1、英美文學（03119）復習大綱第一部分 英國文學一、 課程簡介 本課程簡要介紹英國各個歷史斷代的主要文學文化思潮,文學流派,主要作家; 本課程要求學生掌握英國文學史上各個時期的文學特點，出現的文學流派以及該時期一至兩位重要作家的文學生涯,創作思想,藝術特色及代表作品；并要求學生做到在掌握有關知識理論的基礎上使之轉換這能力，即能用有關知識和理論來分析英國文學中的相關問題。二、 課程重點章節簡介：第一章:古代與中世紀英國文學1. 2. 喬叟及其代表作第二章: 文藝復興時期1. 文藝復興的定義2. 薩士比亞的戲劇及十四行詩3. 培根的代表作第三章: 十七世紀英國文學1. 彌爾頓的代表作、詩劇的主要內

2、容及選短第四章: 啟蒙運動時期 1. 新古典主義2. 傷感主義3. 笛福及代表作4. 蒲伯及代表作第五章: 浪漫主義時期1. 浪漫主義時期文學的特點2. 彭斯的創作特點及代表作3. 華茲華斯的創作特點及代表作4. 拜倫詩歌的特點及代表作第六章: 維多利亞時期1. 維多利亞時期的文學特點2. 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作第七章: 現代時期1. 現代主義文學2. 湯姆斯.哈代創作特點及代表作3. d.h.勞倫斯創作特點及代表作三、 本課程重點和難點內容簡介第一章:古代與中世紀英國文學：1簡介及在英國文學史上的意義。2喬叟及其代表作坎特伯雷故事集對英國文學做出的貢獻。3名詞解釋“騎士抒情詩”第二章: 文藝復興

3、時期：1. 文藝復興時期的時間界定2. “文藝復興”的名詞解釋3. “人文主義” 的名詞解釋4. 莎士比亞的 “sonnet 18”的主題5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析6. 英語解釋論學習中的句子第三章: 十七世紀英國文學：1. 英語解釋彌爾頓失樂園選段中的句子2. 失樂園的主要內容和意義3. 失樂園中撒旦的人物分析第四章: 啟蒙運動時期：1. 啟蒙運動時期的界定2. 新古典主義的基本主張和特色3. 傷感主義的名詞解釋4. 魯濱遜漂流記中魯濱遜的人物分析5. 蒲伯的論批評的主題6. 英文解釋論批評第五章: 浪漫主義時期：1. 浪漫主義時期的界定及文學特點2. 彭斯的詩歌的特點及其詩作“紅玫瑰”3.

4、華茲華斯和科勒律治合作的抒情歌謠集的重要意義4. 華茲華斯的詩歌特點5. 英文解釋華茲華斯“我如行云獨自游”中的句子6. 拜倫“致希臘”的主題并用英語解釋其中句子7. 雪萊“西風頌” 的主題并用英語解釋其中句子第六章: 維多利亞時期1. 維多利亞時期的文學特點2. 艾米莉。布朗特的呼嘯山莊的主題3. 夏洛特。布朗特的簡。愛中簡。愛的人物分析第七章: 現代時期1. 現代主義文學的特點2. 哈代的代表作及寫作特點3. 勞倫斯小說的主題及人物分析四、課程內容疏理及應用領域、應用講解方法i. old and medieval period1the anglo-saxon period (5th cen

5、tury 1066, the year of the norman conquest of english )beowulf ：it is the first long poem in english, which is considered the national epic of the english people. although beowulf is a national epic of the english people, but it is a story of the scandinavians2.the anglo norman period1)the most prev

6、ailing (主要的) of literature in the feudal england is romance(騎士抒情詩).名詞解釋：romance-romance is a literature form in middle english literature means a long composition in verse or prose form dealing with the life and adventures of a noble hero, generally a knight(騎士).the knights are unfailingly devoted t

7、o the king and the church. they are commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, involving in a large amount of fightings for their lords and always encountering romantic love affairs. in romances, loyalty to king and lord is repeatedly emphasized. romance as a form of literature, is the u

8、pper class literature.2) geoffrey chaucer “the father of english poetry” and “the father of english fictionhis masterpiece canterbury tale is regarded as one of the monumental works in english literature. 論述題：briefly introduce the significance of chaucer in his canterbury tale.(1) his contribution t

9、o english literature can be seen in two aspects:a. realism: all kinds of people except the highest (king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor laboring people) are represented by these 30 pilgrims. besides being the typical representative of her or his own class, each character has her

10、 or his own individual qualities. therefore it gives a true picture of chaucers time. b. humanism: he highly praises mans energy, quick wit and love of life, thus he reveals his ideas of humanism.(2) his contribution to english language:ever since norman conquest, french and latin were the languages

11、 used by the upper classes. chaucer chose to use the london dialect of his day in his masterpiece. in doing so, he did much in making the london dialect the standard for the modern english speech.ii、the renaissance period (14th to mid-17th)名詞解釋：1、renaissance :the word “renaissance” means revival, es

