新實用英語綜合教程(第二冊)PracticalEnglishIntegratedCourse(II)Unit1LanguageandCultureCONTENTSBSection2ASection1CSection3DSection4ESection5FSection6GSection7Unit1LanguageandCulturePracticalEnglishIntegratedCourse(II)AAAWarm-upPracticalEnglishIntegratedCourse(II)Unit1LanguageandCultureSectionPartIMatchthepicturesofthesebuildingswiththewordsgiventodescribethem.

HGECBDAFA.square

B.yellowglazed

C.shell-shaped

D.DoricE.archedvoid

F.triangular

G.hollow

H.ovalPartIIMatchthewordsdescribingChinesearchitecturalphraseswithEnglishequivalents.privategardenstenon-mortisestructurewatersidepaviliondoubleeaveroofwoodenceilinggoldenroofglasstileswoodenbeamsdecoratedroofstonecarving榫卯結構

木制天花板

裝飾屋頂

石雕

水榭

重檐

木梁

金頂

私家花園

琉璃瓦

PartIIIWorkinpairs.Discussandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.PleasedescribeColosseuminthe1stpictureinPartI.Colosseum,formerlyknownastheFlavianamphitheater,isalsotranslatedastheRomanarenaandcolossimarena.ItwasaplaceinancientRomanEmpireforslaveowners,noblesandfreepeopletowatchthefightingofbeastsorslaves.Builtin72-80years,itisasymbolofancientRomancivilization.ThesiteislocatedinthecenterofRome,thecapitalofItaly,southofVeniceSquare,neartheancientRomanmarket.Inappearance,itisround.Whenlookingdown,it’soval.Itcoversanareaofabout20000squaremeters,withalongaxisofabout188meters,ashortaxisofabout156meters,acircumferenceofabout527meters,andawallofabout57metershigh.Thishugebuildingcanaccommodatenearly90000people.PartIIIWorkinpairs.Discussandanswerthefollowingquestions.2.PleasedescribeYellowCraneTowerinthe5thpictureinPartI.YellowCraneTower,standingimposinglyatthetopoftheSnakeHillinWuchang,isoneoftheThreeFamousTowersSouthofYangtzeRiver.TheYellowCraneTower,oneofthemostfamousplacesofinterestinChina,andalsooneofthebestancientarchitectures.ItwasfirstbuiltinthesecondyearofHuangwuofWuduringtheThreeKingdoms(A.D.223year).Andwasrebuiltbythegovernmentduringtheyear1981to1985.Atfirst,itwasonlyusedforwarfare.Nowitisopentotheoutsideandcanbevisited.OnceyougetontoYellowCraneTower,thereislimitlessbeautifulscenery,manyfamouspoetshadmadepoemsofit,alargequantityofbothdomesticandforeigntravelersareattractedtovisittheYellowCraneTowereveryyear.ThenewYellowCraneTowerisregardedasthesymbolofWuhancity.BBBSectionListeningActivitiesPracticalEnglishIntegratedCourse(II)Unit1LanguageandCulturePartⅠConversationListeningTask1YouwillhearaconversationbetweenSteveandLily.Listentotheconversationanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1.()StevethinksAustralianEnglishisdifferentfromBritishEnglish.2.()LilyagreeswithSteve’sideaatthebeginning.3.()LilyhastalkedwithsomeAustraliansbefore.4.()Stevethinksthemoreeducatedindividualsare,thelessdistinctivetheirAustralianaccentbecomes.5.()LilyandStevedidn’treachanagreementintheend.FFTTFPartⅠConversationListeningTask2Discussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartner(s).1.

