PAGEPAGE1專題1定語從句從句與句式在語法填空中的考查并列句或復合句中的連(接)詞為語法填空必考內容，句式結構的推斷至關重要。1.并列連詞：連接兩個或幾個詞、短語或句子的并列連詞有and，or，but，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...等。2.引導名詞性從句的連接代詞或連接副詞(有意義，并在從句中作句子成分)，以及that(不作任何句子成句，沒有任何意義)，和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特殊留意連接代詞what的意義和用法。3.引導定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞。留意：關系詞是代表先行詞并在定語從句中作句子成分的。4.引導狀語從句的從屬連詞。5.特殊句式?？嫉恼Z法項目包含主謂一樣、倒裝句、強調句、省略句、感嘆句、祈使句等。等。應對策略若含有兩個主謂結構的句子之間沒有句號或分號，也沒有連詞，那么空格處肯定填連接詞，否則，句子結構就不完整。依據兩句之間的意義和邏輯關系，或者依據句式結構，確定是并列句還是某種主從復合句。然后依據從句的特點，結合連詞的意義和作用，確定填詳細的某個連詞。如：一旦推斷是定語從句，就依據定語從句的先行詞和代表先行詞的關系詞在從句中作什么句子成分，來確定關系詞。若在從句中作主語或賓語，就用關系代詞；若作狀語，就用關系副詞。從句與句式在短文改錯中的考查1.對于定語從句的考查主要涉及限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句中關系代詞或關系副詞的錯用。2.對于名詞性從句的考查主要涉及連接詞運用不當，缺少連接詞以及what與that、which混用等。3.對于并列連詞或從屬連詞的考查主要涉及連詞運用不當，缺少連詞以及多余連詞(although不能與but連用，because不能與so連用)等狀況。4.對于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主謂不一樣、含有助動詞的謂語結構錯誤和替代詞的錯用等。應對策略1.對于連詞的考查，留意首先推斷兩個或兩個以上的單詞、短語或單句之間是否有連詞，再依據不同的句式結構，推斷連詞是否運用正確。解題時，可以留意以下幾個方面：(1)把握前后兩句話之間的連接關系，判定是并列句、名詞性從句、定語從句還是狀語從句，依據連詞在句中作何成分，推斷正誤；(2)留意but(轉折)、and(并列)、or(或者/選擇)、so(因此/結果)等邏輯關系詞之間的混用；(3)留意although/though/while不與but連用；since/as/because不與so連用。2.遇到特殊句式，要留意主謂一樣、強調句、倒裝句、省略句、祈使句、感嘆句、反意疑問句等的構成特點。專題1定語從句框架結構圖定語從句的句法功能及相關定義1.功能：相當于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語。2.位置：定語從句常置于被修飾詞之后；as引導的非限制性定語從句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。Thosewhoarefortheplanraiseyourhands，please.Asisknowntousall，theearthisspinningaroundthesun.3.先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如：some-，any-，every-，no-與-body，-thing的合成詞或all，none，any，some，that，those等代詞。數詞和人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。4.關系詞：連接先行詞與從句的詞叫關系詞。關系代詞：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。關系副詞：when，where，why等。定語從句的核心考點1.確定關系詞的步驟：(1)先找先行詞，看先行詞指的是什么。(2)看關系詞在從句中所充當的成分。留意：先行詞與關系詞是等量關系。(1)先行詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的數由先行詞而定。Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.(2)關系詞在從句中充當了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復其意。TherearemanyplaceswecanvisitinChina.(visit后面不能再加manyplaces/them)2.在定語從句中，當先行詞指物時，下列狀況的關系詞用that而不用which：(1)當先行詞是序數詞或形容詞最高級或被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。(2)先行詞被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，theonly，thevery，few等修飾時。(3)先行詞為all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代詞時。(4)先行詞中既有人又有物時。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.(5)先行詞在主句中作表語時。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.(6)當主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?3.用which而不用that的狀況：(1)在非限制性定語從句中。(2)當關系詞前有介詞時。(3)當先行詞本身是that時。(4)關系詞后有插入語時。4.關系詞who與that指人時，依據不同狀況分別用不同的關系詞。(1)當主句是therebe句型時，關系詞用who。(2)先行詞是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等詞時，關系詞用who。(3)當主句是who作疑問詞時，關系詞用that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow?(4)whom在從句中只作賓語，可被who取代。5.whose作關系詞既指人又指物，在從句中作定語。DoyouknowMrSmithwhosestoryisverymoving?Thereisaroom，whosewindowfacestheriver.6.關系代詞as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。(1)先行詞被such和thesame修飾，或句型asmany(much)中，從句都用as引導。Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseful.留意：①such...that...引導結果狀語從句。如：Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch.②thesame...as...和thesame...that...都可引導定語從句，前者表示“與……同樣的(但不是同一個)”；后者表示“同一個，就是那個”如：ThisisthesamepenasIlostlastweek.這同我上周丟失的那支鋼筆一樣。(但不是同一支)ThisisthesamepenthatIlostlastweek.這就是我上周丟的那支鋼筆。(2)先行詞為句子，定語從句用as或which引導。區分：①意義上：as含有“這點正如……一樣”。②位置上：as從句可置于句首，也可在句中或句尾；which引導的非限制定語從句只能放在主句之后。Hedidn’tpasstheexam，aswehadexpected.Thereislotsofairinloosesnow，whichcankeepthecoldout.Asisknown，theearthisround.7.關系副詞when，where，whywhen指時間＝in/at/on/duringwhichwhere指地點＝in/at/fromwhichwhy指緣由＝forwhich留意：that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞之后，取代when，where，why和“介詞＋which”引導的定語從句，修飾的先行詞常為theway，thetime，theday，theplace等，在口語中that常被省略。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalks.Theday(that/when/onwhich)shearrivedwasThursday.8.必需留意的問題：(1)關系詞作主語時，從句中謂語的數。(2)留意區分定語從句與強調句。①定語從句中關系詞作從句成分；②強調句中it無意義，that/who不是引導詞；③去掉itis/was和that/who后，假如句子意思講得通則是強調句，講不通則不是。Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定語從句)Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(強調句)(3)定語從句與同位語從句的區分。①定語從句的引導詞被稱為關系詞，that充當主語、賓語、表語，有時可省略。②同位語從句的引導詞被叫作連接詞，that不充當任何成分，不行省。Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定語從句)Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位語從句)(4)關系詞在定語從句中省略的狀況。①關系詞作賓語，前無介詞時；②關系詞作表語。(5)關系詞前有介詞或困難介詞，關系詞只能是which和whom。(6)幾個特殊的定語從句句型：①Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarksinthematch.(句中one為先行詞)Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(句中students為先行詞)②Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?③Hestoodatthewindow，fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.④Itmayrain，inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.(一)定語從句意識缺失1.關系代詞被一般代詞取代(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，some

