ContentsPartIIntroductiontotheUrinarySystem

PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheUrinarySystemPartIIICelebrityandDiseasePartIVMedicalTerminologyRelatedtotheUrinarySystem1PartVFurtherThinkingPartIVideo:IntroductiontotheUrinarySystem2ThinkandTalkAlthoughtheprimaryroleofthekidneysisexcretion,theyplaymorerolesthanarecommonlyrealized:

Theyfilterthebloodplasmaandexcretethetoxicmetabolicwastes.Theyregulatebloodvolume,pressure,andosmolalitybyregulatingwateroutput.Theyregulatetheelectrolyteandacid–basebalanceofthebodyfluids.Theysecretethehormoneerythropoietin,whichstimulatestheproductionofredbloodcellsandthussupportstheoxygen-carryingcapacityoftheblood.Theyhelptoregulatecalciumhomeostasisandbonemetabolismbyparticipatinginthesynthesisofcalcitriol.Reference3ThinkandTalkTheyclearhormonesanddrugsfromthebloodandtherebylimittheiraction.Theydetoxifyfreeradicals.Inconditionsofextremestarvation,theyhelptosupportthebloodglucoselevelbysynthesizingglucosefromaminoacids.Inviewofsuchdiverseroles,itiseasytoseewhyrenalfailurecanleadtothecollapseofmanyotherphysiologicalfunctionsaswell.Reference4TaskOne:BlankFillingsoluble

(2)dehydration(3)urine (4)production (5)fluid WatchandDo(6)18-foot(7)absorbs(8)materials(9)bloodstream(10)nutritional5TaskTwo:ErrorCorrection1.Ourkidneysworkasfiltertopreserveasmuchofourbody’swater

volumeaspossible.Healthykidneysfilterallthebloodinourbody

every30minutes.2.AnephronconsistsofabulbcalledBowman’scapsule,filledwithcluster

ofcapillariescalledglomerulus,andalongtwistingtubecalledrenal

tubule.Bloodflowsfromtherenalarteryintotheglomerulus.WatchandDo6TaskTwo:ErrorCorrection3.Onekidneycanabsorb125millilitersoffluidperminuteor20percentofall

thefluiddeliveredviatherenalarteries.Thisfluidiscalledfiltrate,andinone

daytheglomeruliproduceabout180litersofit.Thisis70timesthetotal

bloodplasmavolumeinourbodies.4.Thedisease-diabetesinsipidus,cancausedeathbydehydration.During

thenextstepoffiltration,calledre-absorption,thefiltratepassesfrom

Bowman’scapsuleintotherenaltubule.5.Inthefinalstep,calledsecretion,anysolutesremaininginthecapillaries

thatwerenotfilteredoutoriginallyaresecretedintowhatisleftofthefiltrate.WatchandDo7TaskThree:DescriptionOurkidneysworkasafiltertopreserveourbody’swatervolume.Theyfilterallthebloodandremoveurinewhichcontainscellularwasteby-products.Thefilteringprocessinvolvesthreesteps.

Thefirststepiscalledabsorption.AnephronconsistsofabulbcalledBowman’scapsulefilledwithglomerulusandarenaltubule.Bloodflowsintotheglomerulus,andbloodpressureforcesmuchofthebloodplasma,thefluidportionofthebloodthroughthecellwallsandintoBowman’scapsule,calledthefiltrate.WatchandDo8TaskThree:DescriptionDuringthenextstepoffiltration,orre-absorption,thefiltratepassesfromBowman’scapsuleintotherenaltubule.Heremostofthefiltrateisre-absorbedbackintothecapillariessurroundingthetubuleandreturntothebloodstream.Thisstepallowsneededwaterandnutritionalsubstancestobemaintainedatausefullevelinthebloodstream.Waste,extrawaterandothersubstancesareremoved.