WhatdoesLilythinkofAustralianEnglishandBritishEnglish,andwhy?LilythinksAustralianEnglishisdifferentfromBritishEnglish.BecauseAustraliansspeakEnglish,butevenpeoplefromBritainandAmericafinditdifficulttounderstandtheaccent.2.Whatisthedifferenceinthemeaningof“noworries”inAustralianEnglishandBritishEnglish?“Noworries”isaverycommonAustralianphraseusedtomean“it’sokay”or“don’tworryaboutit.”InBritishEnglish,thephrasemightbe“it’sfine”or“don’tconcernyourself.”ScriptLily:HeySteve,whatdoyouthinkofAustralianEnglish?Steve:IthinkAustralianEnglishissimilartoBritishEnglish.Lily:I’mnotsure.Iquiteagree.Steve:Oh,what’syourexperience,then?Lily:I’djustliketosaythatthey’requitedifferent.It’struethatAustraliansspeakEnglish,butevenpeoplefromBritainandAmericafinditdifficulttounderstandtheaccent.Steve:Well,youhaveapointthere,butnotallAustraliansspeakwithastrongaccent.Lily:Really?Steve:Yes,yousee,generallyspeaking,themorehighlyeducatedtheyare,thelesstypicallyAustraliantheirspeechis.Lily:Yes,you’requiteright.參考譯文莉莉：嘿，史蒂夫，你怎么看待澳大利亞英語？史蒂夫：我認為澳大利亞英語和英國英語很相似。莉莉：我不太贊同。史蒂夫：哦，那你有什么高見？莉莉：我只想說它們很不一樣。澳大利亞人確實會說英語，但是即使是來自英國和美國的人也很難聽懂口音。史蒂夫：好吧，你說得有道理，但并不是所有澳大利亞人都會說濃重的口音。莉莉：真的嗎？史蒂夫：是的，你看，一般來說，他們受教育程度越高，澳大利亞口音越少。莉莉：是的，你說得對。PartⅠConversationListeningTask1:Youwillhearaconversationbetweentwostudents,JanaandPeter.Pleasefillinthefollowingblanks.thinkbackJana:SoPeter,youalsolearnedEnglishasa_________language,right?Peter:That’sright,yes.Jana:It’snotyourfirstlanguage?Sohowdidyoudoit?Peter:That’sagoodquestion.WhenI_________,Ithink,ItrytothinkaboutthethingsthathelpedmemostandIthinkitwasafunny__________ofthings.IhadonereallyinterestingEnglishteacherwhoseEnglishwassogoodandIthought“wow,that’sreallygreat.Iwouldn’t________beingabletobeasgoodasher.”Theotherthingthatreallyhelpedmewas__________.LikeIreallyreadsomuchinEnglish.Ithinkyoumentioned,Irememberyousayingthattooatsomeotherpoint.Jana:Yeah,Ithinksotoo.Ireadalot,notbecauseIwantedto_______butbecauseIlikereadingandsoIreadinEnglishandlateronIrealizedImusthavelearnedalotof___________andthingsthatIdidn’tevenrealizeIlearned.Peter:Ithinkyes.Jana:Justthroughreading.Peter:Yeah,thesamethinghappenedtome.Peter:Yeah,thesamethinghappenedtome.combinationmindreadinglearnvocabularyPartⅠConversationListeningTask2Discussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartners.WhatinterestingexperiencesdoyouhaveinlearningEnglishasasecondlanguagethatyouwanttosharewithothers?IhavehadthechancetotraveltoAustralia.Istayedwithahostfamilyduringastudyabroadprogram.Everydaywasfilledwithconversationsaboutdailylife,likediscussingwhattohaveforbreakfast,sharingstoriesaboutlocalfestivals,orchattingaboutneighborhoodevents.ItwasreallyexcitingtobeabletouseEnglishinreal-lifesituationsandquicklyimprovespeakingskillswhilealsogettingtoknowadifferentcultureupclose.…ScriptJana:SoPeter,youalsolearnedEnglishasaforeignlanguage,right?Peter:That’sright,yes.Jana:It’snotyourfirstlanguage.Sohowdidyoudoit?Peter:That’sagoodquestion.WhenIthinkback,Ithink,ItrytothinkaboutthethingsthathelpedmemostandIthinkitwasafunnycombinationofthings.IhadonereallyinterestingEnglishteacher,shewasreallystrict,butshewasreallyinterestingandIthinksheinspiredmeinsomewaysbecauseherEnglishwassogoodandIthought“wow,that’sreallygreat.Iwouldn’tmindbeingabletobeasgoodasher.”Theotherthingthatreallyhelpedmewasreading.LikeIreallyreadsomuchinEnglish.Ithinkyoumentioned,Irememberyousayingthattooatsomeotherpoint.Jana:Yeah,Ithinksotoo.Ireadalot,notbecauseIwantedtolearnbutbecauseIlikereadingandsoIreadinEnglishandlateronIrealizedImusthavelearnedalotofvocabularyandthingsthatIdidn’tevenrealizeIlearned.Peter:Ithinkyes.Jana:Justthroughreading.Peter:Yeah,thesamethinghappenedtome.參考譯文亞娜：那么，彼得，英語對你來說也是一門外語，對嗎？彼得：沒錯。亞娜：英語不是你的母語。你是怎么學的這么好的？彼得：這個問題問得好。回想起來，對我英語幫助最大的是一些事情。我有一位非常有意思的英語老師，她非常嚴格，但她真的很有趣。我認為她在一定程度上激勵了我，因為她的英語很好，我想“哇，這真的很棒。我像說英語能和她一樣好。”另一件真正幫助我的事情是閱讀。我真的讀了很多英語書一樣。我想你提到過同樣的經歷。亞娜：是的，我也這么認為。我讀了很多英語書，不是因為我想學習，而是因為我喜歡閱讀，所以我用英語閱讀。后來我發現在無意識中，我學到了很多詞匯和東西。彼得：我想是的。亞娜：只是通過閱讀。彼得：是的，我也是。PartⅡPassageListening1.AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeak_________wasoncetravelinginItaly.2.TheEnglishmanopenedhismouth,puthis______init,tookthemoutagainandmovedhislips.3.Thewaitersoonbroughthim_________________.4.TheEnglishman_____________andthewaiterunderstood.5.Sohetookitawayandbroughthimsome_________.6.TheEnglishman,whowasvery_______bythistime,lookedverysad.7.Thewaiterbroughthimwine,thenbeer,then___________,butthatwasn’tfood.8.The__________languageofsignsisnotalwaysveryclear.9.Therearemanysoundswhichhavea___________andyetarenotwords.10.Only_________hasthepowertodothis.Italian