12、pecially between the 14th and mid-17th century, revival of interest in ancient greek and roman culture. renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the european humanist thinkers made attempts to get ride of conservatism (保守主義) in feudalist europe and introduce new ideas tha

13、t expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the roman church authorities. humanism is the essence of the renaissance.2.humanism: humanism is both the keynote of the renaussance and the intellectual liberration movement, associate with new atti

14、tude to ancient greek and latin literaure. the humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the neeew feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.3.shakespearehis plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romant

15、ic tragi-comedies.shakespeares four greatest tragedies are hamlet, othello, king lear, and macbeth1). hamlet,例題：論述題：what are the main themes in shakespeares tragedies, and analysis the character- hamlet.( whats the theme of hamlet? analyze the image of hamlet.)his tagedies often portray some noble h

16、ero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a diffult situation whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whloe nation. the heroes have some weaknesses in their characters, which finally lead to their tragic falls.shakespear puts forward the image of hamlet as a humanist of

17、 the renaissance. he has an unbounded love for the world, nature and man; he loves good, hates evil, and is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions, he shows a contempt for rank and wealth; he is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated; he is a scholar, soldier, and statesman. his

18、image reflects the versatility of the man of the renaissance. his weakness is his melancholy, but in spite of his melancholy and delay in action, ham;et still retains his active energy. his learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of

19、the 16th and 17th centuries. 2）sonnet 18it is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by shakespeare, the poet holds that the poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves. a nice summers day is usually short, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. thus shakespeare has a faith in the permane

20、nce of poety. 3）sonnet 29in this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.記住這兩首詩及注釋。例題：1.“for thy sweet love remembred such wealth brings,that then i scorn to change my state with kings.”1) identify the

21、 poem and the poet.2) what does the word “state” mean?3) what is the poem about?answer: 1) snonnet 29 by shakespeare2) throne3) in this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.4francis bacon(1561 1626)

22、 is regarded “father of english essays”.he lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than as a basis for obtaining knowledge.his works : advancement of learning ，the great instauration, new atlantics, essays(論說文集)of the 58 e

23、ssays in essays , “of study” is the better known and widely read. in this essay, bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue ones studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.記熟此文的名句及注釋例題：“some books are to be rea

24、d only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others;” 1).what does “curiously” mean?2) what does “deputy” refer to?3).from which essay does the above senten

25、se come, what is the easy mainly about?answer: 1).carefully, attentively2).person appointed to act for another3).this essay is from bacons “of studies”. in this essay, bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue ones studies, and also the effect of the

26、 different kinds of studies upon human character.iii. the seventeenth centuryi john miltonhis major literary works: paradise lost, paradise regained, samson agonistes, all of which are based on the biblical legend.記熟paradise lost選段及注釋例題：give a brief comment on john miltons paradise lost, and anaylze

27、 satan, the hero in this poem.answer: the poet points out at the beginning of the poem that the purpose of the epic is to “assert eternal providence and justify the ways of god to man.” however, the main idea of the poem shown by the image of satan, is a revolt against the tyrannys authority. the de

28、fiant spirit of satan simply shows the proud and sombre political passions of the persecuted revolutionaries after restoration. in the image of the first two human beings, adam and eve, milton shows his belief in the power of man, and the love between adam and eve voices miltons own enthusiasm for h

29、umanistic elements.though the purpose of this poem is, in miltons words, to “ justify the ways of god to man”, yet as satan tries to justify himself by posing as a rebel against tyrnny, milton apparently unconsciously makes the devil serves as his own mouthpiece. in this part satan tells his followe

30、rs never to submit, but to fight for the bright future. the fiery utterance of satan to his followers exposes satan as a revolutionary who is against depression and tyranny and longing for freedom, and shows miltons intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of a bourgeois revolutionary. to milton, t

31、he proud and sobre saton represented the rebellious spirit against unjust authority. iv. the age of enlightenment名詞解釋：1. enlightenment- it prevailed the whole 18th century. its aim was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. the enlighteners put great

32、emphasis on reason, equlity and science. they insisted that reason should be the only and the final cause of any human thoughts and activities. they call for order, reason and rules. moreover, they cherished universal education as an important means of enlightening human beings. they believed that h

33、uman beings weere limited, imperfect, and yet capable of reason and perfection through education.2sentimentalism:-there were the writers and poets in 18th century who strove for something natural and spontaneous in thought and language. in their literature creation, emotions and sentiments began to

34、play a leading part again. an interest in nature as well as natural relations between man and man was awaken in their literature creation.3簡答題what are the characteristics of neoclassicism?answer: 書上p103。4daniel defoe (1) he is regarded by many as the first true novelist, and his robinson crusoe has

35、a claim to be the first english novel.(2) the analysis of robinson:robinson represents the english bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. he is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. he struggles hard against nature and makes her bend

36、 to his will. in describing robinsons life on the island, defoe glorifies human labour. labour saves robinson from despair and is a source of pride and happiness. he toils for the sake of subsistence, and the fruits of his labour are his own.his every voyage is connected with some commercial enterpr