Inthefinalstep,calledsecretion,solutesthatwerenotfilteredoutoriginallyaresecretedintowhatisleftofthefiltrate.WatchandDo9PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheUrinarySystem10PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheUrinarySystemVideoOneUrinaryTractInfectionVideoTwoChronicKidneyDiseaseAudioHeavySmokersatRiskforDeadlyKidneyCancer11VideoOneUrinaryTractInfection12ThinkandTalkSomeriskfactorsthatgiverisetoUTIsinclude:1.UTIsmaybehereditaryandbladderinfectionmayruninfamilies.2.Actually,theurineformedbythekidneyandstoredinthebladderis

sterile,butthegermsaroundtherectalareacouldpassthroughthe

urethraintotheurinarytract.3.SexualintercourseincreasesthechanceofUTIs.4.Peoplewhohave

abnormityinunitarytractareathigherrisksofcatchingUTIs,andusing

catheterforalongtimehelpcausethediseaseaswell.5.Other

diseasessuchasdiabetesaffectingimmunefunctionbecomeoneofthe

riskfactorsforUTIs.Reference13PartII-VideoOneThinkandTalkInmostcases,UTIscanbetreatedeasily.SomemethodscouldbeeffectiveinpreventingoccurrenceofUTIs.1.Urinatewhenyouwanttoanddon’tholdit.2.Wipefromfronttobackafterurinationorbowelmovement.3.Avoidusingbubblespraysorothersubstancesthatirritatetheurethra.4.Keepgoodhygienehabit.

5.Drinkplentyofwaterdaily.Reference14PartII-VideoOneWatchandDoTaskOne:BlankFillingurine(2)bladder(3)stored(4)passed(5)sterile(6)cystitis(7)sensation(8)urination

(9)infancy(10)anus15PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:RetellingTheurinarysystemcomprisesofkidneys,ureters,bladderandurethra.Thekidneysactasfilterandremovewastefrombloodintheformofurine.Theureterscarryurinefromthekidneystothebladder,whereitisstoredandpassedfromthebodythroughtheurethra.Normally,urineissterileandisfreefrombacteriaandviruses.WatchandDoWatchandDo16PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:RetellingHowever,bacteriacanentertheurinarysystemthroughtheurethra,causingcystitisorurinarytractinfection,UTIasitiscommonlycalled.SymptomsofUTIinclude:aburningsensationwhenurinating,frequenturinationconsistingofsmallamountsofurine,andthepresenceofbloodinurine.

Urinarytractinfectionsareverycommon.Afterinfancy,UTIsoccurmoreofteninfemalesbecausetheirurethraisshorterandisclosertotheanus.IfUTIisnotdetectedandtreatedearly,itcanspreadfromtheurethratothebladderandkidneys.WatchandDoWatchandDo17PartII-VideoOneVideoTwoChronicKidneyDisease18ThinkandTalkChronickidneydiseaseisquitedangerous,andmaypresentsymptomsuntilserious,irreparabledamagehasoccurredtokidneys.Sohavingaregularcheck-upyearlyinhospitalsisnecessary,especiallyforthosewhohavesufferedfromdiabetes(bothType1andType2)andhighbloodpressure.Aurinetestandabloodtestcouldbearrangedtocheckkidneyfunction.

Stopsmokingassoonaspossible,whichishazardoustokidneysandincreasesotherdiseasesriskslikelungcancerandheartdisease.Drinkwaterinmoderation.Atleast2litersor8cupsofwaterisenoughforaveragehuman’sdailyfluidneed,butdrinkingtoomuchwatermayworsenthekidneyimpairmentwhichhasnotbeendetected.Reference19PartII-VideoTwoThinkandTalkMaintainahealthydiettolowertheamountofcholesterolwhichwouldincreasethebloodpressure.Alcoholintakeputspeoplewhohavesufferedhighbloodpressureatamoreriskystatetodamagekidneys.

Chronickidneydiseasecanalsobecausedbyimproperuseofpainkillers.Followtheinstructionsonthepackageofthemedicationsandtakeprescribeddoseofmedicationssuggestedbythedoctor.

