Parent Stock Management 父母代種雞0-23周齡的飼養管理 0 23 Weeks,Mark Wright - Shandong Yisheng Seminar 馬克 懷特 - 山東益生技術講座 December 2 2010,Objective 目標 0 23 Weeks (周),“ The best way to achieve good breeder flock performance (egg production & fertility) is to develop weight and feed programs that provide uniform response to light stimulation” 獲得良好種雞生產性能（產蛋率和受精率）的 最佳途徑是管理好雞群的體重和飼喂程序， 使雞群均勻地產生光照刺激反應 Males & Females 種公雞和種母雞,Physiology vs Management 家禽生理學與飼養管理,Understand the relationship between Physiological Development 了解種雞的生理發育特點,And the management tasks required to achieve Optimum Performance 了解飼養管理要求的關系 獲得最佳生產性能,Physiological Development 種雞生理發育特點,Baby育雛期,Junior育成前期,Youth育成中期,Teenager育成后期,Key Management Periods 各主要管理階段,Baby: 0 to 4 Weeks 育雛期：0 - 4周齡,育雛期Baby,Growth of skeleton and digestive tract. 骨架和消化系統生長發育 Reproduction development 生殖系統發育 Cardiovascular System 心血管系統 Immune System 免疫系統 Feather Cover 羽毛 Appetite 食欲,Density 飼養密度 Populations 群體規模 Water 飲水管理 Feed 飼喂管理 Temperature 溫度 Target weights 目標體重,Physiology 生理發育,Management管理,Baby: 0 to 4 Weeks 育雛期：0-4周齡,Baby育雛期,Growth of skeleton and digestive tract 骨架發育和消化系統發育 Sexual Organs Development 性器官發育 Cardiovascular System 心血管系統 Immune System 免疫系統 Feather Cover 羽毛 Appetite 食欲,Density 飼養密度 Populations 群體規模 Water 飲水管理 Feed 飼喂管理 Environment 環境 Weights 體重,4 - 7 birds/m2 (F) or 3 4 birds/m2 (M) 4-7只/平方（母雞）3-4只/平方（公雞） 1000 birds/pen F & M 每欄1000只-公雞/母雞 Clean, Fresh & Sanitised 干凈、新鮮及衛生 Quality Crumb, Fast & Uniform Distribution 高質量顆粒破碎料，快速均勻分配飼料 Bird comfort critical for uniformity 雞群是否舒適對均勻度很關鍵 Must achieve weekly Standards to ensure correct development 每周體重必須都要達標以確保雞群正確的生長發育,Actual Bodyweight Vs Std Bodyweight 實際體重和標準體重對比,“Bodyweight falling behind target weight-for-age at any stage during the early rearing period, or signs of failure of appetite development require immediate action. Action taken at this stage will prevent difficulties at later stages in dealing with the consequences of poor uniformity and poor development of essential physiological functions” “在育雛早期階段，任何時間出現體重不達標或食欲不振的跡象，應立即采取相應措施。此階段采取措施可防止育雛后期出現均勻度不好或重要生理器官發育不良 等現象” Ross Parent Stock Manual 2007 羅斯父母代飼養管理手冊-2007,Early Bodyweight Vs Std 早期體重與標準體重對比,Problem ? 問題？ Failing to meet bodyweight Standard 體重達不到標準 Failure to meet acceptable uniformity prior to 1st grade target 12 CV 第一次分群前均勻度不理想目標：變異系數小于12,10,Problems seen in the Field ? 現場看到的一些問題？,Low litter temperatures at placement 雛雞入舍時墊料溫度較低 Low & High brooding temperatures 育雛溫度太低或太高 Temperature Vs Humidity Interaction 溫度和濕度相互影響,So Whats the Problem? 會產生什么問題？,Hot: 太熱 Drink More 飲水量增加 Eat Less to reduce metabolic heat output 采食量減少 以減少代謝熱的產生 Pant (Heavy/Light)嚴重喘氣或輕微喘氣 Dilate blood vessels 血管擴張 Cold: 太冷 Sit down 不愿活動 Huddle up 擠堆 Eat more to increase metabolic heat output 采食量增加 以增加代謝熱的產生 Contract blood vessels 血管收縮,Too Cold 太冷,13,What Happens when Chicks Get Cold? 當雛雞受涼時會發生什么？