名詞解釋1 Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2 Ballad: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3 Heroic Couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4 Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5 Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6 Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7 Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8 Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9 Sentimentalism: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.10 Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11 Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.12 Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13 Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.14 Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.15 Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.16 Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.17 Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.18 Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.19 Elegy: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem.20 Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem21 Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.22 Song: a short poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music. 23 Lyric: a poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speakers personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, song and ode are all forms of lyrics.24 Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.25 Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文學(xué)史中古時(shí)期1. Beowulf貝奧武甫: the natural epic of the English people; Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements2. Sir Gawain and Green Knight高文爵士和綠衣騎士3. Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里 喬叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales埃特伯雷故事集（24stories)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期1. Thomas More: Utopia烏托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia. 2. Francis Bacon: the first English Essayist; Essays隨筆集- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)3. Thus Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4. Edmund Spenser: Poets poet; The Fairy Queen仙后(to Queen Elizabeth I)5. William Shakespeare: Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summers day)四大悲劇：Hamlet (revenge of the Prince HamletKing Lear(年事已高的李爾王意欲把國土分給3個(gè)女兒，兩個(gè)大女兒贏其寵信而瓜分國土，小女兒卻因不愿阿諛奉承而一無所得。前來求婚的法蘭西國王慧眼識(shí)人，娶考狄利婭為皇后。李爾王離位，大女兒和二女兒居然不給其棲身之地，當(dāng)年的國王只好到荒郊野外。小女兒率隊(duì)攻入，父女團(tuán)圓。但戰(zhàn)事不利，被殺死，李爾王守著心愛的小女兒的尸體悲痛地死去。Othello(奧賽羅是威尼斯公國一員勇將。他與元老的女兒苔絲狄夢(mèng)娜相愛。但由于他是黑人，婚事未被允許。兩人只好私下成婚。奧賽羅手下有一個(gè)陰險(xiǎn)的旗官伊阿古，一心想除掉奧賽羅。他先是向元老告密，不料卻促成了兩人的婚事。他又挑撥奧賽羅與苔絲狄夢(mèng)娜的感情，說另一名副將凱西奧與苔絲狄夢(mèng)娜關(guān)系不同尋常，并偽造了所謂定情信物等。奧賽羅信以為真，在憤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。當(dāng)他得知真相后，悔恨之余拔劍自刎，倒在了妻子身邊。 Mecbeth（蘇格蘭國王鄧肯的表弟麥克白將軍立功歸來，路上遇到三個(gè)女巫。女巫對(duì)他說了一些預(yù)言和隱語，說他將進(jìn)爵為王，但他并無子嗣能繼承王位，反而是柯將軍的后代要做王。麥克白是有野心的英雄，他在夫人的慫恿下謀殺鄧肯，做了國王。而后，他一步步害死了鄧肯的侍衛(wèi)，害死了班柯，害死了貴族麥克德夫的妻子和小孩。恐懼和猜疑使麥克白心里越來越有鬼，也越來越冷酷。麥克白夫人神經(jīng)失常而自殺，對(duì)他也是一大刺激。在眾叛親離的情況下，麥克白面對(duì)鄧肯之子和他請(qǐng)來的英格蘭援軍的圍攻，落得削首的下場(chǎng)喜劇：A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之夢(mèng)，The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人，As You Like It皆大歡喜；Twelfth Night第十二夜悲喜劇：Romeo and Juliet羅密歐與朱麗葉17世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)1. John Donne: the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning分離：莫憂傷2. John Milton: Paradise Lost失樂園（a revolt against Gods authority), Paradise Regained復(fù)樂園（how Christ overcame Santa) stories were taken from Bible3. John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrims Progress天路歷程(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)18世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)Novel：1. the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism (novels, prose, dramas, poetry)2. Daniel Defoe: representative of English realistic novel; Robinson Crusoe魯濱遜漂流記(the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man)3. Jonathan Swift: Gullivers Travels格列佛游記(fictional, satirical- human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)4. Henry Fielding: the Father of English novel; The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling 湯姆 瓊斯，satiric Poetry：5. Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓園挽歌6. Alexander Pope: perfected in heroic couplet; An Essay on Criticism論批評(píng)7. William Blake: pre-romantic; Songs of Innonce天真之歌，Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌-London, The Tiger8. Robert Burns: A Red Red Rose一朵紅紅的玫瑰Drama:9. Richard Brinsley Sheridan:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal造謠學(xué)校浪漫主義時(shí)期1798-18321. William Wordsworth: the Lake Poets; The Prelude序曲；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud我似流云天自游；The Solitary Reaper孤寂的割麥女；features: poet of nature and human heart2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: the first critic of the Romantic school; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子詠3. George Gordon Byron: vigorous, strong and beautiful; Childe Harolds Pilgrimage恰爾德 哈羅爾德游記(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty); Don Juan唐 璜(a broad critical picture of European life); When We Two Parted昔日依依別；She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中；The Isles of Greece哀希臘4. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind西風(fēng)頌-贊頌西風(fēng)，希望與其緊密相連; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普羅米修斯(the victory for mans struggle against tyranny and oppression)5. John Keats: sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery; Ode to a Nightingale夜鶯頌；Ode on a Grecian Urn希臘古甕頌6. Walter Scott: Father of Historical Novel; combine historical fact and romantic imagination7. Jane Austen: wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic; Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility理智與情感；Emma愛瑪8. Charles Lamb: Poor Relations窮親戚; Dream-children童年夢(mèng)幻; A Reverie幻想曲維多利亞時(shí)期1. summit： realistic novel2. Charles Dickens: critical realist writer; humour, wit, happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities雙城記(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution); David Copperfield大衛(wèi) 科波菲爾；Oliver Twist霧都孤兒；Hard Time艱難時(shí)世；Great Expectations遠(yuǎn)大前程； Dombey and Son董貝父子；Pickwick Papers匹克威克外傳3. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair名利場(chǎng)(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time; to criticize the values measured by wealth)4. George Eliot: novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights; Adam Bede亞當(dāng) 比德(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊； Silas Marner織工馬南5. Alfred Tennyson: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; Break, Break, Break拍吧，拍吧，拍吧；Crossing the Bar過沙洲6. Robert Browning: dramatic monologues; My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人7. The Bronte Sisters:Charlotte: Jane Eyre簡(jiǎn)愛：簡(jiǎn)愛是一個(gè)心地純潔、善于思考的女性，她生活在社會(huì)底層，受盡磨難。但她有倔強(qiáng)的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小說以濃郁抒情的筆法和深刻細(xì)膩的心理描寫，引人入勝地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的愛情經(jīng)歷，歌頌了擺脫一切舊習(xí)俗和偏見。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基礎(chǔ)之上的深摯愛情，具有強(qiáng)烈的震撼心靈的藝術(shù)力量。