英語經貿知識總結培訓資料 (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle | ).push();Lesson 1 1. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another. 2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries. 3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. 4.國際專業(yè)化：international specialization 絕對利益：absolute advantage 比較利益：comparative advantage 5. rich in advantage over point on across borders 6.Translation: (1) 在復雜的經濟世界中，沒有一個國家可以完全自給自足。 In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient. (2) 隨著制造業(yè)和技術的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了另一個刺激貿易的因素，即國際專業(yè)化。 With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization. (3) 按照比較利益學說，兩個貿易伙伴均可從貿易中得到好處。 According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade. (4) 比較利益并不是一個靜止的概念，一個國家可以通過自己的行動發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。 Comparative advantage is not a static concept; a country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own actions. (5) 比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國際貿易思想的基石。 The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade. Lesson 2 1. Economies of scale: that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production. 2. Tariff barriers: are the most common form of trade restriction. 3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country. 4. A customs union: a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union. 5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on goods entering an area. 6. Export duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area. 7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported. 8. Most -favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country. 9. Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. 10. 需求結構：patterns of demand 生產能力：production capabilities 消費愛好：consumption preference 規(guī)模經濟：economies of scale 成本優(yōu)勢：cost advantage 大規(guī)模生產：large-scale production 關稅和配額：tariffs and quotas 外匯：foreign exchange 革新或款式：innovation or style 移民匯款：immigrant remittance 11. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to (不針對) make efforts to engage in 12.Translation: (1) 一件商品的成本會因生產規(guī)模擴大而減少。 The cost of product will decrease with the expansion of production scale. (2) 在實際中，即使完全的專業(yè)化在經濟上有利，也可能永遠不會發(fā)生。 In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous. (3) 配額或者說數(shù)量限制是最常見的關稅壁壘。 Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. (4) 有形貿易指貨物的進出口貿易，而無形貿易涉及的是國家間的勞務交換。 The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries. (5) 國家從事的貿易種類是多樣的、復雜的，往往是有形貿易和無形貿易的混合。 The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Lesson 3 1. Consignment transaction: this means the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods are sold. If not sold, the goods can be shipped back. 2. The draft: also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future. 3. Sight draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee. 4. Usance draft: is payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or 90 days after sight or date. 5. Documentary draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the insurance policy etc. 6. Documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected. 7. D/P at sight: requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents. 8. D/P after sight: gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise. 9. Documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date. D/A is always after sight. 10.外匯管制：foreign exchange control 預付現(xiàn)金：cash in advance 記帳貿易：open account 破產：go bankrupt 11.add up to (amount to) have/gain control over part with (分手) enter into on demand (立即) hand over to (交給) push the sale(促銷) tie up money（占壓資金）make/effect payment open/issue/establish L/C with bank in one以誰為受益人) 12. Translation: (1) 在國際貿易中進出口雙方都面臨風險，因為總存在對方不履約可能。 In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract. (2) 為處理國際貿易中的不同形勢，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來。 Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade. (3) 許多國際交易是通過匯票支付的，匯票是對銀行或顧客的支付命令。 A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay. (4) 即期付款交單要求進口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。 Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents. (5) 就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。 So far as the exporterht, and D/P is more favorable than D/A. Lesson 4 1. The letter of credit: is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents. 2. The confirming bank: the bank that adds its confirmation to the credit is called the confirming bank which is undertaken either by the advising bank or another prime bank. 3. Negotiating bank: if a bank, either nominated by the opening bank or at its own choice, buys the exportersubmitted to it under a credit, it is called a negotiating bank. 4.