fingers

acupofteashookhisheadcoffeehungry

soda-waterprimitivemeaning

man

PartⅡPassageListening

Task2Listentothepassageagainandanswerthefollowingquestionsinbrief.01020304Whenwewanttotellotherpeoplewhatwethink,wecandoitnotonlywiththehelpofwords,butalsoinmanyotherway.Usingbodylanguage.Puttingone’shandsonhisstomachmeansbringingmesomethingtoeat.“Sh-sh-sh”whenwemean“keepsilent.”Whenadogsays“G-r-r”oracatsays“F-f-f”weknowtheyareangry.Languageconsistsofwordswhichweputtogetherintosentences.05Onlymanhasthepowertospeak.Animaltalks,butitcan’tspeak,becauseitcannotfromnewsentencesoutofthewordsitknows.Howcanwetellotherpeoplewhatwethink?HowshouldtheEnglishmanwhocouldn’tspeakItalianaskforfoodinItaly?Pleasegiveanexampleofsound(s)whichhaveameaningandyetarenotwords.Whatislanguageaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard?Whatisthedifferencebetweenanimals’soundsandhuman’slanguage?ScriptWhenwewanttotellotherpeoplewhatwethink,wecandoitnotonlywiththehelpofwords,butalsoinmanyotherways.AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakItalianwasoncetravelinginItaly.Onedayheenteredarestaurantandsatdownatatable.Whenthewaitercome,theEnglishmanopenedhismouth,puthisfingersinit,tookthemoutagainandmovedhislips.Inthiswayhemeanttosay,“Bringmesomethingtoeat.”Thewaitersoonbroughthimacupoftea.TheEnglishmanshookhisheadandthewaiterunderstoodthathedidn’twanttea,sohetookitawayandbroughthimsomecoffee.TheEnglishman,whowasveryhungrybythistimeandnotatallthirsty,lookedverysad.Heshookhisheadeachtimethewaiterbroughthimsomethingtodrink.Thewaiterbroughthimwine,thenbeer,thensoda-water,butthatwasn’tfood,ofcourse.Hewasjustgoingtoleavetherestaurantwhenanothertravelercamein.Whenthismansawthewaiter,heputhishandsonhisstomach.Thatwasenough:inafewminutestherewasalargeplateofmacaroniandmeatonthetablebeforehim.Asyousee,theprimitivelanguageofsignsisnotalwaysveryclear.Thelanguageofwordsismuchmoreexact.Wordsconsistofsounds,buttherearemanysoundswhichhaveameaningandyetarenotwords.Forexample,wemaysay“Sh-sh-sh”whenwemean“keepsilent.”Whenbabieslaugh,weknowtheyarehappy,andwhentheycry,weknowtheyareillorsimplywantsomething.Itisthesamewithanimals.Whenadogsays“G-r-r”oracatsays“F-f-f”weknowtheyareangry.Butthesesoundsarenotlanguage.Languageconsistsofwordswhichweputtogetherintosentences.Butanimalscannotdothis:adogcansay“G-r-r”whenhemeans“Iamangry,”buthecannotsayfirst“I”andthen“am”andthey“angry.”Aparrotcantalklikeaman;itcanrepeatwholesentencesandknowswhattheymean.Wemaysaythataparrottalks,butcannotsaythatitreallyspeaks,becauseitcannotfromnewsentencesoutofthewordsitknows.Onlymanhasthepowertodothis.參考譯文