,Blood Temperature Decreases 血液溫度下降 Chicks Get Colder 雛雞體溫下降 Metabolism Increased To Compensate 增加代謝量來彌補 Activity Decreased 活動量減少 COLD STRESS 冷應激,14,“Rule of Thumb” “一般原則” 24 hrs in normal climates 正常氣候預溫24小時 48 hrs in cooler times 溫度較低季節預溫48小時 72 hours in cold winters 寒冷冬季預溫72小時,Pre-heating 預溫 Achieve 29C Litter Temperature on Arrival 雛雞到達時墊料溫度應高于29度,15,Too Hot 太熱,16,Air Temperature 空氣溫度,Humidity 相對濕度,Wind-chill 風冷效應,and is influenced by Density, Diet and Activity 以及會受到飼養密度，飼料營養和活動性的影響,+,+,Perceived (Effective) Temperature 感覺（有效）溫度 “The temperature the bird feels” “雞只所感覺到的溫度”,Effective Temperature Chart 有效溫度表,Thermo Neutral Zone 熱平衡區域,Thermo Neutral Zone for Chicks is 40-40.5 deg C 雛雞的熱平衡區域是體溫40-40.5 Aim to maintain this at Hatchery, Transportation & Placement. 孵化廠，運輸過程及雛雞入舍時都以保持該體溫為目標 Measuring chick temperature is done at the rectum. Either with a rectal probe or Infra-red Ear temperature thermometer. 雛雞體溫應測定直腸溫度。可以用直腸溫度探針或紅外線耳溫儀 At 41.1 plus Chicks Hot - panting 41.1以上，雛雞太熱 - 喘氣 At 40-40.5 Chicks Comfort Zone 40-40.5，雛雞舒適溫度 40.0 C minus (104 F minus) Chicks Cold - Cold Feet 40.0 以下，雛雞受涼- 腳爪較涼,測定直腸溫度（伸入體腔2.5cm),Suggested Evaluation Points 建議測溫點,Hatchery 孵化廠 Chick Truck 雛雞運輸車 On Farm 雞場 24 Hrs After Placement 雛雞入舍后24小時,Junior: 4 to 10 Weeks 育成前期：4-10周齡,Continued growth of skeleton 骨架繼續發育 Muscles, Tendons & Ligaments 肌肉，肌腱及韌帶發育 Continued sexual development 性器官繼續生長,Feeding 飼喂管理 Grading at 4 weeks 4周齡分群 Skeletal growth 骨架發育 Redraw bodyweight profiles 體重曲線修正,Baby育雛期,Junior育成前期,Physiology 生理發育,Management 管理,Junior: 4 to 10 Weeks 育成前期：4 -10周齡,Continued growth of skeleton 骨架繼續發育 Muscles, Tendons & Ligaments 肌肉，肌腱，韌帶發育 Continued Testes “development” 性器官繼續生長,Feeding 飼喂管理 Grading at 4 weeks 4周齡分群 Skeletal growth 骨架發育 Redraw bodyweight profiles 體重曲線修正,Fast, Uniform Feed Distribution critical 快速、均勻分配飼料 CV 12 = 2 Way, otherwise 3 Way 變異系數 12=分成2欄，否則分成3欄 Key time to influence Skeletal Uniformity 影響骨架均勻度的關鍵階段 After Grading - aim to be back on Standard by 9 - 12 weeks 分欄后-目標是在9-12周齡時回復到標準,Baby育雛期,Junior育成前期,1st Grade 第一次分群,21 - 28 day grading is the most important 21-28日齡分群最重要,Grading Periods 分群時間,3 4 weeks（周） 6 7 weeks（周） 10-11 weeks（周）,Top Performance 最好的生產水平,Top Performer Grading Technique 最好的生產者 - 分欄技術,1st grade occurs during beak trimming of M & F. This grade is just by feel when the beak trimmers are operating. They take the small birds out 斷喙時進行首次分欄（公/母），斷喙人員僅憑手感挑出弱小雞只 2ND is a full grade at 2 weeks (not Aviagen recommendation) 第二次是在2周齡進行全群分欄（非安偉捷建議） At least 2 more full grades before 12 weeks. None after 12 to 14 weeks 12周齡前至少還進行2次全群分欄，12-14周后不再分欄 During a full grade the birds are split into 5 weight bands (target is to have approx 70 Gms weight difference between pens & usually no more than 6 Gms difference in feed per bird per day between the largest and smallest birds) 全群分欄時分成5個欄，每欄體重差異不超過70克，最大最小欄間 的料量差異在6克之內 Target is to achieve 80% uniformity for the house and each pen 