A 作文 項目簡介1.測試目的: 按照英語專業(yè)英語教學大綱的要求，檢查學生在基礎階段末的英語寫作能力。2.測試要求: 根據(jù)所給的題目及具體要求，寫一篇200詞左右的短文。 3.測試時間: 35分鐘。 4.測試短文類別: 說明文、議論文或記敘文。 5.評閱標準: 內(nèi)容切題完整，條理清楚，意思明確，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，語法正確，語言通順恰當。 輔 導一、作文類別SECTION A 要求考生根據(jù)所給的題目和具體要求，在35分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇200詞左右的短文。根據(jù)題目要求，短文可能屬于說明文、議論文或記敘文的范圍。因此，對考生來說，首先有必要在平時的學習中了解和熟悉上述三類作文的特點，并經(jīng)常做針對性練習，這樣才能在考試中按要求寫作，正常發(fā)揮自身的英語寫作水平。 1.說明文 一般來說，解釋某一事物或過程的文章屬于說明文范疇。如果你打算寫一篇文章介紹中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，在大多數(shù)情況下，文章屬于說明文類別。在日常生活中，此類文章用途廣泛，如描述一場球賽的過程，比較各國傳統(tǒng)習俗，解釋某一哲學概念，分析某一社會現(xiàn)象的起因、形成、發(fā)展，等等。 說明文的寫作依照一定的模式。也就是說，人們通常運用一些常見的方式從事說明文寫作，使文章條理清晰，符合常規(guī)邏輯思維框架。 請看下列范文。范文一: There are many theories, all unproved, as to how language began. Most picturesque among them is the bowwow hypothesis, to the effect that men began to speak by imitating the natural sounds they heard, or thought they heard, around them.The barking of a dog would strike the ear of the leader of a small band of primitive humans. It would sound to him like bowwow, and as he tried to imitate it, he would convey to the others, by pointing to the dog and repeating bowwow, that the creatures that made that particular sound should henceforth be referred to as bow-wow. Too simple? Yet, consider how often children spontaneously fasten upon some utterance produced by one of their number, and use it to designate him, pointing to him in derision as they do it. The scientific name for this process is onomatopoeia, or namemaking. Less scientific but easier to pronounce and spell is echoic word. You echo what you hear. If the fall of a big tree in the forest sounds to you like crash, that is what you use to designate that type of sound. The noise produced by a bee may sound like hum or buzz. Words like click, bang all seem to be of echoic origin. 這篇范文通過定義手法解釋了語言中常見的象聲詞現(xiàn)象。范文二: When their son Bart Jr. asked if he could go to an overnight party after his junior prom last May, his parents negotiated a no alcohol rule before leaving home. But at 9 the next morning they received a horrifying call that their son was found to have shot himself dead after the partygoers had all left by about 7 a.m. Shattered and perplexed, the parents searched their minds trying to find some reason for their popular sons suicide. They learned that Bart Jr. did drink some vodka with others and became loud and rowdy at the party. It was two weeks later that Laurie, the mother, came up with a theory - that her sons suicide might have been prompted by Accutane, a drug he had been taking for acne for five months. She recalled a manufacturers pamphlet saying patients should notify their doctors of a family history of depression. Theres no doubt in our minds, says Laurie, that had he not been taking Accutane, hed be alive today and await happily his 18th birthday celebration weeks later. The drugs manufacturer Roche, on the other hand, argues that the adolescent population, particularly boys, has a high tendency toward depression. In spite of this, Roche was ordered last fall by authority to revise a consent form Accutane patients now must sign, noting that some Accutane users had experienced sadness and even committed suicide. Now, more studies of the drug have been called for. 這篇范文運用因果分析法講述了導致Bart Jr.死亡的原因。范文三: During the past month, the Star has published several columns and letters addressing the widely publicized parking problem on campus. The main issues are well known: campus construction projects have gobbled up most of the prime parking spots near classroom buildings; dorm residents are bringing cars to campus in increasing numbers each year; and the overall campus population - students, faculty, and staff - has grown faster than the number of available parking spaces. Most of the proposed solutions to the parking problems fall into two broad categories: those that require more land and those that restrict access to prime parking spaces, usually by giving preferred status to faculty, staff, and seniors. As for the first solution, land is in very short supply on the central campus, and, as others have pointed out, using it for parking seems unwise. The other solution, restricted access to parking, displeases the many students who will be denied space. I believe that there is a third alternative, one that will save land and keep nearly everybody happy: a multilevel parking facility on the central campus. 