如果我們想把我們所想的事情告訴給別人，我們不但可以用話語還可以用很多其他方法來表示。有一次，一位不會說意大利語的英國人在意大利境內旅游。有一天，他走進了一家飯館后在餐桌旁坐下了。一位男服務員走過來，這位英國人就張開了嘴，把兩個手指放進了嘴里，然后又把手指拿出來，接著又動了動嘴唇。他用這種辦法想表示說“給我拿些吃的東西來”。這位服務員馬上就給他端來了一杯茶水。這位英國人搖了搖頭，這位服務員明白了，他不要茶，于是就把茶端走了，并給他端來了咖啡。這位英國人看起來很不高興，因為他到這個時候已經很餓了，可是他根本不渴。每當服務員給他端喝的東西他都搖頭。服務員給他端來葡萄酒，又端來啤酒，又端來汽水，當然這些都不是食品。當他剛打算要離開這家飯館時，突然另一位旅客進來了。只見這個人見了服務員后，就把他的手放到肚子上。這就足夠了：過了兩三分鐘，他面前的餐桌上擺上了一大盤子意大利通心面條和肉。

正如你所看到的這個場面一樣，原始的手勢語并不總是能表達清楚的，詞句語言就能表達得清楚得多。話語是由聲音所組成的，但具有下定意義的聲音并不都是話語。例如，我們說“噓！”表示“別出聲”。當嬰兒笑了，我們知道他們高興了，當嬰兒哭了，我們就知道他們病了或只不過是要什么東西。動物也一樣。當狗發出“嗚！”的聲音或貓發出“呋！”的聲音。我們就知道它們發怒了。但這些聲音都不是語言。語言是組詞成句的。動物都不能組詞成句：一條狗要表示我發怒了，只能發出“嗚”的聲音，但狗就不會先說“我”再說“發怒”再說“了”。一只鸚鵡會像人一樣學舌，也能重復一些完整的句子，也可以懂得這些句子的意思。我們只能說鸚鵡會學舌，但我們不能說鸚鵡會真正發表講話。因為鸚鵡不會用所知道的單詞形成一些新的句子。只有人才有造句的本領。

CCCSectionSpeakingDevelopmentPracticalEnglishIntegratedCourse(II)Unit1LanguageandCulturePartⅠSituationalConversationsTask1Readthefollowingconversationsaloudinpairs.Alice:DoyouspeakFrench?Bob:Youbet.IwasborninQuebec,andFrenchismymothertongue.Alice:Really?IthoughtEnglishwasyourfirstlanguage,becauseyouspokeitsofluentlywiththereporterearlier.Yousoundedlikeanative.Wheredidyoulearnit?Bob:Well,Quebecisabilingualregion,youknow.IspeakFrenchathome,butwehavetotakeEnglishclassesatschool.I’mquiteproficientinEnglish.Alice:That’simpressive.Howmanydifferenttonguesdoyouspeak?Bob:BesidesFrenchandEnglish,I’vebeenreallyintoChineselately.Itissofascinatingtome.Icanspeakalittle,butIstrugglewithreadingandwriting.Chinesecharactersarelikelittlepictures.Alice:Icanunderstandthat.PeopleoftensayChineseisoneofthemostchallenginglanguagesintheworld.Practicemakesperfect,though.Maybewecouldhelpeachother.HowdoyousaytoitifyouhelpmewithmyFrench,andIhelpyouwithyourChinese?Bob:That’safantasticidea.Icouldn’tagreemore.It’sadeal.

