一、 名詞解釋：54=20分1. International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders or territories. 2. General trade system is on the base of national boundary. The general trade system is in use when the statistical territory of a country coincides with its economic territory. 3. The Leontief Paradox refers to the conflict between the conclusion of H-O theory and actual certification. It was introduced by Wassily Leontief who was the pioneer of input-output economics in his Input-output Economics published in 1966. Leontief researched the labor and capital content of the USA imports and exports in 1947 and 1951.4. GSP is a system currency in place where a large number of developed countries permit duty-free entry of a selected list of products if those products are imported from particular developing countries. This duty-free entry exists even though a positive tariff is levied if those products come in from developed countries, or other, richer developing countries.5. Import Quota refers to the restriction imposed on import goods in terms of quantity and total value in a certain period.6. “Voluntary” export restraints In a certain period (usually 3 to 5 years) the exporters take export quotas of some products voluntarily under the pressure or demand of importers.7. Bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing signed by the person (drawer), and addressed to another person (drawee), requiring the drawee to pay a stated sum of money to other person (payee) on demand，or at a fixed or determinable future time. 8. General Average is a legal principle of maritime law according to which allparties in a sea venture proportionally share any losses resulting from a voluntary sacrifice of part of the ship or cargo to save the whole in an emergency. 9. Collection means that the exporter asks his bank to collect payment from the importer.二、 問答題：94=36分1. What are the basic contents of Mercantilism?1) BackgroundEconomic: currency became the only goal Geographical: geographical discovery Political: the bourgeoisie are in alliance with feudal royal2) Mercantilist thoughtView of wealth: gold and silver were the only wealthResource of wealth: foreign tradePrecondition: trade surplus Means to achievement: state intervention 2. What are the basic thoughts of infant industry argument?The infant industry argument is an economic rationale for trade protectionism. The core of the argument is that nascent industries often do not have the economies of scale that their older competitors from other countries may have, and thus need to be protected until they can attain similar economies of scale. 3. What are the differences between the commodity dumping and exchange dumping?Difference：Ways to Reduce Export Price ExecutorScope of goods influencedImpact on importCommodity Dumping Artificially Low the PriceManufactures Individual Commodity No ImpactExchange Dumping Currency devaluationStates All the exportsRestrain Import4. What are the forms of regional economic integration? Give three typical examples.P112-1141) Preferential trade arrangement 2) Free trade area 3) Customs Union 4) Common market 5) Economic union Examples：EU，NAFTA，APEC5. Give examples to illustrate the terms creation and trade diversion.Trade creation : positivel the high-cost home production will be took place by low- cost production of other members. l get consumption benefits & production benefits Example：關稅100C20元35元26元B75%Trade diversion : negativel the low-cost imports from non-members turn to high-cost imports from other members .l The local consumers profits are reduced. l The benefit level of the whole world are reduce. Example： 關稅30C35元26元B20元6. Compare the commonalities and differences between FOB, CFR and CIF.The commonalities:They are all used in water transportation onlyThe seller delivers on board in port of shipmentThe risk is divided by ships railThey belong to symbolic deliveryThe difference: FOB + F + I = CFR + I = CIFTrade TermsRisksDutiesCostsPass the ships railTransport InsuranceFreightinsurance chargeFOBBuyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer CFRSeller Buyer Seller Buyer CIFSeller Seller Seller Seller 7. Please draw up the flow diagram of L/C. Pay backSend the Doc.to demand paymentOpen L/CDocumentsApplicationPaymentPaymentAdvicePresent documents 受益人（出口商）ShipperDelivery開證申請人（進口商）11. take delivery開證行/付款行通知行/議付行8. What are the difference between bill of exchange, promissory note and check?Bills of exchange: An unconditional order in writing signed by the person (drawer), and addressed to another person (drawee), requiring the drawee to pay a stated sum of money to other person (payee) on demand，or at a fixed or determinable future time. Promissory notes: An unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to, or to an order of, a specified person or to a bearer.Check: It is a sight draft and the bank as the drawee. 三、 計算題：18=8分含傭金的價格換算（見課件）計算步驟：CFR價CIF價含傭價CIF價 = CFR價【1保險費率（1 + 保險加成率）】含傭價 = 凈價（即由CFR價轉換得到的CIF價） （1 傭金率）四、 案例分析（37=21分）1. More or less clause（溢短裝條款） China Rice，100000 metric tons with 2 more or less at Sellersoption China Rice，about 100000 metric tons According to UCP 600, the quantity of delivery cant extend 10% more or less at Sellersoption. China Rice，100000 metric tons According to UCP 600, the quantity of delivery cant extend 5% more or less at Sellersoption.But it cant apply to the quantity calculated by number. The payment of the excess or deficiency Should be paid at contract value or market price of loading or unloading. 是指允許交貨時可多交或少交一定比例的數量，只要賣方交貨數量在約定的增減幅度范圍內，就算是按合同規定數量交貨，買方就不得以交貨數量不符為由而拒收貨物或提出索賠。 Case Study:We imported a batch of wheat from abroad. The contracted quantity was 5 millions M/T, with 10% more or less at sellers option. The foreign exporter shipped 6 millions M/T. How shall we deal with the delivery?Case Study:A company ordered a batch of steal plate amount to 400 M/T: 6 feet, 8 feet, 10 feet and 12 feet 100 M/T respectively, and with 5 % more or less at sellers option. Now the seller delivered as following: 6 feet, 70 M/T; 8 feet, 80M/T; 10 feet, 60 M/T; 12 feet, 210M/T. The total quantity didnt exceed the top limit of 5% .Did the seller have the right to reject? 2. Partial shipment（分批裝運）UCP600兩個規定 (1) Partial shipmentv It is also called shipment by installments, and it means shipping the commodity under one contract in more than one lot. Partial shipment: according to UCP 600 Unless otherwise specified in L/C, the partial shipment is allowed. The shipping documents apparently indicate that the goods are transported on the same means of conveyance, through the same journey and to the same destination, even if the time of shipment and/or ports of loading are different, it will not be regarded as partial shipment. If the partial shipment is allowed in L/C, and any batch of shipment fail to meet the L/C, and both this batch and batches subsequently lose effectiveness. (3) the clause of partial shipment and transshipmentv Shipment during MayJuneJuly，with partial shipments and transshipment allowed.v During JuneJuly in two shipments，transshipment is Prohibited.v During Nov.Dec. in two equal monthly shipment, to be transshipped at Hongkong.Case study 1v 我某公司對南非出口一批化工產品2000公噸，采用信用證支付方式。國外來證規定：“禁止分批裝運，允許轉運”。該證并注明：按UCP500辦理。現已知：裝期臨近，已訂妥一艘駛往南非的“黃石”號貨輪，該船先停靠新港，后停靠青島。但此時，該批化工產在新港和青島各有1000公噸尚未集中在一起。如你是這筆業務的經辦人，最好選擇哪種處理方法。為什么？結論：應選擇新港、青島各裝1000公噸。（1）UCPP500規定。（2）本案中找出口公司如在新港、青島各裝10 0 0公噸于同一船（黃石號）、同一航次上，提單雖注明不同裝運港和不同裝運期限，則不視作分批裝運。因此，這種做法應認為符合信用證的規定，銀行理應付款。Case study 2v 我公司與外商簽訂銷售合同，出售中國大米10000公噸，合同規定：“自2月份開始，每月裝船1000公噸，分十批交貨。”賣方從2月份開始交貨，但交至第五批大米時，大米品質霉變，不適合人類食用，因而買方以此為