Atlast,moderateexerciseisalwayshealthyforone’sbodyaswellaskidneys,especiallyaerobicexerciseoutsidethedoor.Reference20PartII-VideoTwoTaskOne:OrderRearrangement7-4-8-2-6-3-1-5WatchandDo21PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:TrueorFalse1.F2.T3.F4.T5.FWatchandDo22PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:QuestionsandAnswersThemajorfunctionofthekidneyistofilteroutallthetoxinsinourbodies.Whenitfilterstheblood,itre-absorbsallofthemoleculesthatareofvaluetothebody.Andfinally,itprovidesthemajorstimulusforredbloodcellproduction.It’sbasicallyapainlessdisease.Somediseasesthatarenot“silentdiseases”includethemyocardialinfarctionorheartattack.WatchandDo23PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:QuestionsandAnswers3.Thesymptomsofchronickidneydiseaseinthelatecoursearelethargy,weakness,lossofappetite,edemaofthelowerextremity,swellingattheanklesandabove.4.Managingtheseconditionslikediabetesandhighbloodpressurewithdiet,exerciseandmedicationcansignificantlyreducetheprogressionofchronickidneydisease.5.Duringdialysis,allthebloodinyourbodyisbeingfilteredbyamachine.Ittakesonaverageaboutfourhours,threetimesaweek.WatchandDo24PartII-VideoTwoAudioHeavySmokersatRiskforDeadlyKidneyCancer25ThinkandTalkIt’sapersonwhosmokesmorethanapackortwoofcigarettesaday.Ofcourseheavysmokingisnotgoodforyourhealthbutrecentlynotonlyhowmuchyousmokebutalsohowlongyousmokeisrelatedtoyourdevelopinglifethreateningdisease.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)saysthatoneofthemostpublichealththreateningthingmaybetobaccouse.AndWHOalsopredictsthatalmosthalfofsmokersmaydiefromadiseasethatoccurredbysmoking.Oneofthediseaseisadvancedkidneycancer.Reference26PartII-AudioThinkandTalkBythewaywhysmokingincreasingtherateofkidneycancer?It’sbecauseonceyouinhalecigarettesmoke,thepoisonoussubstanceabsorbedinlungbloodandthebloodarefinallyexcretedtokidney.Ifonesmokesupto10years,theriskgettingkidneycanceronlyincreasedby6percentcomparedtononsmokers.Butifonesmokesover30to40packsofyears,yourriskincreasedto80percent.Reference27PartII-AudioTaskOne:TopicIdentificationThetopicsmentionedare:2,5,6and8.ListenandDo28PartII-AudioTaskTwo:BlankFilling(5)undergonesurgery(6)factors(7)oddsListenandDo(1)sevenmillion(2)stroke(3)bloodstream(4)indigestion29PartII-AudioTaskThree:QuestionsandAnswers1.Unlessapatienthassomesortofpain,orperhapsbloodintheurine,itmaynotcometotheirattention.2.Dr.Polasciksaysthekidneycancerpatientshavebeendividedintothreegroups,currentandformersmokersandthosewhoneversmoked.ListenandDo30PartII-AudioTaskThree:QuestionsandAnswers3.Dr.Polasciksays“Afteranumberofdecades,maybe20or30yearsofnon-smokingorhavingquitsmoking,one’soddswillbealmostthesameasanon-smoker,butnotquite”.Thesoonertheystop,thegreatertheirchanceofsurvival.4.“Withthesesmallertumors,wecantypicallysurgicallyexcisethem,cutthemout,andthesurvivalrateis,like,intheorderof90to95percent.It’squitehigh.”ListenandDo31PartII-AudioPartIIICelebrityandDiseaseVideoOneWolfgangAmadeusMozartVideoTwoWillemJohanKolffVideoOneVideoTwo32VideoOneWolfgangAmadeusMozart33ThinkandTalk

