1、雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)Understanding IELTS Grammar-Solution to Long & Complicated Sentences長難句成因：“樹形結(jié)構(gòu)” ：? 修飾成分紛繁復(fù)雜? 主從句交織? 特殊句式Strategies for Long & Complicated Sentences:一、主從復(fù)合句解析1. 名詞性從句2. 定語從句3. 狀語從句4. 多重復(fù)合句二、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句式解析1. 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)2. 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)3. 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)4. 雙重或者多重否定5. 比較結(jié)構(gòu)一、主從復(fù)合句解析1. 名詞性從句 1.1 主語從句? Looking at the pict

2、ure makes him experience a severe attack of nostalgia.?For her, a woman, to defy her husband orders would be considered audacious at her time.? What bothers me about this point of view is that it implies that human beings, in some雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)deep sense, are not part of nature.? That he is in lov

3、e with her is no longer a secret .主語從句解讀方法：主語從句引導(dǎo)詞 ：Practice:（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（5）Whom

4、 we must study for is a question of great importance.（6）What caused the accident remains unknown.（7）What we need is time.（8）What we need are good doctors.（9）Whatever you did is right.Example 1：That the nineteenth century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing al

5、l his money in his life was an irony which was duplicated in other matters.Example 2:That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmed and static.Example 3:However, it can not be denied that it was Smith who introduced such a target for

6、later novelists.Further Practice:1. It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather.2. It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.3. It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.4. It is probable that he has known everything.雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句

7、解析講義郭凌風(fēng)5. It appeared that he had a taste for music.6. It made us very happy that she was saved7. It remains unknown when they are going to get married.8. It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.9. It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.1.2. 賓語從句（ object clause）引導(dǎo)詞：Examp

8、le 1：A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Example 2：Yet new fin

9、dings in neuroscience suggest that the brain retains its ability to reorganize itself in response to experience or injury throughout life: after the loss of sensory input from an amputated limb, for example, adults are able to learn new motor skills effectively.Example 3：Art historian Kenneth Clarke

10、, for example, writing in 1973, could not accept that the Mona Lisa was famous for reasons other than its inner qualities.Example 4:The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that

11、they will later use as adults.雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)1.3 表語從句引導(dǎo)詞： who, how, when, as, whetherExample：The key issue in judging overpopulation is not how many people can fit into any givenspace but whether Earth can supply the population -term requirementslong for food, water, and other resources.Practice:Th

12、e miracle is how they all cooperate, and are integrated together, in the creation of a self.1.4 同位語從句Example:He was surprised at the factthat he had passed the IELTS examination.先行詞：破解關(guān)鍵：Example 1：There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of

13、man s handswill master them all in the end.Example 2:The belief that it is harmful to the black community for authors to explore the humanity of our leaders can have troubling effects.Example 3:【劍 3】In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vast

14、ly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.Example 4:【劍 3】This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration in to a notoriously fickle world雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)economy.Practices：I take further comfort in the fact

15、that human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statue of Anne, the world s first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.According to James, a child s first step on the road-understandingtoself can be seen as the recog

16、nition that he or she exists. 劍 92. 定語從句引導(dǎo)詞：Which:Like the slaves, women took literally the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, which states that all men are created equal.Libraries made education possible， and education in its turn added to libraries ；the growth of knowledge followed a kin

17、d of compound-interest law ，which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.That:With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem that cannot be solved in a few hours.Often, the children s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had pla

18、yed with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. 劍 9There is something, they argue, inside the painting that speaks to us all, that unleashes feelings, emotion, and recognition.關(guān)系代詞 that的省略：雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)Because the potenti

19、al talent John has is obvious, he is going to be elected as the president.Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.Who:The student who is answering the question is John.The person who was here yeste

20、rday is a musician.Whom:In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.Whose:Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.關(guān)系副詞 :When:She will never forget the day when she got married.Where:One of the wil

21、dest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.Why:Give me one reason why we should help you.復(fù)雜定語從句：介詞 / 介詞短語 +引導(dǎo)詞This is the desk on which I found my book.雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type

22、of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home.His book vividly illustrates the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the i

23、ntrusion the forces of industrialization and urbanization.We are not conscious of the extent to which work provide the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.【劍 5】This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiologyto discover the degree to which

24、hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior.【劍 8】Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encourageme

25、nt and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognized by teachers and schools.【劍 8】 The ease with whi

26、ch truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.3. 狀語從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞：破解關(guān)鍵：雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they

27、would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.Since the consumer considers

28、 the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.Im not living where I was.Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.Take your coatin case it rains.He studied hard in order that he could p

29、ass the exam.He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substancessolid is higher than the density of its liquid.4. 多重復(fù)合句However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants developing understanding that movements t

30、hey see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. 劍 9雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust but from the power plant generating electricity, which

31、is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious.二、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句式1. 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)處理原則：Example:In relationships of mutual dependence, such as between labour and management or within an organization or a family, the question (of who is more powerful) turns on who is less dependent on th

32、e other.In developing countries, where at least 10 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.It will take years for whites including those who think of themselves as liberals to discover and eli

33、minate the racist attitudes they all actually have.Thirdly, the waste radioactive material, including not only the uranium but also water and even the clothes used by power station personnel, must be disposed of.A cousin of the tenacious Asian longhorned beetle which since its initial discovery in 1

34、996 in New York City has caused tens of millions of dollars in damage annually,the citrus longhorned beetle, was discovered on a juniper bush in August 2001 in Tukwila, Washington.雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)Generations of teachers have assigned Thoreau books Walden (1854), which recounts his experiment in livi

35、ng in solitary harmony with nature, as an illustration of the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion into pastoral harmony of the forces of industrialization and urbanization.Practices:Yet Linnaeus himself would probably have been the first to admit that classificati

36、on is only a tool, and not the ultimate purpose, of biological inquiry.Like Douglass, who invoked the rhetoric of male individualism to encourage identification with his narrative, she had to make her readers take the oppression of slave women personally, to see it as a threat to their own sense of

37、themselves as women.2. 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(1). Only+狀語位于句首Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a mother.(2). 以 never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等詞引導(dǎo)的句子。【劍 3】Not only did it solve a problem that intrigued man

38、for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe.(3). 比較狀語從句In a typical example, when viewing photographs of food, hungry subjects experience a much greater increase in pupil diameter than do sated subjects.(4). 為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)某一內(nèi)容（表語或狀語）Gone are the problems of n

39、ot being able to instantly contact people in other parts of the world.(5). So/As 或者 neither/nor引導(dǎo)的句子【劍 4】Never before has the planetslinguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace.(6). 某些讓步狀語從句In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fishes that can survive through years of drought i

40、n the form of inactive eggs.雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)3. 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)含強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分 +that/who+ 其他部分照寫可以強(qiáng)調(diào)：主語，賓語，狀語不可以強(qiáng)調(diào)：謂語，定語Nuclear power supplies 5% of the world senergy from more than 400 plants.強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語：強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語：It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi authorities to

41、 grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being Aramoc.It is because living space for most of mansfellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth that we need to know the importance of

42、big, mature trees.Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactionsthat the child s understanding- orof herselfis emerges【.劍 9】4. 雙重否定或多重否定Examples:Such behavior is not unusual among social mammals.One can hardly say that these theorists have failed to have any effe

43、cts.Practices:【劍 6】Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn temblazoned with drug s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical companyslogo.Indeed, few women s rights conventions were held during the 1850 ats which Douglass was not a featured speaker and whose proceeding were not fully reported雅思強(qiáng)化閱讀長難句解析講義郭凌風(fēng)in his paper.Unless one already knows a great deal, one cannot lea