艾麗斯：你會說法語嗎？鮑勃：當然。我出生在魁北克，法語是我的母語。艾麗斯：真的嗎？我以為英語是你的第一語言，因為你之前和記者說得很流利。你聽起來像個土生土長的英國人。你在哪里學的英語？鮑勃：你知道，魁北克是一個雙語地區。我在家說法語，但我們必須在學校上英語課。我很精通英語。艾麗斯：太令人印象深刻了。你會說幾種不同的語言？鮑勃：除了法語和英語，我最近真的很喜歡中文。中文對我來說太迷人了。我會說一點中文，但我在閱讀和寫作方面很吃力。漢字就像小圖畫。艾麗斯：我太理解了。人們常說漢語是世界上最具挑戰性的語言之一。然而，熟能生巧。也許我們可以互相幫助。如果你幫我學法語，我幫你學中文，怎么樣？鮑勃：這個主意太棒了。我完全同意。成交。Wendy:HeyPerla,youseemabitdowntoday.What’sgoingon?Perla:Oh,hiWendy.It’snothingtooserious.It’sjustthatIhavebeenlearningEnglishfornearlytenyearsnow,butIdon’tfeellikeI’vemademuchprogress,especiallywithspeaking.Yesterday,aforeigneraskedmefordirectionsinEnglish.ThoughIcouldunderstandmostofwhathesaid,IcouldhardlyrespondwithafluentEnglishsentence.

Wendy:Icanimaginehowembarrassingthatyoumusthavefelt.I’vebeeninvolvedinasimilarsituationbeforeandIstillrememberhowawkwarditwas.

Perla:Exactly!Iwassodisappointedinmyself.IfIhadbeenlearningEnglishforthreemonths,itwouldbeunderstandable.Butithasbeenovertenyears!YourspokenEnglishissogood,though.Howdidyougettothatlevel?Wendy:Well,Iusedtoreadalongwithtapeseverydayforatleastonehourandmadesuretomemorizeatleastfivesentencesaday.Afterthreeyears,I’vegotover5,000sentencesinmyrepertoire.ButIthinkthekeyispersistence.Youhavetopracticeconsistentlytoseeresults.It’satediousprocess,buttherewardsareworthit.IstillfeellikeIhavemoretolearn,soIkeeppracticing.Perla:Hmm,thatmakessense.MyspeakingskillsarelimitedprobablyjustbecauseIhaven’tpracticedenough.Thankyou,Wendy.PartⅠSituationalConversationsTask1Readthefollowingconversationsaloudinpairs.溫迪：嘿，佩拉，你今天看起來有點情緒低落。怎么回事？佩拉：哦，嗨，溫迪。沒什么大不了的。只是我學英語已經快十年了，但我覺得我沒有取得多大進步，尤其是在口語方面。昨天，一位外國人用英語向我問路。雖然我能聽懂他說的大部分話，但我很難用流利的英語句子來回應。溫迪：我能想象你當時一定感到很尷尬。我以前也遇到過類似的情況，我仍然記得當時有多尷尬。佩拉：沒錯！我對自己很失望。如果我學了三個月的英語，這是可以理解的。但已經十多年了！不過，你的英語口語很好。你是怎么達到這個水平的？溫迪：嗯，我過去每天都會跟著音頻讀至少一個小時，并確保每天至少記住五個句子。三年后，我已經記住了5000多個句子。但我認為關鍵是堅持不懈。你必須持續練習才能看到結果。這是一個乏味的過程，但回報是值得的。我仍然覺得我有更多的東西要學，所以我繼續練習。佩拉：嗯，這很有道理。我的口語能力有限，可能只是因為我練習得不夠。謝謝你，溫迪。PartⅠSituationalConversations