WolfgangAmadeusMozartwasbornon27January1756,andmanifestedmusicalprodigyfromhisearliestchildhood.Bothcompetentonpianoandviolin,hecomposedfromanearlyageandperformedinroyalfamily.Hetravelledalottosearchabetterpositionandcomposedproductively.HechosetostayinthecityofVienna,whereheachievedahugefameyetlittlefinancialsecurity.Duringhisfinalyearsinthecapital,hecomposedmanybest-knownsymphonies,concertos,andoperas,andportionsoftheRequiem,whichwasmostlyunfinishedatthetimeofhisdeath.Theearlydeathofthistalentedmusicianhasbeenmuchmysterious.Reference34PartIII-VideoOneThinkandTalkHewasahard-workingmusician,composingover600works,suchas,thePianoConcertoNo.24inCminor,theSymphonyNo.40inGminor,andtheoperaDonGiovanni.Heisamongthemostpopularofclassicalcomposers,havingagreatinfluenceonsubsequentWesternartmusic.Reference35PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:TrueorFalse1.T2.F3.F4.T5.TWatchandDo36PartIII-VideoOneVideoTwoWillemJohanKolff37ThinkandTalk

WillemJohanKolffwasapioneerofhemodialysisaswellasinthefieldofartificialorgans.HemadehismajordiscoveriesinthefieldofdialysisforkidneyfailureduringtheSecondWorldWar.Heemigratedin1950totheUnitedStates,whereheobtainedUScitizenshipin1955,andreceivedanumberofawardsandwidespreadrecognitionforhiswork.KolffisconsideredtobetheFatherofArtificialOrgans,andisregardedasoneofthemostimportantphysiciansofthe20thcentury.HewontheAlbertLaskerAwardforClinicalMedicalResearchin2002.Kolffdiedin2009atanageof98.ThankstotheeffortsofKolffmedicalpioneerslikehim,peoplewithkidneydiseasearenowabletolivefullandproductivelives.Reference38PartIII-VideoTwoTaskOne:MultipleChoice1.D2.C3.C4.A5.BWatchandDo39PartIII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:BlankFilling1.possibilityofartificiallysimulatingthefunctionofthekidneytoremovetoxinsfromthebloodofkidneypatients2.researchandoutlinepotentialmechanisms3.Justashefinishedhisresidency4.servingundertheprofessor’sNazireplacement5.preventedthemfromusingwarmaterialslikealuminumWatchandDo40PartIII-VideoTwoTaskThree:SummaryDr.WillemKolffisconsideredthefatherofdialysis.Heconstructedthefirstdialyzerin1943inaharshconditionwithscarcematerialsundertheruleofNazi.In1945,hesucceededinsavingapatient’slife.

In1975,heintroducedawearableartificialkidney.Forthecontributionhemade,KolffwasnamedbyLifeMagazineinitslistofthe100mostimportantAmericansofthe20thcentury.In2002,Dr.KolffreceivedtheAlbertLaskerAwardforClinicalMedicalResearch,thehighesthonorinAmericanmedicine.ThankstotheeffortsofKolffandmedicalpioneerslikehim,peoplewithkidneydiseasearenowabletolivefullandproductivelives.WatchandDo41PartIII-VideoTwoPartIVMedicalTerminology42PartIVMedicalTerminologyRoot1nephr/oRoot2cyst/o43Root1nephr/o44ThinkandTalkhydronephrosiskidneystonenephritisnephrolithiasisnephropathynephrectomy

nephremia

nephroptosispolycystickidney renalcolic renalfailure renaltransplantationrenalpelvis renalsinus renaltubuleReference45PartIV-Root1TaskOne:Matching1.b2.d3.f4.a5.e6.cPracticeandProduce46PartIV-Root1TaskTwo:Explanation-itis:inflammation -tomy:cutting lith/o:stone-iasis:pathologicalormorbidcondition -logy:usedinnamesforfieldsofstudyepi-:above -rine:chemicalsuffix

PracticeandProduce47PartIV-Root1TaskThree:Review-itis:dermatitis,arthritis,otitis,gastritis-tomy:adenotomy,angiotomy,cystotomy,leukotomylith/o:lithocyst,lithography,lithology,lithotomy-iasis:chololithiasis,gastrolithiasis,lithiasis,clonorchiasis-logy:oncology,physiology,radioecology,gynecologyepi-:epicondyles,epibranchial,epicardia,epidermic-rine:endocrine,chlorine,epinephrine,ectocrinePracticeandProduce48PartIV-Root1Root2cyst/o49ThinkandTalkbladdercancer cystendesis

cystometercystopexy