會成功發(fā)達(dá)。4、 Those who weather adversity well are living proof of one of the paradoxes of happiness: We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life. Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss a

8、life protected from bad feelings, free from pain and confusion. 那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)幸福悖論的生動例證 :為了盡可能地過上最好的生活，我們 所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個時代的人對幸福的追求已經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣: 一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。5、 This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life. It

9、is the dark matter of happiness, the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their liv

10、es, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for the good life. 這種對幸福的平淡定義忽略了問題的主要方面種富有意義的生活所帶來的那種豐富、 完整 的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)是我們在明智的男男女女身上所欣賞到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質(zhì)。事實證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人 -他們被迫 全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊， 并重新思考他們生活的意義或許對

11、那種深刻的、 給人以 強烈滿足感的人生經(jīng)歷 （哲學(xué)家們過去稱之為對“美好生活”的探尋）最有發(fā)言權(quán)。6、 This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy. It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret. Happiness is only one among many values in human lif

12、e, contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia. Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. To l

13、ive a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough. We also need to grow and sometimes growing hurts. 這種對美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過移情與他人建立的深切聯(lián)系 融合在一起。 它主要受愉悅情感的支配， 但同時也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。 密蘇里大學(xué)哥倫比亞 分校的心理學(xué)家勞拉 金認(rèn)為 :“幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價值中的一種。 ”慈悲、智慧、無 私、 .洞察力及創(chuàng)造力有時只有經(jīng)歷逆境的考驗才能培育這些品質(zhì)，因為有時只有極端的 情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芡?/p>

14、苦的改變過程。 只過安寧的、 無憂無慮的生活是不足以體驗一段 完整的人生的。 （此文來自袁勇兵博客 ）我們也需要成長 -盡管有時成長是痛苦的。7、 In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying. A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check. She never a

15、nticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reaction that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown. The slightest movement trying to swallow, for example was excruciating. Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里， 31 歲的時裝設(shè)計師特蕾西 塞爾感到自己

16、奄奄一息。就 在幾個月前， 她已經(jīng)停止服用控制她關(guān)節(jié)炎的強效免疫抑制藥。 她從沒預(yù)見到接下來將要發(fā) 生的事 :停藥之后的反應(yīng)最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重問題。最輕微的動作 比如說試著吞咽對她來說也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8、Cyr is no wimp diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of 2, shed endured the symptoms and the treatments （drugs, surgery） her whole life. But this time, she

17、 was way past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help. Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, shed have to kill herself. 塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時就被診斷得了幼年型類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，一生都在忍 受著 病癥和治療 （藥物、手術(shù) ）的折磨。但是這一次，她實在不堪忍受了，她的醫(yī)生所做的一切似 乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結(jié)束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結(jié)自己的生命了。9、 As her sleepless night

18、s wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude. She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion. I felt stripped of everything

19、 Id ever identified myself with, she said six months later. Everything I thought Id known or believed in was useless time, money, self-image, perceptions. Recognizing that was so freeing. 然而， 在經(jīng)歷了若干個不眠之夜后， 她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。 雖然她仍 然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識每一夜都變得更加強烈 :一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結(jié)合著一種 包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感。 “ 我感到一切我曾經(jīng)用

20、來認(rèn)同自己身份的東西都被剝奪了， ”六個月后她這樣說道， “一切我認(rèn)為我知道或相信的事物時間、金錢、自我形象、對事物的看法都毫無價值了。意識到這一點真是讓我感到解脫。 ”10、Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs. she says theres no question that her life is better now. I felt I had been shown the secret of life

21、 and why were here: to be happy and to nurture other life. Its that simple. 在幾個月內(nèi)， 得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法， 她開始能夠更加自如地活動了。 她說， 毫無疑問她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)。 “我感覺我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義， 那就是快樂地生活，同時扶持他人。就這么簡單! ”11、 Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise. But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typ

22、ical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term post-traumatic growth. His studies of people who have endured extreme events like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the imme

23、diate aftermath. They are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered. A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people perhaps even the majority life

24、ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying. 她這種不可思議的經(jīng)歷完全是個驚喜。但是北卡羅來納大學(xué)夏洛特分校心理學(xué)教授里奇 特 德斯基認(rèn)為，這種轉(zhuǎn)變的感覺從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇 特德斯基教授首創(chuàng)了“創(chuàng) 傷后成長” 一詞。他對那些經(jīng)歷了諸如搏斗、 暴力犯罪、 突患重病等極端事件的人群進(jìn)行了 研究， 這些研究表明， 在剛經(jīng)歷不幸后大多數(shù)人隨即都會感到茫然和焦慮。 他們一心想的就 是，自己的生活完全被毀了。 有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、 失眠以及類似的創(chuàng) 傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。 但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)， 對很多人 （可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)