這篇范文采用分類法分析校園停車的解決方法。范文四: The division of labour according to sexes is clearly delineated. Men are expected to support their families by doing all the work in the fields; by caring for the cattle, horses, oxen, and mules; by making charcoal and cutting wood; and by carrying on all the large transactions in buying and selling. When a Tepoztecan man is at home, his activities consist of providing the household with wood and water, making or repairing furniture or work tools, making repairs on the house, and picking fruit. Politics and local government are also in the hands of the men. Womens work centres about the care of the family and the house. They cook, clean, wash, iron clothes, do the daily marketing, and care for the children. Many women raise chickens, turkeys, and pigs; and some grow fruit, vegetables, and flowers to supplement the family income. Women do a great deal of buying and selling on a small scale, and they control the family purse. Tepoztecan women are not expected to work in the fields, and Tepoztecans of both sexes look down upon the women of the neighbouring villages who do agricultural work, carry heavy loads of firewood or corn and wear mens hats. 這篇范文用對比法講述了Tepoztecans的勞動分工。 2.議論文 對某一觀點支持或反駁、對某一事物或現(xiàn)象進行評論或討論的文章屬于議論文范疇。一般來說，比較典型的議論文是報刊發(fā)表的社論、評論員文章、文學批評文章等。在議論文中作者要亮出觀點，表明立場，以嚴謹?shù)倪壿嬐评韥碲A得讀者的贊同或說服讀者。 一篇成功的議論文必須具有以下幾個特點: 論點鮮明，推理過程銜接自然，推理順序編排合理，論證具有邏輯性。 請看下列范文。范文一: Are diseases caused by evil spirits? For many centuries it was thought to be so. However, great advances in modern medical science have thrown light on the causes of disease. Some diseases are congenital by nature. They are caused either by a fault in the chromosomal structure of the fertilized egg or by damage caused to the developing embryo in the womb. For example, during the early months of pregnancy, German measles can lead to abnormalities of the heart and ears. An HIVpositive pregnant woman may pass the virus on to the fetus in the womb. Other diseases are infectious. An enormous number of living things enter the bodys tissues, grow there and cause disease. Infectious agents act in different ways. Viruses act inside the cells, such as the polio virus. Bacteria, on the other hand, are mainly extracellular. Nutrition can cause disease as well. The effects of nutrition on health are both direct and indirect as health depends in many ways on the quantity and quality of diet. Large numbers of people suffer from chronic starvation, and devastating famine can result from floods, droughts and poor harvests. Even a diet which is quantitatively sufficient can lead to disease if it is deficient in vitamins. A diet which consistently lacks a sufficient quantity of a particular vitamin is certain in time to give rise to the corresponding vitamin deficiency disease. It is clear that diseases are not caused by evil spirits, as was believed by ancient people. Modern medical science has enabled people to gain a much deeper understanding of the origins of disease. 作者在文中闡述了自己的觀點：疾病的起因不是惡鬼，而是各種因素，如遺傳、傳染或營養(yǎng)等。范文二: It may be argued that the married woman would still find plenty to do about the home nowadays. That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing. Washingmachines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes. Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins. Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week. The new man-made fibres are more hardwearing than natural fibres and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful. Apart from womens own happiness, the needs of the community must be considered. Modern society cannot well do without the contribution that women can make in the professions and other kinds of work. There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers, to mention only two of the occupations followed by women. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession. The training, it is true, will help her in her duties as a mother, but if she continued to work, her service would be more widely useful. Many factories and shops, too, are largely staffed by women, many of them married. While here the question of training is not so important, industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not work. We can see then that there are good reasons for regarding it as desirable that married women should have some occupation outside the home. 