腎臟疾病英文試題及答案

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（每題2分，共20分）1.Thebasicfunctionalunitofthekidneyis_.A.GlomerulusB.NephronC.RenaltubuleD.Collectingduct2.Whichofthefollowingismainlyresponsibleforfilteringbloodinthekidney?A.ProximalconvolutedtubuleB.DistalconvolutedtubuleC.GlomerulusD.LoopofHenle3.Themainfunctionoftherenaltubuleis_.A.FiltrationB.ReabsorptionandsecretionC.ProducingurineD.Transportingurine4.Whichhormoneismainlyinvolvedinregulatingwaterreabsorptioninthekidney?A.AldosteroneB.Antidiuretichormone(ADH)C.ParathyroidhormoneD.Insulin5.Proteinuriaisdefinedasthepresenceofexcessiveproteinin_.A.BloodB.UrineC.PlasmaD.Interstitialfluid6.Hematuriareferstothepresenceof_.A.RedbloodcellsinurineB.WhitebloodcellsinurineC.ProteininurineD.Glucoseinurine7.Acommoncauseofacutekidneyinjuryis_.A.Long-termhypertensionB.ChronicglomerulonephritisC.SeveredehydrationD.Diabetesmellitus8.Chronickidneydiseaseisoftenassociatedwith_.A.HypotensionB.HyperkalemiaC.HypoglycemiaD.Lowbloodphosphorus9.Themainmanifestationofnephroticsyndromedoesnotinclude_.A.MassiveproteinuriaB.HypoalbuminemiaC.HypertensionD.Edema10.Whichofthefollowingdrugsmaycausekidneydamage?A.PenicillinB.IbuprofenC.AspirinD.Alloftheabove二、多項(xiàng)選擇題（每題2分，共20分）1.Thecomponentsofanephroninclude_.A.GlomerulusB.ProximalconvolutedtubuleC.LoopofHenleD.DistalconvolutedtubuleE.Collectingduct2.Functionsofthekidneyinclude_.A.ExcretingmetabolicwasteproductsB.RegulatingwaterandelectrolytebalanceC.ProducinghormonesD.FilteringbloodE.Digestingfood3.Causesofchronickidneydiseaseinclude_.A.DiabetesmellitusB.HypertensionC.GlomerulonephritisD.PolycystickidneydiseaseE.Urinarytractobstruction4.Symptomsofkidneydiseasemayinclude_.A.FatigueB.SwellingofthelegsandanklesC.ChangesinurineoutputD.NauseaandvomitingE.Shortnessofbreath5.Laboratorytestsforevaluatingkidneyfunctioninclude_.A.SerumcreatinineB.Bloodureanitrogen(BUN)C.UrinalysisD.CreatinineclearancerateE.Bloodglucose6.Complicationsofchronickidneydiseasemayinclude_.A.AnemiaB.HypertensionC.HyperphosphatemiaD.CardiovasculardiseaseE.Acid-baseimbalance7.Thecharacteristicsofnephroticsyndromeare_.A.Massiveproteinuria(≥3.5g/d)B.Hypoalbuminemia(<30g/L)C.EdemaD.HyperlipidemiaE.Hematuria8.Acutekidneyinjurycanbeclassifiedinto_.A.PrerenalacutekidneyinjuryB.IntrarenalacutekidneyinjuryC.PostrenalacutekidneyinjuryD.ChronicacutekidneyinjuryE.Subacuteacutekidneyinjury9.Whichofthefollowingmaybeusedinthetreatmentofkidneydisease?A.DiureticsB.Angiotensin-convertingenzymeinhibitors(ACEI)C.CalciumchannelblockersD.ErythropoietinE.Phosphatebinders10.Dietaryadjustmentsforpatientswithkidneydiseasemayinvolve_.A.ReducingproteinintakeB.ControllingsodiumintakeC.LimitingpotassiumintakeD.AdjustingphosphorusintakeE.Increasingfluidintake三、判斷題（每題2分，共20分）1.Thekidneyonlyfunctionstoexcreteurine.(False)2.Glomerularfiltrationisapassiveprocess.(True)3.Allsubstancesfilteredbytheglomerulusareexcretedintheurine.(False)4.Hypokalemiaisacommoncomplicationofchronickidneydisease.(False)5.Proteinuriaisalwaysasignofseriouskidneydisease.(False)6.Acutekidneyinjuryisalwaysirreversible.(False)7.Nephroticsyndromeischaracterizedbyhighbloodpressure.(False)8.Themainfunctionofthecollectingductistoproduceurine.(False)9.Serumcreatinineisaspecificindicatorofkidneyfunction.(False)10.Dietarymanagementisnotimportantforpatientswithkidneydisease.(False)四、簡答題（每題5分，共20分）1.Whatistheroleofthekidneyinmaintainingwaterbalance?Answer:Thekidneyregulateswaterbalancethroughprocesseslikefiltration,reabsorption,andsecretion.Antidiuretichormone(ADH)controlswaterreabsorptioninthecollectingducts.Whenthebodyisdehydrated,ADHisreleased,increasingwaterreabsorptionandreducingurineoutput.2.Brieflydescribethemaincausesofacutekidneyinjury.Answer:Acutekidneyinjurycanbeduetoprerenalcauseslikehypovolemia(severedehydration,bloodloss),whichreducesrenalbloodflow;intrarenalcausessuchasacutetubularnecrosisfromdrugsortoxins;andpostrenalcauseslikeurinarytractobstruction.3.Listthemainsymptomsofchronickidneydisease.Answer:Symptomsincludefatigue,weakness,changesinurineoutput(polyuria,oliguria),swelling(edema)inthelegsandface,nausea,vomiting,shortnessofbreath,andhighbloodpressure.4.Explainthesignificanceofurinalysisindiagnosingkidneydisease.Answer:Urinalysiscandetectthepresenceofprotein,bloodcells,glucose,andabnormalcastsinurine.Proteinuriamayindicateglomerulardamage,hematuriacansuggestvariouskidneyproblems,andthepresenceofcastscanhelpdiagnosespecificrenaldiseases.五、討論題（每題5分，共20分）1.Discusstheimportanceofearlydetectionandtreatmentofchronickidneydisease.Answer:Earlydetectionallowsfortimelyinterventiontoslowdiseaseprogression.Lifestylechangesandmedicationscanmanagesymptoms,controlcomplicationslikehypertensionandanemia,anddelaytheneedfordialysisortransplantation.Earlytreatmentcanimprovethepatient'squalityoflifeandprognosis.2.Howdoesdietaffectthemanagementofkidneydisease?Answer:Dietiscrucial.Reducingprotein,sodium,potassium,andphosphorusintakehelpsmanagesymptomsandslowdiseaseprogression.Forexample,low-sodiumdietcontrolsfluidretention,andappropriateproteinintakeeasesthekidney'sworkload.Italsohelpsmaintainelectrolytebalance.3.Whatarethepotentialcomplicationsofdialysisinpatientswithend-stagerenaldiseaseandhowcantheybemanaged?Answer:Complicationsincludehypotension,in