目標是整舍雞群及各欄雞群的均勻度都達到80%以上 5 pens of 1200 F 5個欄，每個欄1200只母雞 10% of each pen is weighed and graphed before a full grade 全群分欄前每欄應稱重10%的雞數并繪好曲線圖,Post Grading Weight Technique 分欄后的體重管理,Youth: 10 to 15 Weeks 育成中期：10-15周齡,Skeletal development 95% complete 95%骨架發育完成 Consolidation period male & female 鞏固期-公雞/母雞,Feeding 飼喂管理 Uniformity 均勻度 Redraw bodyweight profiles體重曲線修正,Baby育雛期,Junior育成前期,Youth育成中期,Physiology 生理發育,Management 管理,Youth: 10 to 15 Weeks 育成中期：10-15周齡,Skeletal development 95% complete 95%骨架發育完成 Consolidation period 鞏固期,Feeding 飼喂管理 Uniformity 均勻度 Redraw bodyweight profiles體重修正,Small Increases Slower Growth 少量增加-增長減慢 Difficult time - feed distribution critical 困難時期-飼料分配是關鍵 Redraw bodyweight profile at 10 weeks to parallel the Standard to avoid conformation issues10周齡時使體重平行于標準體重增長，避免體況不佳,Baby育雛期,Junior育成前期,Youth育成中期,Feeding Competition Uniformity 采食競爭-均勻度,Teenager: 15 to 23 Weeks 育成后期：15-23周齡,Behavioural Changes 行為變化 Testes Growth 0.5gm 12gm (Single Testis) 睪丸發育：0.5克-12克（單側） Increasing Sex Hormone production 性激素產生增加,Final Selection 最后選種 Mating Up 混群 Separate Sex Feeding 公母分飼 Light Stimulation光照刺激 Male & Female Maturity公母雞性成熟 A lot is happening!有很多情況發生！,Baby育雛期,Junior育成前期,Youth育成中期,Teenager育成后期,Physiology 生理發育,Management 管理,Teenager: 15 to 23 Weeks 育成后期：15-23周齡,Reaching Sexual Maturity 性成熟 Behavioural Changes 行為變化 Testes Growth 0.5gm 12gm (Single Testis) 睪丸發育0.5-12克（單側）,Final Selection最后選種 Mating Up混群 Separate Sex Feeding公母分飼 Light Stimulation光照刺激 Male & Female Maturity公母雞性成熟 A lot is happening!很多情況會發生,Good conformation, defect free 良好體況，無畸形 Training Period 調教期 Critical for Male Conformation & Fertility 公雞體況及受精率關鍵期 Initiate Sexual Maturity 初始性成熟 Synchronise. Aim = Chicks/HH 性成熟應同步，目標=雛雞數量 Underfeeding at this stage can seriously affect whole of life fertility.該階段飼喂不足會嚴重影響整個生產周期的受精率,Baby育雛期,Junior育成前期,Youth育成中期,Teenager育成后期,Selection Criteria 選種標準,Bodyweight and uniformity 體重和均勻度 Conformation 體況 Legs and feet 腿和腳爪 Comb and eye colour 冠和眼睛色澤 Backs - straight no deformities 背部-平直無畸形 Beak 喙 Cull non performers/small prior to transfer/mate-up 混群前淘汰發育不良/弱小雞只,Troubleshooting 15 Week Weight Variation 15周齡體重偏差的調整,Space Competition Uniformity 飼養密度均勻度,What is the outcome of poor uniformity? 均勻度差造成的后果？,20 Week Pelvic Bones 20周齡恥骨,20 Week Pelvic Bone 20周齡恥骨,Bodyweight & Feed Allocation Aviagen Recommendations 體重和飼喂/安偉捷建議,Linear trend feed & bodyweight 平穩的飼喂和體重曲線,Case Study Problem? 實例分析問題？,CP & Energy Recommendations 粗蛋白和能量建議,Walsh & Brake 1997 Minimum of 1180 Gms CP at 20 weeks (Photo stimulation period at the time) to optimize fertility & egg production 20周齡（加光時間）蛋白累計量最少1180克才能達到最好產蛋率和受精率 Energy of 24,000 Kcal (20 weeks) 能量：24000大卡（20周齡） Aviagen Parent Stock Nutrition Advice 2009 安偉捷父母代營養建議2009 1254 Gms CP (20 weeks) 1254克蛋白（20周齡） 22,800 Kcal (20 weeks) 22800大卡能量（20周齡）,Temperature effect on energy requirements 溫度對能量需求的影響,From base of 20C (68F), energy intake adjustme