范文一開始便擺明觀點（已婚婦女有必要參加工作），接下來便逐條列舉理由，支持自己的觀點。范文三:Those out to demolish old buildings often argue that a new factory will bring prosperity to a town and provide employment for its people; a new block of flats will improve living conditions; a new road will create better transport facilities. These arguments are true, but somehow unconvincing. Countless quiet country villages have been spoilt by the addition of modern improvements like huge traffic-signs or tall concrete lamps which shed a sickly yellow light. In the same way, buildings which are erected without any thought being given to their surroundings, become prominent landmarks which may change the character of a whole town. They are ugly because they are so out of place. Nothing can change the look of a town or city so dramatically as the sudden appearance of a block of offices which towers above all the surrounding buildings. For example, before the arrival of this skyscraper, all the buildings in the city stood in special relationship to each other. The most imposing of them was probably the cathedral or the town hall followed by other public buildings. These dominated the city and gave it a definite shape. Suddenly, out of nowhere, the new arrival (which is rarely even a public building) dwarfs everything in sight, and even the most graceful and imposing existing buildings may now be so sadly diminished as to seem slightly ridiculous beside this monster. It rises up above them, demanding attention merely because of its size and not because of any intrinsic worth. 這篇范文的作者一開始表明不同意拆除陳舊房屋的觀點，并闡述反對的理由: 即建造的新建筑會破壞原建筑群的整體效果。 3.記敘文 記敘文最簡單的釋義是敘述故事或一個事件。它可用于我們平時生活中的各個方面: 記一次有趣的周末、一次郊游或?qū)懭沼浀取膹V義上看，記敘文指采用時間順序連接句子、段落和全文的文章。 請看下列范文。范文一: Geoff quietly got out the car, and holding his camera in his arms scrambled down the slope that separated the road from the rice-field. I watched him impatiently. When he was half-way down, all the herons looked up and stared at him. Sensibly, he paused. He took a few steps forward. The birds remained where they were. Another five paces and he might be within range for a distant view. He took a step forward. With one accord the whole flock rose into the air and flapped away to alight in the centre of the field some twenty metres away. I prepared myself, in the interests of harmony, to swallow the retort of, I told you so, but I had no immediate need to do so, for Geoff was not to be beaten so easily. He descended to the bottom of the bank and took three steps into the ricefield. As I watched him, he slowly began to sink. I thought he would step back, but as he tried to lift his right leg, so his left leg sank deeper. He was stuck. I jumped out of the car and ran down the bank. By the time I reached him, he had sunk up to his hips and he was holding his precious camera above his head as though he were expecting any moment to disappear altogether. 這篇范文按時間順序敘述了外出攝影時發(fā)生的一件事的片段。范文二: John was never late. Rose screwed up the gold chain in her hand and sat on the corner of the table near the door that he always entered. Then she heard his step on the stairs, and she turned pale for just a moment. Then she had a habit of saying little silent prayers about the simplest everyday things, and now she whispered, Please God, make him think I am still pretty. The door opened and John stepped in and closed it. He looked thin and very serious. Poor fellow, he was only twentytwo - and to be burdened with a family! He needed a new overcoat and his shoes were old and worn. John stepped inside the door. Then he stood still. His eyes were fixed upon Rose, and there was an expression in them that she could not read, and it terrified her. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for. He simply stared at her fixedly with that peculiar expression on his face. Rose wriggled off the table and went to him. John! she cried, dont look at me that way. I had my hair cut off and sold it because I couldnt have lived through Christmas without giving you a present. Itll grow again - you wont mind, will you? I just had to do it. My hair grows very fast, you know. Say Merry Christmas! John, and lets be happy. You dont know what a nice - what a beautiful, nice gift Ive got for you. 