37、ise, eg: he labours for his own existence, but as soon as a native makes his appearance, robinson assumes the role of a master. here lies colonialism in germ.5alexander pope.“essay on criticism” is didactic poem.it deplores the depth of true taste among the critics of his time, and tells the poets a

38、nd critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old greek and roman writers: go to nature, follow the ancient critics.the excerpt in our textbook is taken from the second part of the long poem “essay on criticism”. it demonstrates the danger of “a little learn

39、ing” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively. 記熟該詩及注釋。例題：those attaind, we tremble to survey the growing labours of the lengthend way,th increasing prospect tires our wandring eyes,hills peep oer hills, and alps o

40、n alps1). identify the poem and the poet.2). what does “survey” mean?3). what does these lines imply?answer: 1) alexander popes. “essay on criticism” 2).find2) it demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of

41、learning intensively and extensively.v. the romantic period（這一章是重點章節，注意所選詩歌的注釋及主題）1.general features of romanticism 這一部分可能出論述題或簡答題（論述題要答約200個字，簡答題50-80個字）參見書上p171-174。例題：how is romanticism different from the neoclassicism? answer: 先論述romanticism的特點p171-174，然后論述neoclassicism特點p103-105。i) robert burns

42、記熟“red red rose”例題（詩歌這種形式出這樣的題比較多）：“till a the seas gang dry, my dear, and the rocks melt wi the sun!and i will luve thee still, my dear,while the sands olife shall run.”(1) identify the poem and the poet.(2) interpret the meaning of this stanza.(3) from the characteristics of this stanza, we can de

43、duce which period it belongs to.answer: (1) burns “a red, red rose”(2) the theme of it is permanent love, which itself is deep, genuine and natural(3) romanticism2) wordsworth: the representative poet of passive romanticism, poet laureate(桂冠詩人) of england.the publication of the “lyrical ballads” mar

44、ked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, and the beginning of the romantic revival in england.wordsworth, coleridge and robert southey have often been mentioned as the “lake poets”.記熟 “i wandered lonely as a cloud” 及注釋、主題“i wandered lonely as a cloud” is regarded a

45、s the most anthologized poem in english literature, and one that takes us to the core of wordsworths poetic belifs.3）byron:(1) he created “byronic hero” in his works.(2)“the isles of greece”in this poem, the poet describes greece with deep passion. he laments her fallen state and speaks of her forem

46、ans glory and power, her brave men and heroic deeds. with strong passion he tries to arouse the greek peoples patriotic feelings so that they might rise against the turkish invasion.記熟 “the isles of greece” 及注釋4）shelley“ode to the west wind” is one of the most prized of shelleys shorter lyrics.in th

47、is poem, shelly eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. the main theme of the poem is his call for political and social reform.記熟 “ode to the west wind” 及注釋5）the major novelists of the english romantic period are jane austen and w

48、alter scott.vi. the victorian period(這一章著重于小說，注意小說的主題是什么，主角是誰，主角的人物分析)1.characteristics of this age:1) an age of prosesince the wide spread of education, the number of readers has increased and it is the age of newspapers, magazines, and modern novels.newspapers, magazines are about the worlds daily

49、 life, and novels are the most pleasant form of literature entertainment, as well as the most successful method of presenting modern problems and modern ideals.2) an age emphasized the moral purposethe prose seems to depart from the purely artistic standard of art for arts sake and to be actuated by

50、 a definite moral purpose, and the novel seems to sweep away error and to reveal the underlying truth of human life. so victorian age is emphatically an age of realism rather than of romance, which strives to tell the whole truth, showing moral and physical diseases as they are, and holding up healt

51、h and hope as the normal conditions of humanity.3) an age of doubt and pessimismbecause the scientific discovery and especially the evolution give people a new conception of man and of the universe, it is customary to speak of this age as an age of doubt and pessimism.2. charles dickens: he is one o

52、f the greatest critical realist writers of the victorian age.the theme of his novelshe has a serious intention to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. in his work, he attempts to call peoples attention to the existing social problem and t

53、hus bring about some reform or amelioration.p293oliver twist: in this noval,dickens gives a truthful presentation of the sufferance of the poor,and makes a complete exposure of the terrible conditions in the english workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the m

54、ask of philanthropy.1) the brontescharlotte wrote the professor and jane eyre, anne wrote agnes grey., and emily wrote wuthering heights.the analysis of eyre:eyre herself is charlotte, little, long-suffering, shy, repressed, a smouldering volcano of passion beneath. this heroin represent the middle-

55、class working woman who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being, moreover, jane maintains that woman should have equal rights with woman. the novel severely criticized the limited options open to educated but impoverished women, and the idea that women ough

56、t to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. janes passionate desire for a wider life, her need to be loved, and her rebellious questioning of conventions, also reflected charlottes own dreams. jane is an ugly duckling, who fulfill

57、s all the teenage romantic dreams of passion that breaks all obstacles. viithe 20th century literature1. the major changes in attitude and technique in the modern novel:1）the public values of the victorian novel gave way to more personally conceived notions of value, dependent on the novelist own intuitions and sensibilities rather than on public agreement.2）time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented by continuous flow in the consciousness of the individual,