MachineDesignandmanufacturingMachinedesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneedsItisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermofitssize,shapeandconstrictiondetails，butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture，marketinganduseoftheproduct.Peoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmachinedesignaretypicallycalleddesigners，ordesignengineers.MachinedesignisbasicallyacreativeactivityHowever，inadditiontobeinginnovative，adesignengineermustalsohaveasolidbackgroundintheareasofmechanicaldrawing，kinematics,dynamics，materialsengineering，strengthofmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses.Asstatedpreviously，thepurposeofmachinedesignistoproduceaproductwhichwillserveaneedformanInventions，discoveriesandscientificknowledgebythemselvesdonotnecessarilybenefitpeople；onlyiftheyareincorporatedintoadesignedproductwillabenefitbederivedItshouldberecognized，therefore，thatahumanneedmustbeidentifiedbeforeaparticularproductisdesignedMachinedesignshouldbeconsideredtobeanopportunitytouseinnovativetalentstoenvisionadesignofaproduct，toanalyzethesystemandthenmakesoundjudgmentsonhowtheproductistobemanufacturedItisimportanttounderstandthefundamentalsofengineeringratherthanmemorizemerefactsandequationsTherearenofactsorequationswhichalonecanbeusedtoprovideallthecorrectdecisionsrequiredtoproduceagooddesignOntheotherhand，anycalculationsmademustbedonewiththeutmostcareandprecision.Forexample，ifadecimalpointismisplaced，anotherwiseacceptabledesignmaynotfunctionGooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountofrisk，knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstatedThusadesignermusthavepatience，sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeandeffortexpendedCreatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethnistasideThisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliarideas，techniquesandattitudesAdesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaystoimproveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold，provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporatedNewdesignsgenerallyhave“bugs”orunforeseenproblemswhichmustbeworkedoutbeforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthenewdesignscanbeenjoyedThusthereisachanceforasuperiorproduct，butonlyathigherriskItshouldbeemphasizedthat，ifadesigndoesnotwarrantradicalnewmethods，suchmethodsshouldnotbeappliedmerelyforthesakeofchangeDuringthebeginningstagesofdesign，creativityshouldbeallowedtoflourishwithoutagreatnumberofconstraintsEventhoughmanyimpracticalideasmayarise，itisusuallyeasytoeliminatethemintheearlystagesofdesignbeforefirmdetailsrequiredbymanufacturingInthisway，innovativeideasarenotinhibitedQuiteoften，morethanonedesignisdeveloped，uptothepointwheretheycanbecomparedagainsteachotherItisentirelypossiblethatthedesignwhichisultimatelyacceptedwilluseideasadstinginoneoftherejecteddesignsthatdidnotshowasmuchoverallpromise.PsychologistsfrequentlytalkabouttryingtofitpeopletothemachinesoperateIt,isessentiallytheresponsibilitythedesignengineertostrivetofitmachinestopeopleThisisnotaneasytask，sincethereisreallynoaveragepersonforwhichcertainoperatingdimensionsandproceduresareoptimumAnotherimportantpointwhichshouldberecognizedisthatadesignengineermustbeabletocommunicateideastootherpeopleifthey，tobeincorporatedInitially，thedesignermustcommunicateapreliminarydesigntogetmanagementapprovalThisisusuallydonebyverbaldiscussionsinconjunctionwithdrawinglayoutsandwrittenmaterialTocommunicateeffectively，thefollowingquestionsmustbeanswered：（1）Doesthedesignreallyserveahumanneed?（2）Willitbecompetitivewithexistingproductsofrivalcompanies?（3）Isiteconomicaltoproduce?（4）Canitbereadilymaintained?（5）Willitsellandmakeaprofit?Onlytimewillprovidethetrueanswerstotheprecedingquestions，buttheproductshouldbedesigned，manufacturedandmarketedonlywithinitialaffirmativeanswersThedesignengineeralsomustcommunicatethefinalizeddesigntomanufacturingthroughtheuseofdetailandassemblydrawingsQuiteoften，aproblemwilloccurduringthemanufacturingcycleItmaybethatachangeisrequiredinthedimensioningortolerancingofapartsothatitcanbemorereadilyproducedThisfallsinthecategoryofengineeringchangeswhichmustbeapprovedbythedesignengineersothattheproductfunctionwillnotbeadverselyaffectedInothercases，adeficiencyinthedesignmayappearduringassemblyortestingjustpriortoshippingTheserealitiessimplybearoutthefactthatdesignisalivingprocessThereisalwaysabetterwaytodoitandthedesignershouldconstantlystrivetowardsfundingthatbetterwayInthedevelopmentofmanufacturingplans,computer-aidedprocessplanningcanbethepreparationofthousandsofprocessesandprocessingProcesstoselectthebestprocessingprogramIntheworkshop,thedistributedintelligenceofthisformtothemicroprocessortocontrolmachinetools,automaticcontrolforloadingandunloadingmaterialsPreparationandworkshoponthecurrentstateofthecollectionofinformations.However,theseseparatereformsarestillfarfromenough.WhatweneedisacommonsoftwareEndedbeforetheterminalfromalltheautomationcontrolsystem.Ingeneral,thecomputercanprovideawiderangeofintegrated,timelyandaccurateinformationcanbeministriestoimproveDoorsbetweentheexchangeandcommunication,theintroductionofmorestringentcontrol,andoftentoenhancetheoverallqualityofthewholesystemAndefficiency.Forexample,toimproveexchangeandcommunicationwillmeanthatthedesignofbettermanufacturability.NCprogrammersandprocessequipmentdesignershavetheopportunitytoputforwardtheviewsofproductdesigners,andviceversa.Thuscanreducethetechnicalaspectsofthechange,andthenecessarychangesforthosewhocanmoreeffectivelytodealwith.Thecomputercannotonlychangemorequicklyonthedetailsofthemake,butalsocanchangethenthedatatotellusers.Theuseofup-to-datedataontheproductioncontrolprocesscanbeapointofordertodevelopbetterandmoreefficientproductionProgress.Thus,expensiveequipmentcanbebetterutilizedtoimprovethepartsintheproductionprocessofthedeliveryofEfficiencyandreducethecostoftheproductsProductqualitycanbeimproved.Forexample,notonlycanimprovethedesignaccuracy,butalsoenablesqualityassurancePermittheuseofdesigndatadepartments,toavoiderrorsduetoamisunderstanding.Canmakepeoplebetteraccomplishtheirwork.Byavoidingthelengthycalculationandwritethework-Thisinformationisnottofindthetime-thecomputernotonlymakespeopleworkmoreeffectively,butalsoLiberatethemtodoonlytheworkofmancando:tothinkcreatively.ComputerIntegratedManufacturingwillalsoattractnewtalentintothemanufacturingsector.Wastoattracttalentedpeoplefromthereasonforthisisthattheyhopethatamodern,technologicallyadvancedenvironment.Inmanufacturingengineering,CAD/CAMequipmenttoreducetheprocessdesign,NCprogrammingandthepreparationoftheProcessRequired.Moreover,speeduptheresponsespeed,whichwilleventuallybeoutsidethecurrentprocessingoftheworkcommissionedfrominternalstafftocomplete.機械設計與制造業機械設計是一門通過設計新產品或者改進老產品來滿足人類需求的應用技術科學。它是一個廣闊的工程技術領域，不僅要研究產品在尺寸、形狀和詳細結構等方面的基本構思，還要考慮產品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的有關問題。進行各種機械設計工作的人員通常被稱為設計人員或者設計工程師。機械設計是一項創造性的工作。設計工程師不僅在工作上要有創新性，還必須在機械制圖、運動學