25、人 ）來說， 生活最終會變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。12、 something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. Our everyda

26、y life scripts our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions go out the window, and were left with a raw experience of the world.許多經(jīng)歷過恐怖的人身威脅的人會遇到類似的情況。 在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間， 我們的安全感 被沖破了， 平時處于我們與我們對世界的種種看法之間的自我保護的精神盔甲被剝離了。 我 們的日常生活軌跡 （我們的習(xí)慣、自我認(rèn)識和主觀意念 ）全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對世界 的原始體驗。13、 Still, actually implementing the

27、se changes, as well as fully coming to terms with the new reality, usually takes conscious effort. Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it.the people who find value in adversity arent th

28、e toughest or the most rational. Instead, they tend to be ordinary neither the best- nor the worst-adjusted. What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.盡管如此， 要實際實現(xiàn)這些轉(zhuǎn)變并完全接受新的現(xiàn)實， 通常需要有意識地付出努力。 是否愿 意并有能力承擔(dān)這個過程， 就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長和那些被災(zāi)難所摧毀的人之間主

29、要的區(qū)別 之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價值的人并不是最堅強或最理性的人。 使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺?遭遇的事融入他們自己的人生歷程中。 ”14、 Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined. Survivors often say they become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships. They say that material am

30、bitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount and that the crisis allowed them to reorganize life in line with the new priorities.最終，他們可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己以從未想到過的方式獲得了解脫。 幸存者往往說他們變得更加寬 容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。 他們說物質(zhì)追求突然間變得很無聊， 而朋 友和家庭帶來的快樂變得極為重要， 他們還說危機使他們能夠按照這些新的優(yōu)先之事來重新 認(rèn)識生活。15 、 P

31、eople who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things theyve been through. They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. People dont say that what they went through was wonderful, says Tedeschi. The

32、y werent meaning to grow from it. They were just trying to survive. But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated. 從災(zāi)難中成長起來的人盡管經(jīng)歷過恐怖的事情， 但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。 他們對自己 的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應(yīng)付。特德斯基說:“人們不會說他們所經(jīng)歷的是美好的。 他們并不是特意要通過這樣的經(jīng)歷來成長。 他們只是盡其所 能生存下來。但回顧起來，他們的收獲遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于他們所預(yù)料的。16、 I

33、n his recent book Satisfaction,Emory University Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time. They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery. Fo

34、r ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what theyre doing. 埃默里大學(xué)精神病學(xué)家格列高利 伯思斯在他的近作滿足中指出，極限耐力運動員每次 訓(xùn)練都要使自己的身體連

35、續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。 他們和經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)傷的幸存者所經(jīng)歷的感覺過程 一樣:自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對于經(jīng)常跑超過24小時的 l00 英里比賽的超級馬拉松運動員來說， 嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺是常事。 在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后， 競 賽者有時會忘了自己是誰，忘了自己在干什么。17、 For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of lifes biggest challenges: parenting. Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels o

36、f happiness. The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasures in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding a

37、nd meaningful of all human undertakings. The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like satisfaction, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful legacy. 更普遍的在逆境中成長的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一:為人父母。生育孩子一直被認(rèn)為會降低幸福程度。 為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊， 意味著有了新 生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機。 然而，長遠(yuǎn)看來，

38、養(yǎng)育孩子是所有人類活 動中最有意義、 最值得去做的一件事情。 短時間內(nèi)犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿 足感、無私以及有機會留下一筆意義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。18、Ultimately, that emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity. This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that its possible to live an extrao

39、rdinarily rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face. In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization. Youre not going to be the person you thought you were, but heres who you are going to be instead and that turns out to be a pretty great life.總之，情感上的

40、回報可以彌補災(zāi)難帶來的痛苦和艱難。 這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發(fā)生的苦 難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個不同的背景中來看待，.那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎， 我們?nèi)匀豢梢陨娴脴O有價值。 金指出， 我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形 式經(jīng)歷這種覺悟。 “你將不再是自己心目中曾經(jīng)的你，取而代之的是一個新的你而事實會 證明生活從此將非常美好。 ”Unit 21、 Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment. However, sports have been never been so he

41、avily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today. Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports

42、no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves. Fun and good games are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized Do