Task2

Readtheconversationsandwritedownthetypicalsentencesoftenusedwhendiscussingaboutalanguage.1.IlearnEnglishbecause_________________.2.____ismyfavoritelanguage,because_______.3.ThebestwaytostudyEnglishis____________________________.4.BesidesEnglish,Iwanttolearn_______,because_____________.IlearnEnglishbecauseI’minterestedinAmericanculture.Koreanismyfavoritelanguage,becauseitisprofoundandextensive.ThebestwaytostudyEnglishispracticingeveryday.BesidesEnglish,IwanttolearnFrench,becausethetwolanguagesaresimilarbutdifferent.5.Themostdifficultpartoflearningalanguageis______________,because________________.Themostdifficultpartoflearningalanguageisexpressions,becausesometimesIdon’tdaretospeakoutaloudusingthelanguage.5.Themostdifficultpartoflearningalanguageis_____,because____________.PartⅡSpeakingPerformanceSupposeyouandyourfriendaresharingyourlearningexperienceofEnglish.Pleasemakeadialogueonwhatyouhaveencounteredwhenlearningandpresentittotheotherclassmates.1.HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?2.WhatfunnyexperiencedoyouhaveinlearningEnglish?3.WhatobstacleshaveyoucomeacrossinlearningEnglish?4.Howdoyoudealwithobstacleswhenlearning?Michelle:Hi,Robert.Iknowyou’vebeenlearningEnglishforalongtime.Canyousharewithmeyourlearningexperience?Robert:Sure.Ithinkreadingalotisreallyimportant.ReadingEnglishnovels,newspapersandmagazinescanhelpmeimprovemyvocabularyandcomprehension.Michelle:Thatsoundsgood.ButIoftenfindithardtoremembernewwords.Doyouhaveanytips?Robert:Well,youcantrytousethenewwordsinsentencesorwriteashortstorywiththem.Thatway,you’llrememberthembetter.Whataboutyou?Whatdoyouthinkisthekeytolearningalanguagewell?Michelle:Ithinkspeakingiscrucial.IjoinedanEnglishclubwhereweonlyspeakEnglish.Itforcesmetousethelanguageandbecomemorefluent.Robert:That’sagreatidea.ButsometimesIfeelshywhenspeakingEnglishinfrontofothers.It’slikeanobstacleforme.Michelle:Iunderstand.Butyouhavetoovercomeit.Themoreyouspeak,themoreconfidentyou’llbecome.AnotherobstacleIhaveisgrammar.It’ssocomplicated.Robert:Yeah,grammarcanbeaheadache.Butyoucanstudygrammarrulesthroughexamplesanddoalotofexercises.Michelle:Thanksforsharing.I’lltryyoursuggestions.Robert:Noproblem.Let’skeeplearningandimprovingourEnglishtogether.SampleDDDSectionReadingActivitiesPracticalEnglishIntegratedCourse(II)Unit1LanguageandCultureWORDS&EXPRESSIONStongueadoptgeographicalethnicsubstitutefordialect

controversial

classification

influential

respectively

add…on…diagraph

sociological

officialdom

assuchuptothepresentMandarin

varietyaccountfordistinctive

subcategory

standout1.tongue

n.語言解釋：名詞，描述人類所特有的用來表達意思、交流思想的工具。E.g.HespeaksEnglish,buthisnativetongueisGerman.他會說英語，但他的母語是德語。wordsandexpressions2.adopt

v.

采納；采用解釋：動詞，表示接受如意見、要求、計劃、方案等。E.g.Weshouldadopttheconsumers’suggestion.我們應該接受用戶的建議。wordsandexpressions3.geographical

adj.

地理的解釋：形容詞，表示地方和國家的位置和邊界。E.g.

Ingeographicalterms,theseabedcanbedividedintotwoorthreequitedistinctregions.按地理學的觀點，海床可劃分成二個或三個大不相同的區域。wordsandexpressions4.ethnic

adj.種族的，民族的解釋：形容詞，表示人類根據遺傳背景和生物學特征來劃分的不同群體。E.g.Alongtheway,touristscanseetheTujiaethnicminoritiestillingtheland.沿著這條路,旅游者可以看到土家族的人在耕地。wordsandexpressions5.substitutefor

v.代替解釋：動詞詞組，表示事物之間代為替換，以此換彼，并起到彼的作用。E.g.Ifoundsomeonetosubstituteforme.我找到了一個人接替我。wordsandexpressions6.dialect