這篇范文按照事情發(fā)生的順序描述了John和Rose之間發(fā)生的事。范文三: Though I usually go on excursions to the country during the weekend, I had decided to spend the whole of Sunday in the city for a change and to visit the central square and public gardens. It was so early when I left home that the streets were deserted. Without the usual crowds and traffic, everything was strangely quiet. When, at last, I arrived at the square I was surprised to find so many people there. Some were feeding pigeons and others were sitting peacefully at the foot of a tall statue. I went and sat with them so as to get a better view. Some time later I made my way to the public gardens. Here there was an entirely different atmosphere. The sun was now bright and warm and the air was filled with gay laughter. The pond interested me more than anything else for many people had come to sail model boats. There were little yachts with bright red sails, motor boats and wonderful sailing ships. They moved gracefully across the water while their owners waited for them to reach the other side. At midday, I left the gardens and slowly began walking home. I was not at all sorry that I had not gone to the country for the weekend. There had been much more to see in the city on a Sunday morning than I could ever have imagined. 這篇范文敘述了作者周日上午在城里散步以及感受。 說明文、記敘文和議論文雖然有各自不同的特點，但他們在文章中通常是相互滲透和相互作用的。記敘文方式常用于說明文中，如介紹衛(wèi)星升空的步驟、講解飛機模型的制作過程等，以增加文章的生動性。同樣，在議論文中我們也可以融合進記敘文的形式，使論點的闡述更清晰、更有力度。對于考生來說，首先是要了解各類文章的特點，其次是要多讀各類文章，作為模擬的范例。第三步，也是最關(guān)鍵的一步，就是要勤練筆，經(jīng)常寫文章，在實踐中提高自己各類文章的寫作能力。 二、作文考試注意事項及常見問題辨析 作文中的第一個問題是審題。當拿到試卷后，考生須認真閱讀作文題目和要求，不要匆匆瀏覽一遍便急急忙忙動筆寫，到后來發(fā)覺題目理解有誤，要另起爐灶就為時已晚了。在考試中此類例子不勝枚舉。 認真閱讀題目及要求是為了吃透題目含義，并以此作為選擇文章類別的基礎。讓我們來看某年的作文題目: Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a parttime job in their spare time. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.首先，discuss給考生的提示是要求他們討論，發(fā)表看法。粗看上去像是需要采用議論文的形式。但如果考生仔細閱讀題目的話，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)題目仍屬于說明文的范圍，因為題目沒有要求考生選擇立場，對其利或弊進行支持或駁斥，而是列出利與弊兩個方面。換句話說，此文的寫作要兼顧問題的兩個方面，保持平衡，過分地偏依某一面都會與題目要求有出入。 相比較之下，作文題MORE PRESSURE FROM ACADEMIC STUDIES DOES（OR DOES NO）GOOD TO US則明確地要求考生選擇一對立面，表示支持或反對。因而，該作文題目屬于議論文范疇。如果考生在作文中既贊同又反對這一觀點的話，他的內(nèi)容構(gòu)思實質(zhì)上已偏離了題目要求。因此我們可以看出，對題目及要求的斟酌有利于考生確定與題目要求相對應的文章類別。 作文中的第二個問題是文章構(gòu)思。在確定文章類別后，考生接下來面臨如何組織文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)的問題。這時，考生仍需重新閱讀作文項目對文章內(nèi)容及組織的要求。通常，文章內(nèi)容及組織要求都印在題目的下面。如: You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state clearly what your view is. In the second part, support your view with details. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or suggestion. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks. 考生必須按照要求來構(gòu)思文章。 舉某一年的作文題目為例: Every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school. Now you have been asked by the Students Union to write a passage entitled: THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEENMY COLLEGE LIFE AND MY MIDDLE SCHOOL LIFE as part of an introduction programme for new students coming in September. You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state clearly what you think the main difference is between college and middle school life. In the second part, state which life you prefer and why. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or suggestion. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks. 如果只看題目，似乎文章只要求寫出中學生活和大學生活的主要區(qū)別。然而，仔細閱讀題目下方的具體寫作要求后，我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章不是要求考生通篇談論兩種學習生活之間的主要區(qū)別，而是要求在點出主要區(qū)別后，隨即講明喜歡哪種生活以及理由所在。因此，在文章構(gòu)思階段，考生如果忽略了具體寫作要求，那就極有可能通篇運用COMPARISON AND CONTRAST的手法，而不是列出自己的PREFERENCE及其原因。因此，考生不僅要仔細審題，而且一定要按照具體的寫作要求進行文章構(gòu)思。 寫作文時應注意在文章的開頭部分點出主題，表明觀點。考試中時常出現(xiàn)這樣的情況: 考生在作文的第一段中不點明文章的主題或觀點；有的甚至到作文結(jié)束時也未能闡明本人的觀點或看法。這將使作文的水準大打折扣。其次，作文的論述要層次分明，有主有次，逐步展開，自然結(jié)尾。考試中常有考生的文章主次不分: 具體例子或次要細節(jié)占過多的篇幅，而主要論點則顯得過于蒼白無力。有的思路較亂，意思重復；有的不能緊扣主題，等等。諸如此類的情況都將使作文的質(zhì)量受到影響。 考生除了要注重作文內(nèi)容和組織結(jié)構(gòu)外，還須注意語言的運用。熟練的語言運用能力可使文章錦上添花。然而，一些考生在作文中顯示出來的語言能力不令人滿意。例如，句子與句子、段落與段落間的銜接、過渡不自然，顯得較為生硬。具體體現(xiàn)在連接詞的使用上，如however，but，moreover，consequently，in addition，another point，besides，furthermore，on the other hand，in contrast，instead of等不會熟練或恰如其分地使用，或根本不會使用，或沒有使用的意識。還有的問題是詞匯量貧乏，或常見的詞匯不會靈活地運用。 請看下列考生作文*。題目一: Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in