43、they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights 在整個歷史長河中， 人們都是把體育當(dāng)做某種形式的公眾娛樂。 然而， 體育從未像今天這樣作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品被如此盛大地包裝、 推廣、 呈現(xiàn)和開展， 有關(guān)體育的決策以及與體育相關(guān) 的社會關(guān)系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業(yè)因素的影響。 對許多人來說， 賬本底線已取代了 球門線，體育不再只是為了運動員們自身的興趣而存在。今天，樂趣和“好比賽”的定義取 決于門票收入、特許權(quán)收入、媒體轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)的出售、市場份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。那么， 當(dāng)體育

44、變得商業(yè)化時， 它會怎樣當(dāng)體育變得依賴于門票收入和媒體傳播權(quán)的出售時， 它會發(fā) 生變化嗎2、 We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting even is usuall

45、y related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainly of an events outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event, and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectators refer to a good game or an exciting contes

46、t, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or heroic performances. When games or

47、matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time. 我們知道， 每當(dāng)任何一項體育運動被轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)性娛樂活動時， 它的成功就依賴于觀眾的興 趣。盡管觀眾對于體育的擁護背后潛藏著多種動機， 但他們對體育比賽的興趣通常與三種相 結(jié)合的因素有關(guān)： 比賽結(jié)果的不群定性， 參加一項比賽相關(guān)的風(fēng)險或經(jīng)濟回報， 以及預(yù)期中 的運動員的卓越、英勇表現(xiàn)。換句話說，當(dāng)觀眾提及一場“不錯的比賽”或一場“激動人心 的比賽”時，這場比賽， 通常在比賽即將結(jié)束的最后幾分鐘甚至幾秒鐘， 結(jié)

48、果仍然撲朔迷離； 或者比賽涉及高額獎金， 因而運動員們都全身心地投入比賽； 或者比賽展示了許多出色的或 者“英雄式”的表現(xiàn)。 只要運動比賽包含所有這三方面因素，人們就會長時間記得并討論這 場比賽。3、Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their bas

49、ic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as i

50、t was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.商業(yè)化對于大多數(shù)體育運動的結(jié)構(gòu)和目標(biāo)沒有太大的影響。 盡管觀眾會對其產(chǎn)生影響， 但在 歷史上， 運動項目保持了它們的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 創(chuàng)新也是在這一個框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行的， 并不會完全廢 除這項運動的基本設(shè)計。 例如， 奧運會的商業(yè)化導(dǎo)致了某些賽事規(guī)則的微小變化，但其每項運動的基本結(jié)構(gòu)還是和商家贊助及電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)出售之前基本一致。4、 Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of spo

51、rt participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. To make money on a sport, its necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because its made up of many people who dont have technical kn

52、owledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype. During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understan

53、d. They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being; and they like to see players

54、 committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.看來， 與運動的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的相比， 商業(yè)化更多的是影響運動參與者的取向。 若要通過一項運 動盈利，就必須吸引廣大觀眾買門票或在電視上觀看比賽。吸引和娛樂廣大觀眾并非易事， 因為這些觀眾中有很多人沒有技術(shù)性的知識， 因而不懂得運動員和教練采取的復(fù)雜競技技巧 和策略。 由于缺乏這些技術(shù)性知識， 人們?nèi)菀资艿竭\動或賽事之外的東西的影響， 容易受到 天花亂墜的宣傳的迷惑。 在比賽期間， 他們經(jīng)常關(guān)注那些他們?nèi)菀桌斫獾氖虑椤?他們喜歡那 種運動員冒險并明顯面臨身體危險的情境； 他們喜歡那些擅長戲劇

55、化表現(xiàn)或者愿意超越正常 的生理極限以致威脅到自己的安全和健康的運功員； 他們喜歡看到運動員不惜代價， 立志求 勝。5、 For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game. Similarly, those who know little about

56、 the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless. Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored. They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas,

57、and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them. 比如，當(dāng)人們?nèi)狈@球方面的技術(shù)

58、知識時， 他們更津津樂道與某一個灌籃而不會關(guān)心球隊取 勝必需的因素： 自始自終配合得天衣無縫的后防。 同樣， 那些對滑冰技術(shù)知之甚少的人，他 們更感興趣的是三連跳或四連跳， 而不是那些精心設(shè)計并訓(xùn)練直至流暢、 完美的舞步。 沒有 驚險的跳躍，無知的觀眾會感到厭倦，他們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得激動人心或有爭議性的運動員。 他們往往根據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來評價比賽。 他們想看運動員在超越自己 極限時偶爾的突然失敗，而不是多年來的穩(wěn)操勝券，熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運動員。6、 When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audienc

59、e, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation. In fact, thepeople in sport may even refer to games or matches as show-time, and th

60、ey may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who dont know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the ga