of

themaremyfavorite.(正)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，some

of

whicharemyfavorite.2.關系代詞遺漏(誤)Thelastoneleavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.(正)Thelastonewho

leavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.第一句從漢語意思角度是對的，但是漢語的干擾破壞了英語句式結構。(二)假冒偽劣的定語從句1.有從無主式(誤)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJaneisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates，has

a

variety

of

hobbies.第一句虎頭蛇尾，屬于有從無主式的句子，即有從句但沒有主句。2.從句成分殘缺式(誤)Thosewho

againstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.(正)Thosewho

are

againstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.第一句定語從句的成分不完整，缺謂語。介詞against不能單獨作謂語。3.畫蛇添足式(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，thatasadboystandsbetweenhisangryparents.(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，amanwhoistalkinghappily.(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，andsomeofwhicharemyfavorite.第一句中關系代詞as代替逗號后面的整個主句，因此主句是不須要連接詞的。所以應去掉that。其次句中同樣as代替逗號后面的整個主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中假如要滿意定語從句的話，明顯并列連詞and是多余的?？枷?關系代詞引導的限制性定語從句Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Manywesternerswho/thatcometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2024·浙江)解析句中包含定語從句，先行詞是westerners指人，在定語從句中作主語，用關系代詞who/that引導，故填who/that。2.Self-drivingisanareawhereChinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.(2024·江蘇)解析句意為：無人駕駛是一個中國和世界上其他國家處在同一起跑線的領域。句中先行詞為anarea，在從句中作地點狀語，故用關系副詞where。3.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/which

showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析此處astudy是先行詞，其在定語從句中作主語，故填that或which。Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.Aroundmeinthispicturearethethingseq\f(they,which/that)wereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime：carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.(2024·全國Ⅲ)解析things是先行詞，后面是定語從句，從句中缺少主語，故引導詞用that或which。2.Thedisheseq\f(what,which/that)或whatIcookedwereMom’sfavorite.(2024·四川)解析分析句子結構可知，dishes后跟的是定語從句，what不能引導定語從句，應用that/which引導。引導詞在定語從句中作cooked的賓語，可以省略，因此也可以把what刪除。考向2“介詞＋whom/which”或關系副詞引導的限制性定語從句Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Whenharvestcamearound，hewasalreadysellingherbs，vegetablesandcottoninthemarketwherepeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.(2015·廣東)解析依據句子結構可以推斷，在這里應填關系詞來引導一個定語從句，修飾表地點的先行詞themarket，且關系詞在定語從句中作狀語，故填關系副詞where。2.Behindhimwereotherpeopletowhomhewastryingtotalk，butaftersomeminutestheywalkedawayandsatnearme，lookingannoyed.(2011·廣東)解析此處是一個定語從句，缺少關系代詞，因為先行詞為otherpeople，指的是人，而且與介詞to連用，所以填whom。Ⅱ.單句改錯(僅有1處錯誤)Theyalsohadasmallpondeq\o(\s\up7(∧),\s\do5(in))或eq\f(which,where)theyraisedfish.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析句意為：他們還有一個小池塘，里面養著魚。此處asmallpond是先行詞，其在后面的定語從句中作地點狀語，故用inwhich或where?？枷?關系代詞或關系副詞引導的非限制性定語從句Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Sheandherfamilybicycletowork，whichhelpsthemkeepfit.(2024·北京)解析句意為：她和她的家人都騎自行車上班，這有助于他們保持健康。依據句意可知，從句修飾的是前面的整個句子，且此定語從句前有逗號，是非限制性定語從句，所以用which。2.Kate，whosesisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewereatcollege，hasgonetoworkinAustralia.(2024·天津)解析句意為：凱特，在高校時我和她的姐姐共住一室，已經去澳大利亞工作了。句中先行詞為Kate，在非限制性定語從句中作名詞sister的定語，故用關系代詞whose。3.Likeanything，itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth，whichisnotgoodforthehealth.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析分析句子結構可知，空格處所填詞引導非限制性定語從句并在從句中作主語，且指代整個主句的內容，故填關系代詞which。4.ButSarah，whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2024·全國Ⅲ)解析引導詞代替先行詞在從句中作主語，且指人，故用who。5.Pahlssonandherhusbandnowthinktheringprobablygotsweptintoapileofkitchenrubbishandwasspreadoverthegarden，whereitremaineduntilthecarrot’sleafytopaccidentallysprouted(生長)throughit.(2024·浙江)解析分析句子結構可知，空格處所在的句子是非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的先行詞thegarden，且從句中缺少地點狀語，故用where引導該定語從句。6.ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s，whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析先行詞是表示時間的themid-1980s，且從句中缺少狀語，故填關系副詞when。7.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，wholivedfromroughly551to479B.C.，influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.(2024·全國Ⅲ)解析所填詞引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞指人，且在從句中作主語，故填who。Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.Intheirsparetime，theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden，eq\f(that,which)isontherooftopoftheirhouse.(2024·全國Ⅱ)解析此處是非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞theirgarden，關系詞在從句中作主語，應用which而不能用that引導。2.Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，eq\f(that,which)mightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(2013·新課標全國Ⅱ)解析此處是非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞dinner，且關系詞在從句中作主語，應用which而不能用that。3.There，Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends，oneofeq\f(who,whom)hasbeentoChinaseveraltimes.(2011·重慶)解析因關系詞指人，并且作of的賓語，只能用whom，不能用who。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.AccordingtoDr.LanceWorkman，thesepeoplemaydevelopatemporarymoralcodeintheirmindswhich/thatjustifiestheiractions：therearerichpeoplewhohavethingsIdon’thavesoit’srightthatItakeit.2.Thisistheveryfactorythattheyvisitedlastsummerholiday.3.Whenfacinghardships，onlythosewhoareconfidentwillachievesuccess.4.Thatevening，whichIwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.5.IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.6.Aftertheflooding，peopleweresufferinginthatarea，whourgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive.7.Weliveinanagewhenmoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.8.Thenextday，mybrotherandIwenttothebeachwherewewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.9.Hewrotemanychildren’sbooks，nearlyhalfofwhichwerepublishedinthe1990s.10.We’llreachthesalestargetsinamonthwhich/thatwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthingseq\f(which,that)youtalkedaboutjustnow.2.Thisistheonlyquestioneq\f(which,that)hasbeenanswered.3.Thisisthemuseumeq\f(where,which/that)或wherewevisitedlastSunday.4.Wehavemadethesamemistakeeq\f(which,as)youmadelasttime.5.IshallneverforgettheyearsIspentinthecountrywiththefarmers，eq\f(that,which)hasagreateffectonmylife.6.Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend，ineq\f(who,whom)hetookpride.7.Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningseq\f(when,which/that)或whenwespenttogether.8.Thevisitorssawrowsofhouses，theroofsofeq\f(whose,which)werered.9.Pleasetell