n.方言，土話解釋：名詞，表示一種語言中跟標準語有區別的地方話。E.g.Everynowandthenhewouldlapseintothelocaldialect.他講話中時而不自覺地冒出地方方言。wordsandexpressions7.controversialadj.有爭議的，引發爭論的解釋：形容詞，表示某個問題、觀點或決策引起了人們的討論和分歧，沒有得到普遍的認同或解決。E.g.WinstonChurchillandRichardNixonwerebothcontroversialfigures.溫斯頓·邱吉爾和理查德·尼克松都是有爭議的人物。wordsandexpressions8.classificationn.分類；類別解釋：名詞，按照種類、等級或性質分別歸類。E.g.Fortheconvenienceofourclassification,anyovereighteenyearsoldcountsasanadult.為了我們分類的方便，凡年滿18歲者均算成年人。wordsandexpressions9.influential

adj.有很大影響（力）的解釋：形容詞，表示一個人或事物對他人或事物產生的影響程度的。E.g.Sheisoneofthemostinfluentialfiguresinlocalpolitics.她是本地政壇舉足輕重的人物。wordsandexpressions10.respectively

adv.

分別地，依次地解釋：副詞，表示各人自己。E.g.MyhusbandandIgotpayrisesof8%and10%respectively.我丈夫和我分別加薪8%和10%。wordsandexpressions11.add…on…附加；添加解釋：詞組，表示額外加上。E.g.Manyloanapplicationformsautomaticallyaddoninsurance.許多貸款申請表自動附加保險。wordsandexpressions12.diagraph

n.作圖器；分度尺解釋：名詞，表示原圖放大繪圖器。E.g.Automaticgenerationofnetworkdiagraphofventilationsystemwithseveralmainfans.多風機通風系統的網絡圖自動生成。wordsandexpressions13.sociological

adj.社會的解釋：形容詞，表示許多個體匯集而成的有組織有規則或紀律的相互合作的生存關系的群體，比如人與人之間互相聯系而結成的組織。E.g.Thetimeisripeforgreatsociologicalchanges.社會大變革的時機已經成熟了。wordsandexpressions14.officialdom

n.

官場解釋：名詞，表示政界，官吏階層及其活動范圍。E.g.Thisnovelreflectsthepowerwarsintheofficialdom.這部小說深刻揭示了官場的權謀戰爭。wordsandexpressions15.assuch如此解釋：副詞，表示這樣，那樣；像（前文）指出的或提出的方式或方法這樣或那樣。E.g.Butonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecityassuchistobepreserved.但是，主要的意見分歧是，像目前這樣的城市是否要保存下去。wordsandexpressions16.uptothepresent直到現在解釋：副詞詞組，表示時間一直持續到現在。E.g.Ihaven’treceivedanyletterfromheruptothepresent.直到現在我還沒收到她的信。wordsandexpressions17.Mandarin

n.普通話解釋：名詞，表示現代漢語的標準語。E.g.TheforeignercanspeakgoodMandarin.這個外國人國語說得很好。wordsandexpressions18.varietyn.變種解釋：名詞，表示事物經過變化后所形成的不同種類或形態。E.g.Thereareintermediatevarietiesknownascannelcoal.有一些中間性的變種，叫做燭煤。wordsandexpressions19.accountfor占……比例解釋：詞組，指某個單獨的數據在總量中所占的比重。E.g.Courseworkaccountsfor40%ofthefinalmarks.課程作業占最后總成績的40%。wordsandexpressions20.distinctive

adj.獨特的，特別的，有特色的解釋：形容詞，指特有的、特別的、獨一無二、與眾不同的E.g.Themalebirdhasdistinctivewhitemarkingsonitshead.雄鳥的頭上有明顯的白色斑紋。wordsandexpressions21.subcategoryn.亞類，子種類

解釋：名詞，對某一類別進行進一步細分的子類別。E.g.Theadverbofdegreeisanimportantsubcategoryinadverbfamily.程度副詞是副詞家族中舉足輕重的一個次類。wordsandexpressions22.standout脫穎而出解釋：詞組，形容一個人或事物在眾多競爭者中脫穎而出，顯示出其獨特的才能或優勢。E.g.Grammaticalerrorsarealwaysobvioustome,spellingmistakesstandout.語法錯誤對我來說總是非常明顯，而拼寫錯誤也很顯眼。wordsandexpressionsTextLanguagesoftheHanChinese(1)IntheChineseword“Putonghua”,“putong”means“common”or“general”while“Hua”referstothespokenlanguage,speechorsimply“tongue”.SoPutonghuaistakenasthegenerallyadoptedspokenChineselanguageusedacrossgeographicalandethnicboundaries,aswellasthecommonlanguagespokenorunderstoodamongtheChineseemigratesabroad.However,itneithernecessarilysubstitutesforvariousethniclanguagesofthenationnorforthevariousdialectsoftheChineseHanpeopleusedindifferentareasacrossthecountry.TheclassificationoftheChinesedialectsspokenonthevastlandofthecountryisactuallyaverycomplicatedmatterthatremainscontroversialeventoday,withdifferentperiodsinhistoryhavingdifferentstandardsandactualresultsofclassification.However,themostinfluentialtwomodelsgenerallyacceptedatthepresenttimearerespectivelythe“seven-categoryclassification”andthe“ten-categoryclassification”,Theformerincludes1)Guanhua(alsocalledtheNorthernDialect),2)Wuyu,3)Ganyu,4)Xiangyu,5)Minyu,6)Kejiahua,and7)Yueyu.Thelatterhasaddedthreedialectsontheformer,namely,8)jinyu,9)Huiyu,and10)Pinghua.TextLanguagesoftheHanChinese(2)

ThefollowingdiagraphmaylargelyrepresentthegeneralsituationoftheChineselanguageorlanguages.Guanhuaisuniqueinthatitsstatusasadialectisnotsomuchbasedonitsgeographicallydeterminedfeaturesasonsociologicalones.Infact,thewordoriginallymeans“officialtongue”,andthusreferstothestandardlanguageusedintheofficialdomforcivilservice.Therefore,withthetransferofthepoliticalandculturalcenterofthecountrytimeandagaininhistory,ithasalsoundergonechangesfromonedialecttoanother.TextLanguagesoftheHanChinese(3)Forinstance,theofficiallanguagenamedGuanhuaoftheMingDynasty(1368-1644)wasNanjingdialect,butinQingDynasty(1616-1911),itgraduallyadoptedBeijingdialectasitsbasis,whichhaskeptitsstatusassuchuptothepresent,servingasthefoundationofStandardChinese(Putonghua).AlthoughGuanhuahasalsobeencalled“theNorthernDialect”,itisactuallyusedinamuchmoreextensiveareaofthecountry,notreallylimitedtothenorthernpartingeographicalterms.AreasusingGuanhuaalsoincludethesouthwest,middlesouthandthecentralpartofthecountry,actuallycoveringthewholeorsomepartsofsuchprovincesasSichuan,Yunnan,Guizhou,Hubei,Hunan,Jiangxi,Anhui,andJiangsu.TextLanguagesoftheHanChinese(4)

InallvarietiesofChinese,Guanhua(Mandarin)isbyfarthemostwidelyspread,usedbymostpeople,nearlyonebillion,whichaccountsfor70%percentoftheChinesepopulation.ThevariedinfluencesofregionaldialectstakenbytheofficialGuanhuaindifferentareashavecertainlybroughtthedistinctivefeaturesofitssubcategories.However,thesefeaturesarenotsostrikingastomakeunderstandingbetweenthemimpossible.Thisiswhyitactuallystandsoutasanindependentcategoryagainstallotherdistinctivelydifferentmajordialects.漢語在“普通話”這個詞中，“普通”的意思是“共同的”或“一般的”，而“話”指的是口語、演講或簡單是“語言”。因此，普通話被視為跨越地理和民族界限的通用中文口語，也是海外華人共同使用或理解的語言。然而，它并不一定該國各個民族的各種語言，也不一定取代全國各地使用的各種漢語方言。

中國方言的分類是一個相當復雜的問題，直到今天仍然存在爭議。不同時期有不同的分類標準和實際結果。然而，最具有影響力的兩種模式分別是“七類分類法”和“十類分類法”。前者包括1）官話（也叫北方方言）